tefl20140715 12key

英語科教育法Ⅱ 第１２回 July 15th, 2014!

!

亘理陽一 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Opening small talk

第12回内容理解活動

• Feedback & Review

• Task: Recitation

• Guiding reading comprehension

• Assignment

The names of the months all come from Latin. January, March, May, June ‒ these months are named after Roman gods. January was named after the god Janus. He was a strange god with two faces. He could look in two directions. He could look forward and back at the same time. He was the god of endings and beginnings. January, which is named after him, is the first month of the year. It is a month in which one looks forward to the next year, and also looks back to the old year.

• The names of …

• January, March, May, June …

• January was named …

• He was a …

• He could look in …

• He could look …

• He was the …

• January, which is …

• It is a month …

• and also …

Oral Introduction

• 新教材の英文の内容を既習文で易しく言い換えて伝える

• かける時間はせいぜい15分/50分まで

• ×新教材全部を完全に理解させる

• 絵や実物・ジェスチャーなど

• ×一方的に話す→＋板書、リピート、問答

MERRIER Approach

• Model/ Mime: お手本や実演で示す

• Example: 具体例で示す

• Redundancy: 言葉のサービス

• Repetition: 繰り返しを用い

• Interaction: 対話形式で

• Expansion: 生徒の答えを発展させて

• Reward: 誉める

Understanding the paragraph

• (1) Which paragraph do you think is better? Why?

• ( A / B ) is better because ...


• (1) Which paragraph do you think is better? Why?

• ( A / B ) is better because ...

• all of the sentences are about one topic.

• the violin family of instruments


• A is a good paragraph.

• There are several instruments in the violin family. The violin is the most popular. It is an important instrument in the classical orchestra. It is also played in jazz and country music groups. The cello and the viola have the same shape as a violin, but they are bigger. They are used mostly in classical music. The biggest stringed instrument is the bass. It’s so big you have to stand up when you play it. The bass is played in classical orchestras, and it is also often played in jazz groups.


• B is not a good paragraph.

• Violins are made of wood. The best old pianos were made in Germany. Musicians spend a lot of time practicing. Sometimes they play for eight hours a day. Most violinists stand up when they play alone. Taking music lessons can be expensive. The kind of wood in a violin is important. Many famous musicians started to study at an early age.


• (2) In this paragraph, the topic is bicycles. What is the author’s main idea about bicycles?

• In some parts of the world, ...

• a) Bicycles are cheaper than cars.

• b) The transportation without a drop of gas is better.

• c) Bicycles are good for transportation.


• (2) In this paragraph, the topic is bicycles. What is the author’s main idea about bicycles?

• a) Bicycles are cheaper than cars.

• →too specific；狭過ぎ，細か過ぎ，具体的過ぎ

• b) The transportation without a drop of gas is better.

• →too general；漠然とし過ぎ，抽象的過ぎ

• c) Bicycles are good for transportation.


• Topic sentence(トピック・センテンス)

• 書き手が主張しようとしていること(main idea主旨)を述べる

• パラグラフの最初の位置に来ることが断然多い（最後や中ほどに来ることもある）

• Support sentence(s)(サポート・センテンス)

• 主旨をより詳しく説明，描写したり，例を挙げたり，他のものと比較したり，原因や理由を述べたりする


• E.g. (1) A.

• MI: There are several instruments in the violin family.

• The violin is the most popular.

• The cello and the viola have the same shape as a violin(,)

• The biggest stringed instrument is the bass.

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Guiding reading comprehension

• 読解ストラテジーの指導・活用

• 文レベル／文章レベルの読解ストラテジー

• Graphic Organizerの活用

• 発問の活用

• 学習者の状態やテキスト・タイプに応じて，発問の提示・要約・図表による整理を行う

Guiding reading comprehension 読解ストラテジーの指導・活用

• 文レベルの読解ストラテジー

• 語彙のストラテジー

• 統語のストラテジー

• 意味のストラテジー


• 語彙のストラテジー

• 1. 未知の語の前後の語，文のコンテクストから推測

• He is too rigid, too narrow-minded.

• 2. 語の成り立ちの知識: 接頭辞・接尾辞・語根

• irreplaceable

• 3. 辞書を引く；英英辞書の英文例


• 語彙のストラテジー: Exercise 1

• [1] Would a judge who decides that a defendant is guilty acquit the prisoner?

• [2] Would an abolitionist have wanted to emancipate slaves?

• [3] Would an optometrist survey a person’s eyesight?


• 語彙のストラテジー: Exercise 2

• discomfort

• predictable

• impossible

• apparently

• uninterested



• The argle zoolked the bordiddy in the ershent because the bordiddy larped the argle.

• [1] Who zoolked the bordiddy?

• [2] Why did the argle zoolk the bordiddy in the ershent?

• [3] What did the bordiddy do to the argle?



• 1. 機能語を手がかりとする: 冠詞，前置詞，時制を伴う助動詞，関係代名詞，従属接続詞

• the kind man …/ to the pretty girl …

• 2. 別の標識がない限り，最初の節は主節と考える

• The doctor told her that …/When he told her about it, she cried.

• 3. 構文的知識: so … that, too … toなど



• Exercise 1

• [1] My uncle who works in a bank came to see us yesterday.

• [2] I bought a book Professor Smith recommended in the class.



• Exercise 1

• [1] My uncle (who works in a bank) came to see us yesterday.

• [2] I bought a book (Professor Smith recommended in the class).


• 意味のストラテジー

• 1. 内容語を手がかりとする

• 2. 最初の名詞-動詞-名詞＝動作主-動作-目的

• 3. 節が2つあれば左から時間順に起きたもの

• 4. 特に標識がない限り，旧情報が新情報に先行する


• 文章レベルの読解ストラテジー

• 予備的な読み＆読み方の種別

• テキスト構造のスキーマ

• テキスト内容のスキーマ

• テキストの手がかり（Signaling）



• 予備的な読み＆読み方の種別

• skimming: 走り（大意）読み

• scanning: 探し（検索）読み

• intensive reading: 精密読み

• extensive reading: 広範読み・多読




• 物語型

• 状況・場面（setting）: Characters, Place, Time

• エピソード（episode）: Problem, Goal, Events, Ending




• 論説型: 主題を中心とする階層的構造

• Topic sentence: 書き手の持つ中心的見解を述べるもの

• Support sentence(s): 主題についての支持・補充（解説・例証・比較・因果関係・反例等）



• テキスト内容のスキーマ

• 特徴的な語彙の把握

• ジャンル・トピックの偏りに留意

• テキストの手がかり（Signaling）

Guiding reading comprehension Graphic Organizerの活用

Guiding reading comprehension 発問の活用

• E.g. Mary flies to the Occident twice a year to buy fashionable cloths.

• 事実確認発問：問いの答えに当たる部分をテキストの中からそのまま抜き出して答えれば正解を得ることができるような問い

• 例. Where does Mary go twice a year?



• 推論発問：テキスト上には直接表示されていない内容を推測させるもの

• 例. Does Mary have a lot of money?



• 評価発問：テキスト内の情報を尋ねるのではなく，テキストに書かれた情報に対する読み手の考えや態度を表明させる

• 例. Imagine you have a lot of money. Would you spend it on clothes and pleasure?


• Exercise 4: New Crown 2, L8, Get Part 1, p. 92

• Here’s a five rupee note. Rupee notes are used in India. Look at the note carefully. You can see many languages on it. All these languages are spoken in India.

Guiding reading comprehension よい問題の条件

• a) 具体性: 問題を構成する要素が学習者の経験と結びつく

• b) 検証可能性: 問題に対する答えが存在; どの予想が答として正しいかを調べる手だてが存在する

• c) 意外性: 予想と正答との間に何らかのズレ; 結論が多かれ少なかれ思いがけないもの

• d) 予測可能性: 同類の新しい問題に対してより正しい予測ができるようになる; 関連した問題に予想がたてられる

Assignment

• テキスト(1)第16章に目を通しておく。

Closing small talk

tefl20140715 12key

Education