Examining, treating and preventive methods used in dentistry from technological

aspect

Infection Control:• Gloves:

latex (allergic reaction), vinyl,

some of the latex gloves are powder-free – „hypoallergen”

multiple hand wash increase the porosity -> risk of infection

hand creams

• Visors, safety glasses, shields

• Rubberdam:

Latex /Latex-free

Prefabricated

Infection Control:

• Disinfectants, sterilisation procedures?

• Disposable instruments, covers

Infection Control:

covers

Instruments used for dental examinations:

• Mouth mirror –• allows indirect visualization of obscure areas of the mouth

• reflects light into the area being examined or treated

• retracts soft tissues

• Silvering can be on the outer surface of the glass ->less resistant, or on the inner surface -> double image.resistant, or on the inner surface -> double image.

Instruments used for dental examinations:

• Dental probe: favourable with rounded end

• Perio-probe: with depth gauge

• Material usually stainless steel -> can be sterilized, but some disinfectant solutions can be harmful

Sensibility tests

The tooth, it’s dental pulp is considered vital if the blood supply of the pulp is intact. It could be tested directly, with a laser Doppler equipment.

Based on their coincidence in general, function of the nerves supply the dental pulp is usually tested.

• Thermal stimuli (cold, hot)• Thermal stimuli (cold, hot)

• Mild electric stimulus applied on the tooth surface (EPT)

Fixed prosthetic appliences

• Crowns, bridges, post retained cores, …

• Controlling the precision fit of cast metal parts:

1. Fluids, containing stain particles (Arti-spot 2),

2. Pigment containing aerosols (Arti-spray),

3. Impression materials with very low viscosity(Fit Checker)

Removable dentures

• Complete and partial

• Controlling the precision fit of denture parts supported by mucosa:

To locate coarse imprinting of the prothesis, causing soft tissue injuries

1. Guttapercha dissolved in chloroform, disclosing

waxeswaxes

2. Zinc-oxide powder mixed with Vaseline,

3. Low viscosity impression materials

Occlusion

Occlusal indicators

To locate normal and pathologic occlusal contacts

• Occlusal foils, papers:

Optimal thickness 8-16 µm,

Irrespectively of the material of the occlusal surface mark the occlusal contacts, but only the real contacts

Should not change the pattern of the occlusion,Should not change the pattern of the occlusion,

The examined surface should be dry

Different colours for the contacts in different jaw positions,

To locate normal and pathologic occlusal contacts

• Occlusal foils, papers:

Occlusal indicators

To locate normal and pathologic occlusal contacts

• waxes

• Fluid dye

• Colour powders,

• Celluloid foils (power needed to pull out

Occlusal indicators

• Celluloid foils (power needed to pull out form the occluding surfaces)

Bite registration

Bite registration materialsTo determine the relation of the upper an lower

dental arch.

If the jaw-relation is strictly determined by the contacts between the upper and lower teeth,this procedure is not obligatory

In case of signifficant tooth-loss bite-plates are necessary.

In case of signifficant tooth-loss bite-plates are necessary.

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

Bite registration materials

• Self curing acrylic resins

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

Bite registration materials

• Self curing acrylic resins

Bite registration materials

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol • Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

Bite registration materials

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol • Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

• Pink-wax,

• Aluminax

• Elastomers

• Zinc-oxide eugenol pastes

• Self curing acrylic resins

Bite registration materials

• Self curing acrylic resins

Plaque indicators

• To visualize the dental-plaque for the patients,making it easier to instruct them how their teethshould be cleaned

• Tablets, solutions (fuchsine, erythrosine containing)plaque is stained red. Some of the pigments arevisible only under UV light.

Caries indicators

• Stains – for differentiating between the demineralised,infected dentin from the sound tooth substances onthe bottom of the cavity, during cavity preparation.

• Sound dentin, which can remineralise after correcttreatment remains unstained.

Plaque, debris removing

• Scaling

• Polishing: abrasive pastes that remove superficial stains but do not

impair the enamel.

The accidentally exposed dentine, cement is less resistant to abrasive

particles

• „Air-polishing”: air-stream with Na+-bicarbonate particles• „Air-polishing”: air-stream with Na+-bicarbonate particles

Materials used in dental radiology:

• Intraoral plain films: usually 3- 4 teeth can be seen on the image

• Occlusal films: all the teeth in the upper or lower dental

arch and some of the surrounding soft tissues aredepicted

Materials used in dental radiology:

• Extraoral films: In different sizes, according to the

user’s demands, an amplifier layer can be used (phosphorus containing layer)

Materials used in dental radiology:

Digital systemsSensors

1. CCDs – wire, immediate imageimmediate image

2. Phosphorous sensors – wireless, further procesing is needed

Radioopacity of dental materialsRadioopaque: metals, hard tissues of the teeth, bone,

temporary, or permanent fillings, root canal fillingmaterials, liners, base materials containing Ca-, Ba-ions.

Radiolucent: soft tissues, polymers: materials of dentures,older composite fillings (nowadays radiopaqueadmixtures are used to make visible these fillings alsoon X-rays )on X-rays )