temperature. 2 temperature scales fahrenheit scale, °f used in the u.s. celsius scale, °c used in...
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Temperature
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Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit scale, °F used in the U.S.
• Celsius scale, °C used in all other
countries• Kelvin scale, K
absolute scale• no negative numbers
directly proportional to average amount of kinetic energy
0 K = absolute zero
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Temperature• In scientific
measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.• 0C is the
freezing point of water.
• 100C is the boiling point of water.
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Temperature
• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
• It is based on the properties of gases.
• There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
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Temperature
• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.
• F = 9/5(C) + 32
• C = 5/9(F − 32)
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Example: Convert 40.00 °C into K and °F
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Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
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Density
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Density• Ratio of mass:volume.• Its value depends on the kind of material,
not the amount.• Solids = g/cm3
1 cm3 = 1 mL• Liquids = g/mL• Gases = g/L• Volume of a solid can be determined by
water displacement—Archimedes Principle.
• Density : solids > liquids > > gasesExcept ice is less dense than liquid water!
Volume
MassDensity
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Archimedes Principle
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Density, Continued• For equal volumes, the more dense object has a
larger mass.• For equal masses, the more dense object has a
smaller volume.• Heating objects causes objects to expand.
This does not effect their mass! This makes a hot object less dense.
• In a mixture, the more dense object sinks. Why do hot air balloons rise?
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Platinum has become a popular metal for fine jewelry. A man gives a woman an engagement ring and tells
her that it is made of platinum. Noting that the ring felt a little light, the woman decides to perform a test
to determine the ring’s density before giving him an answer about marriage. She places the ring on a balance and finds it has a mass of
5.84 grams. She then finds that the ring displaces 0.556 cm3 of water. Is the ring made of platinum? (Density
Pt = 21.4 g/cm3)
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She places the ring on a balance and finds it has a mass of 5.84 grams.
She then finds that the ring displaces 0.556 cm3 of water. Is the ring made
of platinum? (Density Pt = 21.4 g/cm3)
Apply the Solution Map:
33 cmg 10.5
cm 0.556
g 5.84
dV
m
Since 10.5 g/cm3 21.4 g/cm3, the ring cannot be platinum.
m, V dd
V
m
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Practice—What Is the Density of Metal if a 100.0 g Sample Added to a Cylinder of Water
Causes the Water Level to Rise from 25.0 mL to 37.8 mL?
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Find Density of Metal if 100.0 g Displaces Water from 25.0 to 37.8 mL
Units and magnitude are correct.
Check:7. Check.
7.8125 g/cm3 = 7.81 g/cm3Round:6. Significant figures and round.
Solution:
V = 37.8-25.0 = 12.8 mL
5. Follow the solution map to Solve the problem.
Solution Map:
4. Write a Solution Map.
CF & Equation:
d, g/cm3Find:2. Write down the quantity you want to Find and unit.
m =100.0 gdisplaces 25.0 to 37.8 mL
Given:1. Write down the Given quantity and its unit.
3 sig figs
3 significant figures
m, V d
V
m d
V
m d 1 mL = 1 cm3
33
g/cm 2518.7cm 12.8
g 0.100d
33
cm .821mL 1
cm 1mL 12.8
3. Write down the appropriate Conv. Factor and Equation.
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Accuracy versus Precision• Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measurement
to the true value of a quantity (how correct a measurement is).
• Precision refers to the closeness of several measurements to each other (how close a group of measurements are).
accurate&
precise
precisebut
not accurate
not accurate&
not precise