technology validation of hydrogen refueling infrastructure · 2020. 10. 21. · delivered...

Technology Validation of Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure

November 6, 2019

Fuel Cell Seminar, Long Beach, CaliforniaGenevieve Saur, Sam Sprik, Jen Kurtz, Shaun Onorato, Spencer Gilleon, Erin Winkler, Mike Peters (presenter)

NREL | 2

NFCTEC Current Status FCEV Ownership

Cost Reliability

Topics of Discussion

NREL’s National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center

NFCTEC

NREL | 4

NREL’s National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center

National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center

CDPs

DDPs

Composite Data Products (CDPs) • Aggregated data across multiple systems, sites, and teams

• Publish analysis results without revealing proprietary data every 6 months2

Detailed Data Products (DDPs) • Individual data analyses• Identify individual contribution to CDPs• Only shared with partner who supplied data every 6 months1

1) Data exchange may happen more frequently based on data, analysis, and collaboration2) Results published via NREL Tech Val website, conferences, and reports

Results

Internal analysis completed quarterly

Bundled data (operation and maintenance/safety) delivered to

NREL quarterly

ConfidentialPublic

National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center(NFCTEC)

NREL | 5

Evaluating Existing Stations/Equipment

Objectives • Use existing stations as real-world guide

for future innovations• Identify issues for research• Have results readily available

FirstElement Fuel, Costa Mesa, CA. Photo: NREL

Air Liquide, Anaheim, CA. Photo: NREL

A Developing Market• 39 retail stations open (34 last AMR)

• All in CA (as of April 2019)• Supporting over 6,000 FCEVs

NREL | 6

Collaborations

Air LiquideAir Products

California State University Los AngelesFirstElement Fuel

H2 FrontierLinde

Proton OnSite/NELShell

StratosFuel

California Energy CommissionCalifornia Air Resources Board

SCAQMD

California Fuel Cell PartnershipIPHE and HySUT

Gas Technology InstituteCA - CDFA Division of

Measurement Standards

Data Requirements > Data Reporting > Analysis Results > Feedback

Current Status

Overview of current retail stations

NREL | 8

Cumulative Stations - Retail Stations

2014

Q4

2015

Q1

2015

Q2

2015

Q3

2015

Q4

2016

Q1

2016

Q2

2016

Q3

2016

Q4

2017

Q1

2017

Q2

2017

Q3

2017

Q4

2018

Q1

2018

Q2

2018

Q3

2018

Q4

2019

Q1Future

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f Sta

tions

Future - AwardedRetiredOpen

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_10Created: Mar-15-19 2:56 PM | Data Range: 2011Q1-2018Q4

925

4,436*

6,700*

2,473

2019Q1: 39 Retail Stations Open25 Future – Awarded stations (CA)Does not include 12-25 northeast stations, 6 built to date

Cumulative Number of Retail Stations

*Argonne National Laboratory, 2019

NREL | 9

Station Types

Hydrogen Station Type - Retail Stations

Trailer

s

Mobile Fuele

r

Onsite E

lectro

lysis

Onsite S

MR

Compresse

d Delive

ry

Liquid Delive

ry

Delive

red Pipeli

ne

Delivered On-Site Other Projects

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f Sta

tions

RetiredFutureOpen


Although most retail stations are compressed H2 delivery, they also include liquid delivery, pipeline, SMR and onsite electrolysis.

NREL | 10

Hydrogen Dispensed By Quarter - Retail Stations

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2016

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2017

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2018

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 1 3 10 17 20 23 25 26 27 30 30 31 32 32 340

50

100

150

200

250

Hydr

ogen

Dis

pens

ed [1

,000

kg]

Cumulative Hydrogen Dispensed = 1,470,151 kg

By Year

2,341 kg

104,891 kg

449,725 kg

913,194 kg

0 200 400 600 800 1000

H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]

2015

2016

2017

2018

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_01Created: Mar-15-19 11:55 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 Note: Colors represent individual stations. Station count is number

at bottom of bar.

Hydrogen Dispensed by Quarter

Retail stations dispensing significantly more each quarter. Drop in the final quarter is due to several stations not reporting data after October.

# of Stations Reporting

*Colors represent individual stations

NREL | 11

Hydrogen Dispensed by RegionHydrogen Dispensed By Region - Retail Stations

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2016

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2017

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2018

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q40

50

100

150

200

250

Hyd

roge

n D

ispe

nsed

[1,0

00 k

g]

Cumulative Hydrogen DispensedNorthern California = 497,283 kg Southern California = 912,243 kg Connector California = 52,941 kg

Northern CaliforniaSouthern CaliforniaConnector California

By Year

0 200 400 600 800 1000

H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]

2015

2016

2017

2018

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_81Created: Mar-05-19 11:13 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4

NREL | 12

0

100

200

300

70M

Pa [k

g]

Daily Fueling Amounts Over Time - Retail Stations

*Daily Average per Month

0

50

100

35M

Pa [k

g]

2015

Mar

May

Ju

l Sep

Nov

2016

Mar

May

Ju

l Sep

Nov

2017

Mar

May

Ju

l Sep

Nov

2018

Mar

May

Ju

l Sep

Nov

Months

0

200

All

[kg]

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_82Created: Mar-05-19 11:12 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 *Daily average only includes days with fills.

Daily Fueling by Month

Average daily is approaching 100 kg/day

Several “outlier” days above 200 kg/day

NREL | 13

Hydrogen by Day and Hour – Northern California

sun

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

mon

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

tue

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

wed

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

thu

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

fri

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

sat

0 4 8 12 16 200

5

10

%

HydrogenGasoline*

Fueling Amounts by Day and Hour - Retail Stations - Northern California

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_88bCreated: Mar-18-19 11:15 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4

*Chevron gasoline profile "Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Options Analysis", T. Chen, 2008.

Daily trends approaching those seen in gasoline stations

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Ownership

What to expect

NREL | 15

2018 Station Unavailability for 38 stations

Feb 01 Mar 01 Apr 01 May 01 Jun 01 Jul 01 Aug 01 Sep 01 Oct 01 Nov 01 Dec 01

Day of the Year

2am

4am

6am

8am

10am

12pm

2pm

4pm

6pm

8pm

10pm

12am

Tim

e of

Day

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20# of Stations Unavailable

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_93Created: Mar-21-19 1:27 PM | Data Range: 2012Q1-2018Q4 * y-axis resolution - minutes | x-axis resolution - days

Network Issues

Station Unavailability: Number of Stations Unavailable in 2018

Based on SOSS “Offline” status for all of 2018.

ClosedHours

Opened Hours

Closed Hours

6 stations are closed overnight

32 Stations are open 24/7

NREL | 16

Fueling Time

NREL | 17

Queuing at Stations

Fueling times –supplied in NREL templates (covered in CDPs)Waiting time/queuing – NREL manually collected 2.5 days of data at FirstElementFuel using camera footage from 2 stations.

NREL | 18

Queuing at Stations• Build more accurate queuing models, understand consumer behavior, and provide insight into

station needs • Arrival, waiting, service, departure times, and queueing behavior

NREL | 19

Queuing behavior

Fuel Delivery TruckQueuing in opposite direction Vehicle dropping out of queue

NREL | 20

Queuing at Stations• As your place in queue is higher (more vehicles in front of you) your total time at

station increases• Wait times seen over 20 minutes with total time at station near 30 minutes

0 5 10 15 20 25Wait Time (minutes)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tota

l Tim

e at

Sta

tion

(min

utes

)Number in Queue vs Waiting and Total Time

0

1

2

3

Plac

e in

Que

ue

NREL | 21

Queuing Results Summary

Based on the data: • A FCEV driver would expect to spend a total of about 7 minutes and 24 seconds at

a station (based on the median total time at a station due to skewed data)• A station would expect about 3 vehicles to arrive each hour but require a current

capability of servicing up to at least 12 vehicles per hour

Total Time at Station

Max Median Min Grand Mean

30.2 min 7.4 min 0.1 min 8.5 min

Number of Arrivals per Hour

Max Median Min Grand Mean

12 3 0 2.9

Cost

Exploring cost to station operators and customers

NREL | 23

Hydrogen PriceHydrogen Price by Quarter - Retail Stations

2016

Q1

2016

Q2

2016

Q3

2016

Q4

2017

Q1

2017

Q2

2017

Q3

2017

Q4

2018

Q1

2018

Q2

2018

Q3

2018

Q4

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20H

2 Pr

ice

[$/k

g] H70 Price RangeH35 Price RangeH70 Weighted Price (by kg)H35 Weighted Price (by kg)


H70 Sales Price - Weighted AvgBy Amount Dispensed:$16.56 in 2018Q4

NREL | 24

Missed Opportunity Fueling

Calculated from average dispensing profiles from each station and their SOSS “Offline”

status.

Missed Fuel Opportunity during Q4 of 2018 for 26 stations (12,342 kg)

1,481 kg

1,690 kg

1,378 kg

1,822 kg

1,902 kg

2,456 kg

1,613 kg

2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12amTime of the Day

Sun

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

Day

of t

he W

eek

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Missed Opportunity per minute (kg)

NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_91Created: Mar-18-19 12:22 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 *The minute fill profile was taken as an average from an hourly total.

NREL | 25

Maintenance Costs per kg Dispensed

Maintenance Costs Per kg Dispensed Over Time - Retail Stations

Overall Average: $19 per kg.

2015 2016 2017 2018 20190

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Cos

t per

Am

ount

Dis

pens

ed [$

/kg]

AverageIndividual Stations


*Each color represents a unique station. 0 data points excluded that were over $1000/kg

Decreasing maintenance cost per kg as more hydrogen dispensed and as stations mature.

Reliability

Looking at what causes station down time and where products can be improved

NREL | 27

Impurities (Retail Stations) - Water

nd d

et. l

im =

1 p

pm

SAEJ

2719

Lim

it =

5 pp

m

nd 0-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 > 5

Measured Impurity [ppm]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Num

ber o

f Sam

ples

Delivered CompressedDelivered LiquidDelivered PipelineOnsite ElectrolysisDelivered Compressed; Onsite ElectrolysisOnsite SMR


261 Total Samples

--Not Detected Summary--

Delivered Compressed 1 Sample(s)--Not Measured Summary--

Delivered Compressed; Onsite Electrolysis 1 Sample(s)

Impurities - Water

This year, we added large number of data points from CA Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Measurement Standards. We show H20 here but also publish the other constituents.

8 samples over the limit (water), mostly electrolysis stations

NREL | 28

Maintenance by Equipment Type by Quarter - Retail Stations

16 20 22 25 27 28 29 29 31 32 32 31

2016

Q1

2016

Q2

2016

Q3

2016

Q4

2017

Q1

2017

Q2

2017

Q3

2017

Q4

2018

Q1

2018

Q2

2018

Q3

2018

Q4

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Num

ber o

f Mai

nten

ance

Eve

nts

FEEDWATERELECTROLYZERTHERMAL MANAGEMENTSAFETYSTORAGEELECTRICALAIRGAS MGMT PANELCHILLEROTHERCOMPRESSORDISPENSER


Number at bottom of bars is number of stations reporting for that quarter.

Maintenance by Equipment Type

Over time, the distribution of maintenance events by equipment type is similar.

NREL | 29

Total Events 1 = 7,95467% unscheduled

6%

12%

25%

57%

entire

system284

entire 923

multiple

systems1143

classifiedevents

5604

Event Count

Total Hours 1 = 17,62379% unscheduled

7%

24%

22%

47%

dispenser

compressor

chiller

gas mgmt panel


Maintenance by Equipment Type - Retail Stations

Classified Events

MISC includes the following failure modes: feedwater, electrolyzer,thermal management, safety, storage, electrical, air, other

1. Total includes classified events (plotted) and unclassified events.

Maintenance by Equipment Type

Most maintenance remains on dispensers, followed by compressors.

Chiller maintenance large portion of events and hours (stations fill at -40 C).

www.nrel.gov

Thank you

This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.

NREL/PR-5400-77950

technology validation of hydrogen refueling infrastructure · 2020. 10. 21. · delivered...

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