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Chinas cup is defnitely hal ull. They are embarking on the greatest growth in

the history o mankind. By 2025 China will build 221 cities with a million or more

people and 15 mega cities with populations o over 10 million. In contrast, Europe

has 35 cities with over a million people. To create these cities massive inrastructure

will have to be developed. China will build over 50,000 skyscrapers which is the

equivalent o 10 New York Cities.

From 1990-2005 Chinas urban population more than doubled rom 254 million people

to 572 million people. According to McKinsey Research, China will have 15 cities withpopulations over 10 million and 11 o which could have 25 to 35 million people by 2025.

In total these 15 cities would have a combined population greater than the entire United

States. (Exhibit 1)

Shanghai would be almost as large as the country o Spain. Chinas energy demands wi

more than double or 2025. Oil consumption will increase rom 6.9 million gallons a day

to 12 million gallons a day.

The ormula or Chinas success is a strong government commitment and a tremendous

thirst or a growth that is ueled by water. Water is the lieblood o all existence. Withou

water there would be no electricity, gasoline, nuclear power or a population that exceeds

1.2 billion in China. Clearly China aims to tap into H20.

China has approximately 300 million people with no access to water. Even though Chinahas 6% o the worlds total water resources, its large population means that the country

only has 25% o the worlds average water resources per capita. The UN lists China as

one o 13 countries that is experiencing serious water scarcity. O the 661 cities in China

33% are scarce o water, while 17% o China is regarded as badly scarce o water.

Chinas Thirst or Water

1

Source: Getty Images

Source: McKinsey Global Institue China All City Model, McKinsey Global Institute analysis

Mega (10+)

Population by city size

Millions o people, %

100% =

Compound annualgrowth rate, %

Big (5-10)

Midsized(1.5-5)

Small(0.5-1.5)

Big town(


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2

Also, Chinas water resources are not evenly distributed across

the country. The north and northeast Chinese region holds only~5% o the countrys water resources although it is home to

40% o the population. North Chinas resh water resources are

only 25% o the amount o water available in Southern China.

This dierence in is the number o rivers and precipitation.

Northern China is also home to the heavy industrial sector

which requires greater water output than Southern China.

Chinas water demand in 2030 is expected to reach 818 billion

m3, o which just over 50% is rom agriculture (o which almost

hal is or rice), 32% is industrial demand driven by thermal

power generation, and the remaining is domestic. Current supply

amounts to just over 618 billion m3. Signicant industrial and

domestic wastewater pollution makes the supply-demand gapeven larger than the quantity. Twenty-one percent o available

surace water resources nationally are unt even or agriculture.

Thermal power generation is by ar the largest industrial water

user, despite the high penetration o water-ecient technology,

and is very water challenged.

Industrial water demand in 2030 is projected at 265 billion m3

which accounts or 40% o the additional industrial demand

worldwide. Demand or water or domestic use will decrease

rom 14% today to 12% in 2030. (Exhibit 2)

The annual rate o eciency improvement in agricultural water

use between 1990 and 2004 was approximately 1% across

both rain-ed and irrigated areas. A similar rate o improvement

Water Resource Volume(km3/yr)

Renewable natural resources 2,700*

Groundwater (renewable, actual) 109*

Surace water (renewable, actual) 2,611*

Higher quality nonconventional resources

Desalination 0.102**

Reuse tertiary or better 3.710***

Total nonconventional resources 3.812

Withdrawal

Total annual groundwater withdrawal 107*

Total annual surace water withdrawal 473*

Source: * Ministry o Water Resources, 2008.

** Estimates based on quotations rom ofcial sources, 2009.

By the end o 2008 the daily capacity was 280,000 m3/d. In the

middle o 2007 the capacity was nearly 200,000 m 3/d, and at the

beginning o 2007 the daily capacity was 160,000 m3/d.*** Ministry o Water Resources, 2008 (Around 45% o this

treated waterwater is currently reused)

Supply and Demand

Water Supply

From 2007 to 2008, Chinas total water resources increased by 7.7%,

and its average precipitation increased by 6% to 646.4 mm. There is

an 87% overlap between groundwater and surace water. At the end

o 2008, the 496 large reservoirs in the country reserved 271 km o

water, which is 29.5 km more than was reserved in 2007. Chinas total

water withdrawal in 2008 was 583 km, which is 0.9 km more than the

water withdrawal in 2007.

Sector % Demand Volume

(km3

/yr)

Agriculture 62.1 362

Industrial 23.6 138

Domestic 12.5 73

Replenishment* 1.8 10

Total annual use 100.0 583

* Water or environmental use, such as the replenishment o surace water or groundwater.

Source: Ministry o Water Resources, 2008

Sectoral Water Use

Chinas cities account or 58.9% o the countrys domestic water

demand, while the counties account or the remaining 41.1% o domestic

consumption. Compared with gures rom 2007, the water used or

agricultural, industrial, domestic and environmental replenishment has

increased by 2.1 km3 in 2008. The water consumption per capita was

440 m3/c/yr, and 225 m3/yr o water was needed or each CNY 10,000

GDP output. This gure is 8.1% less than in 2007.Municipal &Domestic

Existingwithdrawals2

2030withdrawals3

Basins withdefcits

Basins withsurplus

Existingaccessible,

reliable,

sustainable

supply1

Relevant supply quantityis much lower than the

absolute renewable wateravailablity in nature

Ground-water

Suracewater

Billion m3, 154 basins/regions

1 Existing supply which can be provided at 90% reliabili ty, based on historical hydrology and inrastructureinvestments scheduled through 2010; net o environmental requirements

2 Based on 2010 agricultural production analyses rom IFPRI3 Based on GDP, population projections and agricultural production projections rom IFPRI; considers no water

productivity gains between 2005-2030

Source: Water 2030 Global Water Supply and Demand model; agricultural production based on IFPRI IMPACT-

WATER base case

Agriculture

Industry

2%

40%

4,500

CAGR

6,900

900

1,5002,800

4,500

4,200

700

3,500

800

3,100

Exhibit 2: Aggregated global gap between existing accessible,

reliable supply1 and 2030 water withdrawals, assuming no

efciency gains

100600


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3

occurred in industry. I agriculture and industry could sustain

this rate to 2030, improvements in water eciency wouldaddress only 20% o the supply-demand gap, leaving a large

decit to be lled.

Chinese industry is extremely inecient in water use, recycling

only 25% o their water compared with an average o 85% in

developing countries. In 2002, Beijing opened its public-sector

water industry to private and western investment. By 2008,

private and oreign interests had stakes in 20% o Chinas public

water utilities and 70% o the wastewater utilities.

China Recognizes the Problem

In the late 1990s China adopted the public-private partnership(PPP) contracts to build enough water and wastewater plants.

In 2007, China raised its national standards or drinking water

and established an inspection network to monitor water quality.

The Health Ministry added 71 benchmarks to the 35 already

required under previous standards.

The eleventh ve-year plan and economic crisis stimulus

package created the growth o Chinas wastewater treatment

industry. However, there are still 167 cities without wastewater

treatment plants (WWTPs). According to the Ministry oHousing and Urban-Rural Development, the existing plants are

only 72% in operation because there is a lack o pipe works to

deliver the wastewater to the plants.

The Chinese economic stimulus package o 4 trillion yuan

or $585 billion, ocused nearly 40% o its spending on

environmental and energy-ecient projects. Over the next two

decades the Chinese government will und 1 trillion RMB in

urban water inrastructure rom (151 billion U.S. dollars).

Pollution is actor taxing water in China. O the seven wate

systems in China, 55% o the water had a water quality grade

o I-III in 2008, 24.2% o Chinas water was graded IV-V, while

20.8% o the water received a grade worse than V. Grade I reers

to the natural water resources protected by the state. Grade I

and III also reer to water resources that could be used to make

drinking water and to sustain the aquatic eco-system, but these

grades are not deemed as important as grade I. Grade IV wate

is only or industrial use, and grade V water is only or agricultura

use. Any grade considered worse than V is unsuitable or use.

State Council

State-owned AssetsSupervision and AdministrationCommission o the State Council

Provincial State-owned AssetsSupervision and Administration

Commission

Urban State-owned AssetsSupervision and Administration

Commission

District or County State-ownedAssets Supervision and

Administration Commission

National Developmentand Reorm Commission

Provincial Developmentand Reorm Commission

Urban Developmentand Reorm Commission

District or County Developmentand Reorm Commission

Ministry o EnvironmentalProtection

Provincial Department oEnvironmental Protection

Urban Bureau oEnvironmental Protection

District or County Bureau oEnvironmental Protection

Ministry o Housing andUrban-Rural Development

Provincial Department oHousing and

Urban-Rural Development

Urban Bureau o Housing andUrban-Rural Development

District or County Bureau oHousing and

Urban-Rural Development

Ministry o Water Resources

Provincial Departmento Water Resources

Urban Bureau oWater Resources

District or County Bureauo Water Resources

Source: Adapted rom www.gov.cn

Water Sector Organization and Structure

Government ministries and agencies


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4

Due to a lack o wastewater plants, pipe works and eective

supervision, it is not unusual or residential and industriawastewater to be discharged directly into the environment

About 70% o Chinas lakes and rivers are contaminated, and

hal o Chinese cities rely on polluted groundwater. Citing the

World Bank, the report notes that 54 billion tons o untreated

waste were directly dumped into Chinas lakes and rivers in

2006. About a quarter o Chinas population, 300 million, drink

contaminated water every day. Almost two-thirds o these

all ill, it said. Chinese authorities call the abled Yangtze Rive

cancerous. Chemical and oil disasters are seemingly endless.

The expected rapid urbanization during the 12th Five-Yea

Plan (2011-2015) will threaten the security o Chinas wate

resources, government authorities have said. Pollution controand prevention guidelines on eight major rivers and lakes across

the country or the next ve years were jointly released by

the ministries o Environmental Protection, Water Resources

Agriculture, Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Industry

and Inormation Technology, and the National Development and

Reorm Commission.

All the plans mentioned that rapid urbanization and ast economic

development are posing great challenges to water protection in

the eight rivers and lakes, including Haihe River near Beijing and

Huaihe River, which marks the boundary between Chinas north

and south.

The volume o pollutants in these waterways during the nexve years will increase by 35 to 40% due to the industrialization

and urbanization in the Haihe River area, according to the plan

or that water system. The plan or the Yellow River said rapid

economic development along the river area would create a

water shortage o about 14 billion cubic meters by 2030.

According to the plan or Liaohe River, which fows through

Liaoning province, breakneck GDP growth will increase the

pressure on the river system. Water pollution has long been a

problem or authorities.

At the end o 2007, about 9.5 million urban residents living along

the Huaihe River aced the problem o unsae drinking water

the plan said. The situation was worse in rural areas. A our-year

study released by the China Geological Survey showed that

only 24% o the underground water in the North China Plain is

sae or direct drinking as excessive heavy metal and chemica

ertilizers were ound in most water resources.

Ammonia and nitrogen tested in the eight rivers were high

lighted on a black list o water pollutants, the plans said. Abou

30% o the monitored spots along the Yangtze River were ound

to have excessive ammonia and nitrogen, mainly caused by

domestic waste and excessive use o ertilizers.

Water distributionnetworks (new buildand rehabilitation)

16

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

007

$millions

Year

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Water resources(including desalination)

Water treatmentplants (new andrehabilitation)

Drinking water capital expenditure

Wastewater capital expenditure

16

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

007

$millions

Year

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Wastewater networks(new and rehabilitation)

Wastewater treatment plants(other)

Source: GWI Global Water Market 2011

Industrial and municipal capital expenditure

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

007

$millions

Year

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 15

Municipal capital expenditure Industr ial capital expenditure

Market Forecast or Capital Expenditures


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5

Beijing surpasses other Chinese cities in terms o its wate

reuse development. In 2008 Beijing used 620 million m owater, which accounted or 18% o the countrys total wate

withdrawal. Another 30 million m is expected to be added to

this total by the end o 2009. According to Beijings municipa

government, all o the wastewater treatment plants in the city

will be upgraded to water reuse plants in the near uture. Then

the total amount o available reclaimed water will be 2 km/yr

Most o the big water reuse plants are in Beijing. Other cities

like Tianjin, Qingdao and Dalian also advocate the water reuse

industry, but the plants are either small or or industrial use only

Water is an Essential Ingredient or Manuacturing

& Chinas Growth

Paper: China is now the biggest paper manuacturer in the

world. At present there are 3,500 paper manuacturers all ove

China. Thirteen provinces each produce at least 1 million tons

o paper and paperboard, contributing to 91% o the nationa

output. It is predicted that Chinas paper output will reach 100

million tons in 2020. Currently, the paper industrys wate

consumption is 10 times larger per unit o paper production

than that o developed countries.

Chemicals:There are 21,000 chemical manuacturers in China

o which 80-90% are small companies with an annual revenue

o less than CNY 50 million. The large chemical manuacturers

are either state-owned or owned by oreign companies. Toreduce production costs, hal o these manuacturers are

located along the Yangtze River and Yellow River. In the past

the industry was celebrated due to its incredible contribution

to GDP growth and tax collection. The government is now

aware o the negative aspects o the industry, such as high

water consumption and pollution.

In some parts o Huaihe River, the amounts o ammonia and

nitrogen were more than 10 times the national standard or

surace water, posing dangers to water saety. Industrial pollution

and domestic waste accounted or 75% o these pollutants.

Li Shanzheng, proessor with the Beijing Hydraulic Research

Institute, told China Daily that water shortages in China were

severe. Saving water and nding ways to recycle it will help to

alleviate the pressure the country is acing, Li said, adding that

the nation needs more sewage treatment plants.

According to the World Bank, water pollution directly causes

66,000 deaths annually in China rom cancer and dysentery.

Lack o clean water already idles as much as 15% o Chinas

armland each year, and temporary and permanent industry

shutdowns are common. The World Bank estimates, water

pollution and shortalls currently cost the country $22 billion

U.S. dollars, or 1.1% o total GDP, while crop and shery losses

rom water shortages and pollution, including acid rain, cost

another $6 billion USD each year.

New to Water Management

Seawater desalination is somewhat new to China. The rst

seawater desalination plant was built in 1982 on Woody Island o

the Xisha Islands, with a capacity o 200 m/d. Most o the plants

are currently provided consulting services by two institutes: the

southern Development Center o Water Treatment Technology,

Hangzhou, and the northern Institute o Seawater Desalination

and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA (Tianjin). The existing

seawater desalination plants mostly provide water or industrial

use. Only a ew small plants provide water or municipal use, to

serve small counties.Source: Jupiter Images

Worse than V

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

IV to V I to III

Water Quality o the Seven Water Systems

Source: Ministry o Water Resources, P.R.C.

%

Pearl Yangtze Songhua Yellow Huai Liao Hai

River River River River River River River


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6

Textile: The textile industry accounts or 8.5% o the total

amount o water used by industry, and 10% o the total

industrial discharge. China has 50,000 enterprises in the textile

industry, and 99.5% o them are small businesses. Guangdong,

Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Shanghai contribute to

80% o the total output o the country. A recent trend in the

textile industry is a move in location rom the south-east to the

north-west o China.

Power generation: This is the biggest consumer o water; 87%

o power in China comes rom coal-red plants. There are our

tiers in the power industry. The rst tier includes ve national

power corporations: Huaneng, Datang, Guodian, Huadian

and China Power Investment Corporation. These corporations

account or 42.5% o the total output o the country. The

second tier includes newly rising power groups such as Huarun,

Shenhua, State Development & Investment Corporation and

China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Co., Ltd. The second

tier accounts or 10.2% o the total power output. The third tier

is composed o nearly 50 regional power groups accounting or

27% o the total power output, The ourth tier is comprised o

private and oreign invested power enterprises.

Food and beverage: The industry includes agricultural product

process, ood stu manuacturing and beverage manuacturing.

Serving 1.3 billion people with ood and beverages, it is a huge

market. However, the manuacturers discharge non-treated

wastewater into the very environment rom which they draw

their water resources. To improve this, the central government

has set the ood and beverage industry the target o reducing

their water consumption by 30% or each CNY o industrial

value added and 10% o pollutants discharged. This has created

a market or water reuse acilities.

Plans to reroute rivers compound the water shortage. The Grand

Canal, a vital route o commerce rom Beijing to Shanghai or

more than 1,500 years, has been slated as the eastern branch

o the North-South Water Transer Project that will transer

water rom the Yangtze River to the Beijing area. However, the

severely polluted water is eectively unusable even i the project

is nished. The overall project also includes a central componen

to divert water rom a tributary o the Yangtze River to Beijing

which will dislocate hundreds o thousands o Chinese and is

scheduled or completion in 2014.

China Plans Ahead

Its not well known that China has set aside more money or

the adoption o clean technologies than any other country on

the planet, said Dallas Kachan, managing director o Cleantech

Group in San Francisco, which tracks global investment in clean

technologies.

China would like to achieve an urban water supply coverage rate

o at least 95%, and add 40 million m/d to the water supply

capacity. Urban water supply pipes that are more than 50 years

old should be rehabilitated, and the average urban leakage rates

should be kept below 15%. The estimated budget or these

water supply issues is CNY 200 billion.

Water reuse: Reuse 10-15% o treated wastewater in wate

scarce northern cities (China denes cities with less than 3,000

m o water resources per capita as water scarce). Meanwhile

the country aims to reuse 5-10% o treated wastewater in

southern seaside cities experiencing water scarcity. In 2015

China plans to increase these percentages to 20-25% in

northern cities, and 10-15% in southern cities. China also aims

to add 6.8 million m/d o reclaimed water to the 2005 capacity

by building water reuse plants or upgrading existing waste

water treatment plants.

Wastewater treatment: Build wastewater treatment acilities

in all cities and counties, and add 45 million m/d to the 2005

capacity by expanding existing plants or building new ones. Othe

aims include building 1,000 WWTPs, investing CNY 300 billion

($440 billion U.S. dollars) in wastewater treatment inrastructure

Source: Getty Images, Photos.com


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7

and not pricing the wastewater treatment tari below CNY 0.80/

m in all cities.

Seawater desalination: Achieve a total capacity o 800,000-

1,000,000 m/d, or both municipal and industrial uses. China

also plans to use 55 km/yr o seawater (desalination is not

necessary here, as seawater can be used as cooling water). In

2020, China hopes to increase the total capacity o its seawater

desalination to 2,500,000-3,000,000 m/d, and to increase its

use o seawater to 100 km/yr. Any revenue rom seawater

desalination projects will be ree o income tax.

Industrial water: Keep the annual growth rate o industrial

added value at 10%, while keeping the growth rate o industrial

water withdrawal within 1.2%. China aims to recycle 70% o

water used by industry (which is separate rom the water reuse

targets mentioned previously).

Pollution: Reduce the three million tons o pollutants in discharged

wastewater and the one million tons o pollutants in discharged

industrial wastewater. The pollutants include chemical oxygen

demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen

demand (BOD), lead, arsenic, cadmium, phosphorus, nitrogen,

pH, coliorm, hydrargyrum and chrome.

How to Achieve Chinas Water Requirements

The production o energy requires large volumes o water.

Thermoelectric cooling, hydropower, energy mineral extraction

and mining, uel production and emission controls all rely

on signicant amounts o water. According to the National

Renewable Energy Lab, electricity production rom ossil uels

and nuclear energy requires 190,000 million gallons o water

per day; accounting or 39% o all reshwater withdraws in

the nation. In many regions o the country, we use as much

water turning on the lights and running electric appliances in ouhomes, as we use in taking showers and watering lawns.

O this, 72% is or ossil uels related energy production and

coal accounts or 52% o all US energy generation. Each kWh

o energy generated by coal requires 25 gallons o water

This is both a water quantity and a water quality issue. The

amount o water usage is oten o great concern or electricity

generating systems as populations increase and droughts

become a concern. Still, according to the USGS, thermoelectric

power generation accounts or only 3.3% o net reshwate

consumption with over 80% going to irrigation.

General numbers or resh water usage o dierent powe

sources are shown below. All thermal cycle plants (nuclear, coal

NG, solar thermal) require large amounts o water or cooling

and condensing. However, the amount o water needed is

reduced as boiler temperatures are increased. Thereore, coal

which burns at very high temperatures, is more ecient and

requires less water use.

Natural drat wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants

and large ossil uel red power plants use large hyperbolic

chimneys that release the waste heat to the ambien

atmosphere by the evaporation o water. In areas with restricted

water use a dry cooling tower or radiator, directly air cooled, may

be necessary, since the cost or environmental consequences

o obtaining make-up water or evaporative cooling would be

prohibitive. These have lower eciency and higher energy

consumption than a wet, evaporative cooling tower.

Source: Corbis

Power Average

Source Gal/MW-h

Nuclear 400-720

Coal 390

Natural Gas 140

Hydroelectric 1430

Solar Thermal 1060

Geothermal 2900

Biomass 390

Photovoltaic 30

Wind 1

Source: U.S. Department o Energy


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8

Where economically and environmentally easible, electric

companies preer to use cooling water rom a lake or river or

a cooling pond, instead o a cooling tower. This type o cooling

can save the cost o a cooling tower and may have lower energy

costs or pumping cooling water through the plants heat

exchangers.

However, the waste heat can cause the temperature o the

water source to rise detectably upon discharge. Power plants

using natural bodies o water or cooling must be designed to

prevent intake o organisms into the cooling cycle. To urther

complicate environmental matters, organisms that adapt to thewarmer plant water may be injured i the plant shuts down in

cold weather.

Thermal cycle plants require water or cooling, but it does not

have to be resh water. A power generation site located on the

coast has the option to use seawater. Such a site would not use

cooling towers. (There is the added benet that discharge water

temperatures would have less eect on the environment).

Japanese nuclear power stations, or instance, do not use

cooling towers at all because all o the plants are located on the

coast. I dry cooling systems are used, signicant water rom

the water table will not be used. Other, more novel, cooling

solutions exist, such as sewage cooling at the Palo VerdeNuclear Generating Station.

In recent years, recycled wastewater, or grey water, has been

used in cooling towers. The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine

Fox power stations in Wisconsin and the Calpine Mankato power

station in Minnesota, as well as the Peterborough Power Station

in the UK are among these acilities. The chemical industry

continues to nd creative ways o recycling and reusing grey

water waste streams. Dow recently began operating a novel

system or reusing municipal wastewater at the Terneuzen site in

the Netherlands. In collaboration with local authorities and a locawater producer, this site accepts more than 2.6 million gallons

o municipal household wastewater every day. The local wate

producer removes residual contaminants and Dow then uses

more than 70% o this water to generate high pressure steam.

In early 2010, Dow Water and Process Solutions introduced

DOWEX 650C and DOWEX 550A or a nuclear power plan

through CHEC. The technologies have proven a great success

and have helped Dow Water and Process Solutions become

the number one provider o CPP system products to the China

Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGN).

Lower Energy Membrane Technology

The overall thermodynamic eciency o the process is abou

20%. Large amounts o energy are needed to generate the high

pressure that orces the water through the membrane. Curren

methods require anywhere rom 8 to 20 kilowatt-hours o

energy to produce 1,000 gallons o desalinated seawater. This

depends on the quality o water to be treated. However, gains

can be achieved through the separation unit. The loss here is the

energy needed to push the water through the membrane. This

can be reduced by designing a thinner membrane as part o a

better lter system.

The key ocus in desalination is around recovery o energy, reuse

and minimizing the amount o mechanical energy required in

the separation unit. As a process scales up, the cost is reduced

This is true or water purication as well, but what you might no

realize is just how massive that scale is. The Ashkelon Seawater

reverse osmosis plant is the largest desalinization plant in the

world and uses Dow ltration membranes.

Pressure-driven Membrane Separation

Source: Dow Water & Process Solutions

Source: SXC


9/12


9

This plant provides greater than 15% o the water needs o

Israel rom the Mediterranean Sea. They produce more waterevery year than Dows entire output combined at a cost o

60-70 US cts/m3 compared to desalination plants at 80-90 cts/

m3. In a typical desalinization process, 50% o the water that is

pumped into the system is discharged as brine waste. This ratio

is crucial to avoid salt precipitation and membrane ouling.

Obviously the pressure used to orce this wastewater through

the system is a signicant loss. With these processes, the

water is again used in cooling towers until it nally evaporates

into the atmosphere. This is the rst time municipal wastewater

has been reused on such a large scale in the industry. Three

million tons o water per year was previously discharged into

the North Sea ater a single use. Now this water is recycled ortwo more applications and has resulted in 65% less energy use

at this aculty compared to the alternative option o desalinating

seawater. The reduction in energy use is the equivalent o

lowering carbon dioxide emissions by 5,000 tons per year.

Utilizing Energy Reducing Technologies

The water supply also requires energy use. A large amount o

energy is needed to extract, treat, and deliver potable water.

Additionally, energy is required to collect, treat, and dispose

o wastewater. In the United States, our percent o all power

generation is used or water supply and treatment and 75% o

the cost o the municipal water processing and distribution iselectricity. There are two keys areas where advances in chemical

engineering can acilitate decreased energy requirements or

water processing. These are in water treatment, specically

in the desalination o salt water, and in the treatment o

contaminated water and wastewater or re-use.

Three key technologies or water treatment are Reverse

Osmosis, Ion Exchange and Ultraltration. Reverse osmosis

one o the primary technologies behind seawater desalination

is also used or wastewater treatment and recycling. Ion

exchange technology involves the reversible exchange o ions

between a solid (the ion exchange resin) and a liquid. This

technology is ideally suited or removal o contaminants andprovides a wide variety o treatment solutions or healthcare,

nutrition, ood and beverage, mining, chemical processing,

industrial water and municipal water.

Ultraltration is a pressure driven membrane separation process

that separates particulate matter rom soluble components in

the carrier fuid (such as water). UF membranes typically have

pore sizes in the range o 0.01 - 0.10 m and have a high removal

capability or bacteria and most viruses, colloids and silt (SDI).

Dow Ion Exchange Resin Beads



Dow Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Dow Ultrafltration Fibers


Energy Reducing Technologies


10/12

10

Advances in Reverse Osmosis

The single largest cost or seawater desalinization is the energy

cost. And even though reverse osmosis is the lowest cost

separation process, there is still room or improvement. It is

interesting to take a step back and determine just where in the

process the energy is used. A process has been designed to

pressurize waste stream and is used to pressurize the seawater

that is coming into the system. In this way we can recover

between 95-99% o the 28.11 kw/m3 o energy that would

be lost. This has been a huge breakthrough or desalination.

Reverse osmosis membranes are being used in three major

wastewater reclamation and resuse acilities in the city o

Beijing. These novel membranes consist o three layers.

The major structural support is provided by a non-woven polyesterweb. Because this web is too irregular and porous to provide a

proper substrate or the salt barrier layer, a polysulone interlayer is

cast onto the surace o the web. The interlayer is an engineering

plastic with pore diameters controlled to approximately 150

Angstroms. The nal layer is a polyamide that acts as the salt

barrier; this layer is only 2,000 Angstroms thick but can withstand

the high pressures because o the underlying support.

The membrane materials have been continuously updated

and rened to improve eciency through higher rejection,

improved fux and low ouling perormance. They will be used to

treated 45,000 m3 o water per day at three sites BeiXiaoHe

Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beijing International Airport andthe Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area. This

technology will help the city reach its goal o reusing hal o its

water, signicantly extending this limited natural resource.

New approaches to reduce the energy ootprint o water

treatment systems involves capturing waste energy throughout

the treatment process. Innovative desalination technologies

that use low-grade or waste heat instead o electricity have

the potential to substantially reduce energy inputs, yielding

a more environmentally benign process and lower operation

costs. Other important technologies include energy recovery

devices in desalination plants, microbial uel cells that eed

o wastewater and cogeneration plants co-located withwastewater treatment acilities.

Technologies to Reduce Purifcation Costs

Interestingly, one o the key applications o reverse osmosis

and ultraltration technology is in the production o ultra pure

water or ossil uel and nuclear power generation. These water

treatment technologies help power plants utilize available water

supplies eciently. Ultraltration, used in many municipal

potable water plants, is even less costly puriying up to a trillion

pounds o water per year at a cost o 1/1000 o a cent per poundIon exchange resins can be used to demineralize water or ossi

and nuclear power plant boiler eedwater, cooling tower wate

treatment and eedwater or industrial boilers and cogeneration

plants. They are also used in condensate polishing, which allows

the reuse o steam condensate rom power plant boilers to

reduce the overall cost o producing puried boiler eedwater.

These resins also help uranium mining operations use less

water and generate less waste and enable the production

o high purity uranium used in nuclear power applications

helping meet the increasing global demand or energy. The bes

resins have the best bed kinetics and thereore operate more

eciently, giving longer runs and greater operating economy.

Ultraltration eciency is based on a balance o pore diamete

and porosity. In order to eectively remove pathogens, viruses

and bacteria, the pore size must be at approximately the 0.03

micron level. But the same membrane must have a high 50%

porosity in order to allow high fux at a given transmembrane

pressure. The material used or modular lters is key it mus

have the high porosity and be breakage resistant, especially

during cleaning to avoid ouling.

Creating Sustainability

Modern water treatment technology and distribution inrastructure

have allowed us to conquer disease, to build advanced industria

economies and to dramatically increase standards o living o

many o the worlds people. Pushing the limits o water through

science has also improved irrigation techniques making it possible

to eed a rapidly growing population, turn deserts into inhabitable

lands and to quench the thirst o large metropolitan areas. And

the latest technologies have allowed us to minimize the wate

needed or electricity generation while continuing to provide

energy to a burgeoning population.


11/12


11

Industrial water 4.6%

Bottled water 3.5%

Point o use equipment 2.5%

Irrigation equipment 1.5%

Utilities 88.0%

Water opex 18.5%

Wastewater opex 7.4%

Drinking water capex 40.6%

Wastewater capex 33.5%

$47,831m

$42,068m

$32,346m

$2,188m

Total water market(2010)

Utility market(2010)

Combined capex(2010)

Industrial market(2010)

Services 6.1%

Chemicals 39.5%

IndustrialEquipment 54.5%

Equipment 22.4%

Site work 20.2%

Pipes 20.9%

Pumps & valves 12.4%

Pipe rehab services 18.9%

Proessional/other 5.3%

WTPs 9.2%

Water resources/other 10.7%

Water network rehab 28.5%

New water networks 6.5%

WWTPs 21.1%

New wastewater networks 11.3%

Waterwater network rehab 10.1%

Other waterwater 2.6%

$31,154m

$6,872m

Utility capex(2010)

Equipment market

(2010)

Other equipment 27.5%

Standard process equipment 26.6%

Headworks/screens 6.2%

Filtration systems/media 6.1%

Meters 7.4%

Sludge management 16.6%

Disinection 7.2%

Membranes 2.4%

Source: GWI Global Water Market 2011

Appendix

Market orecast breakdown, 2010


12/12

Toll-ree telephone number or the ollowing countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands

Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom

NOTICE: The use o this product in and o itsel does not necessarily guarantee the removal o cysts and pathogens rom water. Eective cyst and pathogen

reduction is dependent on the complete system design and on the operation and maintenance o the system.

NOTICE: No reedom rom any patent owned by Dow or others is to be inerred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may dier rom one

location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible or determining whether products and the inormation in this document are

appropriate or Customers use and or ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and

other government enactments. The product shown in this literature may not be available or sale and/or available in all geographies where Dow

is represented. The claims made may not have been approved or use in all countries. Dow assumes no obligation or liability or the inormation

in this document. Reerences to Dow or the Company mean the Dow legal entity selling the products to Customer unless otherwise

expressly noted. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

Published April 2011

Form No. XXX-XXXXXXX-XXXX*Trademark o The Dow Chemical Company

*

Sources

Dow Water & Process Solutions Water Energy Nexus, 2011

Dow Water & Process Solutions Global Climate presentation

Charting Our Water Future, McKinsey Research

Report to Congress on the Interdependency o Energy & Water

U.S. Department o Energy

Taming the Water Dragons: Opportunities & Challenges in the

Chinese Water Sector-Lux Research

Global Market 2011-Global Water Intelligence

New York Times

China Daily

Milwaukee Journal

USA Today

World Bank

World Health Organization

United Nations

Cleantec Corporation

hydrogen refueling cost shanghai

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