terminal learning objective - jsomtcslides.jsomtc.org/somcml1j/somcml1j.pdf · apoptosis–normal...

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Slide 1JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

SOCMIntroduction to Pathophysiology

PFN: SOMCML1J

Hours: 2.0

Last updated: 13 November 2015


Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP –Introduction to Pathophysiology”

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards


Reference

Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (4th edition; 2011; Gould; Dyer)

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Reason

As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders.

An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments.


Agenda

Define the key terms related to pathophysiology

Communicate the role of pathophysiologyin health and disease

Define the study of pathophysiology

Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history


Agenda

Identify new developments in pathophysiology

Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology

Define terms used for common cellular adaptations

Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis

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Key Terms Related to Pathophysiology


Vocabulary Development

Anaerobic – metabolism and function without oxygen

Apoptosis – normal programmed cell death in tissues

Autopsy – an examination of part or all of a body, including organs, after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of illness and death

Biopsy – the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis



Endogenous – originating from within the body

Exogenous – originating from outside the body

Gangrene – necrotic tissue infected by bacteria

Infection – a disease caused by microorganism

Homeostasis – a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms

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Hypoxia – a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues

Iatrogenic – caused by a treatment, procedure, or error

Idiopathic – no known cause

Inflammation – the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

Ischemia – decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue

Lysis – destruction of a cell



Lysosomal – pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme

Microorganisms – very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single‐celled

Microscopic – visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope

Morphologic – the physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs

Probability – the likelihood or chance of occurrence


The Role of Pathophysiology in Health and Disease

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Role of Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology vs. Pathology

Physiologic study vs. laboratory study

Great deal of overlap

Disease is deviation from homeostasis


Applied Pathophysiology

Seven Steps to Health

1. Don’t smoke

2. Eat healthy and limit alcohol

3. Be physically active daily

4. Protect yourself from the sun

5. Follow cancer screening guidelines

6. Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any changes in health

7. Follow health/safety instructions at home/work with HazMat


The Study of Pathophysiology

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Study of Pathophysiology

Building Blocks of Pathophysiology

Signs related to the specific site of damage

Signs related to the pathologic process



Prevention of disease is becoming the primary focus in health care

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)



Health Research (three‐stage process)

First stage – “basic science”

• laboratory

• often uses animals and/or cell cultures

Second stage – safe for humans?

Third stage – clinical trials

• large number of patients

• single‐blind vs. double‐blind

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The Importance of a Patient’s Medical History


Medical History

Signs/Symptoms

Allergies

Medications

Past pertinent history

Last oral intake

Events leading up to the illness


Medical History

Patient’s medical/health history may determine treatment

What impact will treatment have on patient’s condition

How a patient’s illness might complicate care

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New Developments in Pathophysiology


New Developments

Extensive research/development continue in efforts to prevent, control, and cure

IDDM – insulin sensor/infuser implantation

Cervical cancer – vaccine against HPV


New Developments

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has nearly 200 types, most are asymptomatic

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New Developments

Data collected by WHO, CDC, PHS, etc.

Awareness reports

Seems overwhelming but critical

Organizations provide broad range of information

Weight management

Pertussis vaccination

Identifying rabies

Latest resistant strands of microorganisms


Terminology used Throughout Pathophysiology


Language of Pathophysiology

Gross Level vs. Microscopic Level

Gross – organ and system level

Microscopic – cellular level

Biopsy – excision of living tissue

Autopsy – examination after death

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Determining Management

Diagnosis – identification of a specific disease

Etiology – cause of a specific disease

Idiopathic – cause of disease is unknown

Iatrogenic – disease caused by treatment, procedure, or error

Predisposing factors – tendencies towards a particular disease in an individual



Preventive measure based on accurate research

Vaccinations

Proper diet/lifestyle

Cessation of harmful behavior

Removal of harmful materials



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Pathogenesis – development of a disease

Onset – acute(sudden) or insidious(chronic)

Different possible stages of disease

• subclinical state ‐ undetectable

• latent stage – dormant

• incubation period ‐ from exposure to signs/symptoms

• prodromal period – nonspecific signs of an illness

•manifestation – clinical evidence or effects


Language of PathophysiologySigns – objective evidence of diseaseSymptoms – subjective sensations



Disease Progression

Remission – manifestations subside

Exacerbation – increase in severity

Precipitating factors – triggers acute episode

Sequelae – potential unwanted outcomes of a condition

Therapy – treatment measures to promote recovery or slow progression

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Convalescence – rehabilitation/recovery

Complications – an additional problem arising after the original disease begins



Outcomes

Prognosis – probability for recovery/outcome

Morbidity – disease rate of a group

Mortality – death rate of a disease

Epidemiology – science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease



Occurrence of Disease

Epidemic – higher than normal disease rate in a given area

Pandemic – higher than normal disease rate in multiple areas

Incidence – number of new cases

Prevalence – number of existing cases

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Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations


Cellular Adaptation

Atrophy – decrease in the size of cells

Hypertrophy – increase in the size of cells

Hyperplasia – increase in the number of cells

Metaplasia – replacement of one mature cell type by another

Dysplasia – cells vary in size and shape

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Cellular Adaptation

Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal cells)

Benign – typically surrounded by fibrous sheath preventing metastasis

Malignant (cancer) – uninhibited abnormal cell growth

Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells (implies advanced malignancy and metastasis)


Cellular Adaptation


The Common Causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis

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Cell Damage

Cell injury can occur due to many factors

Ischemia – deficit of blood supply

Physical – hot, cold or radiation

Mechanical damage – pressure or tearing

Chemical toxins – exogenous or endogenous

Microorganisms

Abnormal metabolite accumulation


Cell DamageNutritional deficits

Fluid or electrolyte imbalances


Cell Damage

Stages of Cell Damage

Initially causes altered metabolic reaction

• leads to loss of function

• reversible if the factor is removed quickly enough

If damage increases, morphologic changes occur

Cells finally undergo lysis or dissolution leading to necrosis

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NecrosisLiquefaction Necrosis


Necrosis

Coagulative Necrosis – denaturing of proteins following hypoxic injury


NecrosisFat Necrosis

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NecrosisCaseous Necrosis


NecrosisGangrene


Key Note

Specific types of cells die at different rates. Brain cells die quickly (4‐6 minutes) when deprived of oxygen, whereas cardiac cells can survive approximately 30 minutes.

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Questions?


Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP –Introduction to Pathophysiology”

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards


Agenda

Define the key terms related to pathophysiology

Communicate the role of pathophysiology in health and disease

Define the study of pathophysiology

Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history

19


Agenda

Identify new developments in pathophysiology

Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology

Define terms used for common cellular adaptations

Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis


Reason

As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders.

An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments.


Break

terminal learning objective - jsomtcslides.jsomtc.org/somcml1j/somcml1j.pdf · apoptosis–normal...

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