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Term Project Report

Building Information Modeling

5/6/2014

Ruhi Thakur, Shaohua Guan, Prathik Ravi Kumar, Arpit Prakash

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................3

4D SCHEDULING .................................................................................................................................4

PROJECT PHASING ..................................................................................................................................4

WORK-BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ...............................................................................................................5

PROJECT SCHEDULING .............................................................................................................................7

4D SIMULATION ....................................................................................................................................8

VALUE PROPOSITIONS .............................................................................................................................9

IMPEDIMENTS .......................................................................................................................................9

CLASH DETECTION ............................................................................................................................ 10

MODEL OVERLAY ................................................................................................................................. 10

CLASH DETECTION SESSIONS ................................................................................................................... 10

IMPORTANCE AND EXPERIENCE .......................................................................................................................... 18

CONTEMPORARY TOPIC IN BIM:

INTEGRATION OF BIM AND GIS IN CONSTRUCTION CHAIN SUPPLY MANAGEMENT ............................ 19

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 19

ROLE OF BIM IN CSCM ......................................................................................................................... 19

ROLE OF GIS IN CSCM .......................................................................................................................... 20

BIM-GIS INTEROPERABILITY ................................................................................................................... 20

BIM-GIS MODEL ................................................................................................................................. 21

STEP 1- BIM MODULE: DEFINE BUILDING ELEMENTS AND PROPERTIES ..................................................................... 21

STEP 2- BIM-GIS MODULE: DEVELOP VISUAL MODEL REPRESENTING THE AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS .......................... 23

STEP 3- GIS MODULE: TOTAL COST ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 23

STEP 4- GIS MODULE: VISUALIZE LOGISTIC PATTERN ............................................................................................. 23

STEP 5- BIM MODULE: MONITORING AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MATERIAL STATUS .................................... 24

CASE STUDY: CSCM ............................................................................................................................. 24

STEP 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 24

STEP 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 24

STEP 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 26

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Table of Figures

FIGURE 1: MODEL FOR CLASH DETECTION & 4D MODELING 4 FIGURE 2: DIVISION OF ZONES 4 FIGURE 3: PLAN KEY 5 FIGURE 4: SCHEDULE OF QUANTITIES 6 FIGURE 5: ARCHITECTURE VS STRUCTURE CLASH REPORT 11 FIGURE 6 : ARCHITECTURE VS ACHITECTURE CLASH REPORT 11 FIGURE 7 : STRUCTURE VS STRUCTURE CLASH REPORT 11 FIGURE 8 : ARCHITECTURE VS DUCTS CLASH REPORT (A) 12 FIGURE 9: ARCHITECTURE VS DUCT CLASH REPORT (B) 12 FIGURE 10 : ARCHITECTURE VS DUCT CLASH REORT (C) 13 FIGURE 11: ARCHITECTURE VS DUCT CLASH REPORT (D) 13 FIGURE 12 : ARCHITECTURE VS DCT CLASH REPORT (E) 14 FIGURE 13 : ARCHITECTURE VS DCT CLASH REPORT (F) 14 FIGURE 14 : ARCHITECTURE VS DCT CLASH REPORT (G) 15 FIGURE 15: ARCHITECTURE VS AIR TERMINAL CLASH REPORT 15 FIGURE 16 : ARCHITECTURE VS AIR TERMINAL CLASH REPORT 16 FIGURE 17 : ARCHITECTURE VS MECHANICAL DUCT CLASH REPORT (A) 16 FIGURE 18 : ARCHITECTURE VS MECHANICAL DUCT CLASH REPORT (B) 17 FIGURE 19 : MECHANICAL VS MECHANICAL CLASH REPORT 17 FIGURE 20 : BIM & GIS MODEL FLOW 22

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4D SCHEDULING

Figure 1: Model For Clash Detection & 4D Modeling

Project Phasing

The project was divided into 2 main zones for the ease and effective construction: Zone 1 and

Zone 2.

Figure 2: Division of Zones

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Work-breakdown Structure The work-breakdown structure includes all the elements that were present in the project

model.

Excavation

Rectangular Spread and Strip Footings

Wall Foundations

Slab on Grade

Columns

Exterior Walls

Interior Walls/Partitions

Doors

Windows

Figure 3: Plan Key

All these activities will be conducted in phases, as per the zones. The resources, workers will

first complete the task in one zone, then go to another zone. Meanwhile, the crew for the next

task will start the work at the first zone while the preceding task is being finished at zone 2. This

arrangement of work tasks facilitates a fast-paced construction as none of the crews have a

wait time and workflow is constant.

RS Means 2013 was used to identify the specification of all the materials and elements used in

the project. Though many of the material properties defined in the model were not available in

RS Means, however, assumptions were made to select the materials that were most related to

the ones in the model.

The book provided the crew required for each materials, with daily output per unit quantity of

work. This helped in figuring out the total duration of each task, which was then used to create

an excel spreadsheet.

To calculate the total quantity of all the materials, Vico Office was used to take-off elements

from the imported IFC. This was then used in to fill the quantities in the spreadsheet.

Project

Zone 1 Zone 2

Excavation

Footings

Wall Foundation

Slab on Grade

Colmns

Exterior Walls

Interior Walls/Partitions

Doors

Windows

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Figure 4: Schedule of Quantities

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Project Scheduling MS Project was used to do the scheduling for the project. All the work-breakdown structure

were used as task for individual zones and assigned predecessors, as per the actual construction

order. The number of days of each task were calculated from the excel spreadsheet, using

quantities and daily the output of crew.

The project start date has been set as 4/18/2014, after which all the dates have been calculated

automatically as per the durations. As a default setting, the work days are only 5 per week, with

the weekends off. Standard number of hours have been assigned as 8hrs per day.

Detailed scheduling of tasks, the resource crew assigned to them, and their predecessors have

been provided in the following table:

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MS Projects creates a Gant chart as we fill in the information about the tasks. This shows the

timeline of the project on the top, with each rectangular boxes representing the tasks.

As mentioned above, the start date was set as 4/18/2014. After the final duration calculations

of all the tasks, it takes 3 months and 7 days (98 days) to complete the whole project, ending on

7/25/2014.

4D Simulation The MS Project file was exported as an XML format into a 4D simulation software, Synchro.

After importing the Project IFC, it was possible to assign each of the model elements to their

corresponding tasks from the scheduling.

Synchro has the ability to automatically display the assigned elements as per the duration in the

XML. As the timeline of the project moves forward, over each task, the current elements are

displayed as green, and the previously completed elements turn grey. This 4D display of all the

elements as per their time schedule could be recorded as an animation. The animation was

then exported in an AVI format.

Some of the features that might increase the benefits of a 4D system and make them ‘idea’ are

mentioned below:

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More animation flow- graphics options that displays the flow of element creation rather

than simply showing displaying them static throughout their schedule.

Options of creating a resource space allocation and movement throughout the site, at

specified time in the schedule, in a 3D environment.

More 3D options for showing labor and their movement at site.

Capability to model basic construction site requirements like office sheds or trailers,

fencing, etc.

Real-time link with the original IFC model and the XML, so that any changes in the model

or the schedule can be easily updated.

Functions to splitting elements or assign zone within the 4D system so as do a more

detailed 4D simulations.

Ability to do 5D or 6D BIM simulation, which incorporates both cost scheduling and

safety management in the project.

Automated system of assigning model elements to their corresponding task, which can

reduce the time for 4D scheduling and making updates can be easier.

Value Propositions These 4D simulations are essential for large projects that are generally done in phases and

zones, or high rise buildings. These projects generally deals with high amount of resources, both

crew and material, with numerous overlapping activities. The simulations provide an easy to

understand, summarized and visually informative way for contractors to coordinate various

activities and tasks with other sub-contractors and consultants. It also provides a fair

understanding for the clients and owners, about how the whole project will look like and the

amount of work done at any specific date and time, making it easier to manage their payment

schedule.

Impediments The 4D simulation are highly depended on the quality and level of detailing provided both in

the Schedule and BIM. Most models are not detailed enough to do a highly specific 4D

simulation, looking at various resources such as formwork, scaffoldings, construction specific

equipment, etc. Also these simulations are to be done at the completion of the design and

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construction models, however reflecting any changes in the simulation, which were made in the

model is cumbersome and time consuming task.

Clash Detection

Model Overlay Prior to doing a clash detection session, all the Revit models from different trades, i.e. Structure

and Mechanical, where linked to the Architecture model. After aligning the model using the

grids in both elevation and plan view, all the external linked files were bound in the architecture

file, to make one single separate file with all the elements of architecture, mechanical and

structure.

Clash Detection Sessions The single Revit file was then imported into Navisworks for clash detection. After activating the

clash detection mode, following sessions were made to test the clashes:

Architecture vs Structure

Architecture vs Architecture

Structure vs Structure

Architecture vs Ducts

Architecture vs Air Terminals

Architecture vs Mechanical and Duct Fitting

Mechanical vs Mechanical

Had there been other trades like electrical, plumbing, fire protection, etc., the clash sessions

priority would have been given according to the type of building. For most building, preference

is given to the architecture or structure, wherein other trades are incorporate one by one.

For cases like museums, architecture is given the highest priority, however in industrial

projects, mechanical equipment and ducts are given more priority and the architecture and

structure are based on the building systems standards.

The following reports were created automatically from each sessions, taking 0.01 as tolerance

level for clashes.

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Architecture vs Structure

Figure 5: Architecture vs Structure Clash Report

This is the first clash session done, which gave 5 errors. These errors were of walls going

through the steel columns. To correct the issue, the walls were moves around 300mm about

the colliding elements, considering the space requirements.

Architecture vs Architecture

Figure 6 : Architecture vs Achitecture Clash Report

These were small issues with the doors colliding with the adjacent walls, which was rectified by

moving them by about 300mm to the other side.

Structure vs Structure

Figure 7 : Structure vs Structure Clash Report

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This error, between two structural steel beams are a modelling problem, which does not join

both of them properly. Hence, the error was overlooked, unless some design changes are to be

proposed.

Architecture vs Ducts

Figure 8 : Architecture vs Ducts Clash Report (a)

Figure 9: Architecture vs Duct Clash Report (b)

These issues between the architectural walls and the ducts were automatically resolved after

reducing the wall heights.

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Figure 10 : Architecture vs Duct Clash Reort (c)

Figure 11: Architecture vs Duct Clash Report (d)

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Figure 12 : Architecture vs Dct Clash Report (e)

Figure 13 : Architecture vs Dct Clash Report (f)

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Figure 14 : Architecture vs Dct Clash Report (g)

All of the above 34 problems were of the ducts conflicting with the architectural walls. These

issues were resolved by lowering the walls height by 300mm, to a level of 2700mm. This was

done in consideration of the fact that false ceiling will be required later to cover all the

mechanical ducting.

Architecture vs Air Terminals

Figure 15: Architecture vs Air Terminal Clash Report

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Figure 16 : Architecture vs Air Terminal Clash Report

There were 13 air terminal that were clashing with architectural walls. The walls were given

priority and the terminals were shifter inside the rooms, depending upon which room had the

diffuser. The positions shifts were small, around the range of 300 to 450 mm. 2 of the air

terminals had a different height, which was adjusted to according to the rest of the terminals,

at 2700mm height.

Architecture vs Mechanical and Duct Fitting

Figure 17 : Architecture vs Mechanical Duct Clash Report (a)

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Figure 18 : Architecture vs Mechanical Duct Clash Report (b)

Similar changes were made with these 7 mechanical and duct fitting, as were made with the

clash session of walls with air terminals. The units were shifter approximately 300mm either

side of the wall, depending on the architecture of the layout.

Mechanical vs Mechanical

Figure 19 : Mechanical vs Mechanical Clash Report

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These were some of the 64 errors found while doing a mechanical to mechanical clash

detection session. All these errors were redundant errors there were in the Revit model, due to

improper usage of duct modelling. No changes were required in these errors.

All of these clashes were hard clashes, and was pointed out in the reports. In Navisworks, hard

clashes are those that are conflicting in the 3D space. There were no soft clashes as those are

temporal clashes that occur only for a certain phase of a project, which wasn’t the case with the

provided model.

Once all the changes were made, the model was again appended to Navisworks. All the settings

remained same but the model and the changes made in it were updated. Running all the above

mentioned sessions gave alerts of all the corrected clashed being resolved.

Importance and Experience

Such clash detection tools and sessions are essential for all kinds of projects, small or large

scale, simple or complex. However, complex projects that have lots of specialty trades like

HVAC, firefighting, mechanical, etc. are the ones that gain most benefits out of these tools.

Some of the more intense projects are of healthcare, hospitality, commercial, etc., where there

are numerous MEP ducts and fittings, and coordinating all those trades in the design phase

itself is essential.

Overall experience of doing clash detection of extremely positive, because of the ease of use of

the interface, generation of automated reports, availability of co-ordinates of errors, etc.

Updating of the model using the append tool and re-analyzing the clashes in order to rectify the

errors makes the whole process a lot less cumbersome.

Some of the features that would have made this an ideal clash detection tool are:

Model check capabilities of softwares like Solibri, incorporated within the 4D Simulation

system, with options to set rules, parameters and guidelines for model checking and

correction, specific to different trades and industries.

Ability to make changes within the tool for making real-time modifications.

Availability of plugins for BIM software like Revit, so as to do clash detection within the

modeling environment.

A tool to provide industry specific advice on how to rectify the errors, with possible

solution that won’t impact other trades.

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Contemporary Topic in BIM:

Integration of BIM and GIS in Construction chain supply management

Introduction

In the recent few years, the information technology (IT) has found its importance in the

global construction market with the growth of building information modeling (BIM) and

geographic information systems (GIS). These two platforms are the two huge IT arenas, which

together are modifying the face of the construction industry. The integration of BIM and GIS is

of growing interest in the recent times, where attempts have been made to integrate BIM data

in the GIS using the GIS technology or integrate GIS into BIM by modeling the advanced detailed

3D building with high semantics. Integration of BIM and GIS into a single unique system is a

hard task since they are completely different in technology, standards and syntax descriptions.

However, Geodesign technology, based on GIS-BIM integration, indicates that there is scope

and potential for the two worlds to integrate to one single system in the future. Geodesign

enables creation of a new iteration and informed design process by defining all the keys issues

and parameters. This implies that the collaboration of the systems will enable to stakeholder to

view the complete project and its life cycle even before the construction commences.

The integration of BIM and GIS into one unique system is very specific to the scope and

objective of the project. In this report, the focus of integration is entirely on construction chain

supply management (CSCM), where the visual representation of the process plays a major role

in the monitoring the resources in CSCM. This process would improve the performance of

construction and enable in creating an efficient material management system. The term supply

chain indicates the various stages of construction where the resources (materials, equipment or

personnel) are moved from one point to the other. A case study has been explained in this

report to demonstrate the application of the integration.

Role of BIM in CSCM

Building information modeling can be defined as “a process involving the generation and

management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.”

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In the case of CSCM model, the BIM enhances supply-network visibility and accurate

information regarding the status of material at different stages of the project. BIM provides

detailed takeoff in the early phase of the procurement process where all of its elements and

components can be exported to an external database. The 3D visualization of the exact location

at any specified time of the material status is also possible with the help of BIM, which is a time

saving factor. The visual report clearly illustrates the availability and location of materials,

which is critical in CSCM.

Role of GIS in CSCM

Geographical information system is defined as “any system that captures, stores, analyzes,

manages and presents data that linked to location”. The main focus of GIS in CSCM is to

support the spatial analysis used to improve logistic performance. GIS is used to map the supply

chain process by evaluating logistics constraints involved in material delivery process. Logistics

is the management of the flow of materials between the suppliers to the construction site. The

GIS map clearly shows the process of movement of every material using value stream mapping.

The main advantage of GIS is that it can integrate the supply chain systems for warehousing and

transportation, which could be mapped together to show physical flow of materials.

BIM-GIS interoperability

According the studies, the integration of BIM and GIS happens in two interrelated levels: the

fundamental level and the application level. The fundamental level focuses on the data

exchange standards and interoperability of the data. Application level focuses on development

of utilization of full potential of information technologies at every stage. The interoperability of

these two tools will bring the benefits of each tool into single comprehensive model at the

semantic level. Various standards are available for the interoperability of BIM and GIS such as:

Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie): focuses on the non-

spatial elements of BIM. COBie is responsible for exporting the handoff data of a project

in the format (spreadsheet or XML) so that it can be incorporated into information

systems. COBie is efficient but doesn’t bridge the complete gap to GIS as it lacks spatial

data integration.

CityGML: is an international standard used for the representation of 3D urban objects in

GIS. CityGML is focused on local/global visualization of proposed changes to urban

areas. It has limited use in exterior building and its surroundings even though it offers

analytical capabilities.

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IFC for GIS: A project sponsored by BuildingSMART International, to show how IFCs

could IFC could incorporate necessary information to facilitate the spatial integration

based on geographic location. This project showed that the integration could work but

due to its limited scope, it could not utilize full potential of BIM and GIS.

Building and Interior Spaces Data Model (BISDM): developed by Environmental Systems

Research Institute Inc. (ESRI) for GIS to enable spatial features (like walls and doors) to

link to external features.

BIM-GIS model

In the proposed model, the latest IFC 2x4 is used as data repository for addressing the

geometry, relations, and attributes. It provides new ability to connect BIM tools to GIS

databases but not possible to save multi georeferenced buildings models on a server and edit

attributes and queries. The spatial coordinates are clearly defined and transformed from local

to real world coordinates at the beginning in order to locate the building within GIS context.

Even though many properties are not supported in GIS, with the help of designed plug-in,

geometry, layer and other properties restructured in BIM could enhance the data exchange

between two tools. MS Access is used as central database to import/export all BIM and GIS

data as 3D objects in to database. The model has been explained in 5 steps according to the

role of BIM and GIS at different stages of model. The information flow of CSCM proposed model

is shown below in Fig.1.

Step 1- BIM Module: Define building elements and properties

In this stage, the building elements are defined based on the material used and exported as an

IFC file, having 3D geometric (and related semantic) information. Using the IFC specification,

object is defined with different geometries and contextual information, and assign the meta-

data and the as-built model into a two separate layer in the file. The meta-data can easily be

added to an IFC file, saved and edited as an external file while exporting a model to IFC. In

CSCM, data inputs such as storage, transport, distribution, delivery and package tracking play

an essential role in the efficiency of the system. Depending on the type of building materials,

the supply chain process could be divided into four construction products.

Engineered-to-order (ETO): products are made based on either full designs or only

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Figure 20 : BIM & GIS Model Flow

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details received from an engineering company.

Made-to-order (MTO): products are manufactured once customer orders have been

placed.

Assembled-to-order (ATO): products are similar to MTO, however they are usually

standard or made of standard components.

Made-to-stock (MTS): products are commodities characterized by short lead times.

Step 2- BIM-GIS module: Develop visual model representing the availability of materials

In this stage, identification of resources takes place in the BIM model and location (and its

relative distance to construction site) is noted. These resources are developed in separate GIS

layers using the spatial data. Then, accessible materials/equipment are located based on

schedule constraints. GIS database contains the information about the component delivery

time and installation/consumption time to obtain the storage duration of every component of

the building. The BIM modules calculate order due dates and demand forecasting obtained

from scheduling.

Step 3- GIS module: Total cost analysis

In this stage, optimal solution for managing costs of supply chain logistics is reached by using

the network analysis and attribute analysis from GIS. To reduce the logistics costs, there must

be reduction in inventory costs, storage costs and transportation costs. The inventory costs,

vehicle characteristics and its fuel consumption are the main requirements in GIS cost analysis.

The geographic information of the building components is combined with the network analysis

in GIS. Optimal solution is obtained considering all modes of transportation.

Step 4- GIS module: Visualize Logistic Pattern

Logistics management in GIS is used to accurately determine the status of the materials and

resources. Various technologies such as barcode, RFID, and GPS have been used for the tracking

process. They can provide real-time data of the location of the materials. Since, this system

lacks automated resource tracking (and locating), it might encounter some difficulties and

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inconvenience. With the help of this, estimated time to arrive at the construction site could be

determined and thereby, increase the delivery reliability.

Step 5- BIM module: Monitoring and graphical representation of material status

This stage deals with the monitoring of the material status in the BIM model once the

materials have reached the construction site. The visualization of the material in BIM model

takes place by tracking the building materials identified with the corresponding ID and

registering into the tracking system. A link between ID’s and schedule activities to determine

what material is required for which activity. BIM can be used for field inspection and quality

control, as the last component of the CSCM.

Case Study: CSCM The case study took place at The School of Nursing at the University of West Georgia, which

involved a three-story, 65,000 square foot building accommodating all functions for nursing

education and support spaces. The BIM model has been developed based on the IFC standard

in order to support and facilitate with the GIS application. Autodesk Revit Architecture 2012

was used as the BIM software application and a plug-in interface is embedded in the BIM

software tool to provide improved visual reporting and valuable information on the process of

exchanging product model data with GIS.

STEP 1

A list of building elements is available to choose from in the plug-in browser menu, which can

be accessed by selecting the element command button in the plug-in screen or from the main

screen. The BIM module automatically quantifies specific materials as soon as they are

modeled into Revit and then exports the properties for objects selected by the user to a central

database. Detailed information about materials was obtained directly from the BIM model.

STEP 2

All descriptive and geographical information in the central database are exported to the GIS

module of the system in order to map the availability of resources. The location could be

displayed as a set of 2D points having x and y coordinates. The geographic distribution of

resources is analyzed by means of spatial statistical methods. The distance can be measured

using two main methods: (1) straight-line distance from each cell to the source (i.e.

construction site), and (2) travel distance through a given route (i.e. transportation network).

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STEP 3

GIS is used to provide an optimal solution that minimizes the logistics costs, which combines

the cost of orders, warehousing and transportation. Total cost of logistics (TC) is calculated as

follows:

TC = (Cost of Order) + (Inventory Cost) + (Vehicle Cost) + (Fuel Price Cost)

A couple of ways could be used to minimize total cost: ordering material together, ordering and

delivering materials as late as possible.

The transportation cost can be represented along with the vehicle cost and the fuel price cost.

The application of GIS to this step primarily seeks to explore the optimal way to transport

materials from a given supplier to the construction site and the associate cost of transportation.

To manage the process effectively, it should start with the least number of orders at the least

possible time (to reduce inventory cost). Then the order and inventory costs are calculated for

each alternative until the total cost increases the preceding total cost. The result of this analysis

showing the optimal number of orders, time and quantity for each of them, and type and

number or trucks corresponding to the least transportation cost for a given order.

As shown in the picture, 3 orders of “Brick Veneer” is the optimal number of orders.

Figure 21 : Results for no. of orders

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References Bansal, V. K. (2011). Use of GIS and Topology in the Identification. American Society of Civil

Engineers.

Geospatial World. (n.d.). Retrieved from Integration of BIM & GIS is essential:

http://www.geospatialworld.net/Interview/ViewInterview.aspx?id=30645

Integrating BIM and GIS to improve the visual monitoring of construction supply. (2013).

Automation in Construction.

Integrating BIM and GIS to improve the visual monitoring of construction supply. (Fall 2010).

Journal of Building Information Modeling.