Technical Standards

By: Wilmer Arellano, Summer 2007

Overview

References Introduction Trade Impact of Standards Benefits introduced by the use of Standards Types of Standards Standardizing Bodies Standards Structure

References

Excerpts from: Two lectures that were developed for the IEC

by Donald E. Purcell, Chairman and CEO of the Center for Global Standards Analysis at the Catholic University of America.

Tutorials found at: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/education/s

etf/index.html

Introduction

What Are Standards? Informally, any agreement on how something is done,

made, or used can be considered a standard. Standards are so much a part of our daily routine that

we use them without even being aware of doing so. Next time you make a telephone call, listen to the

tones on the handset: the dial tone, the dialing tones (multi-frequency/MF signaling) and the ring-back signals. These are all realized in compliance with existing

standards

Introduction

Standards have existed for thousands of years,

for example, the first long distance roads in Europe were built by Imperial Rome for the benefit of their legions.

The ruts created by the Roman chariots were then used by all other wagons and later became a gauge for laying the first railroad lines (1.44m)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road

Introduction

“Integration…requires a blueprint. In nature, DNA provides such a blueprint, instructing each cell on how to function to stay in concert with all others.

In business, successful organizations have their own blueprints for technology...

In an age of interconnectivity, businesses need an architecture that extends outward to partners and customers…

The successful companies select a few standards and enforce them strictly.” [“Business@The Speed of Thought,” Bill Gates (1999) at 420, 431]

Trade Impact of Standards

Technical barriers to trade Technical regulations and product standards

may vary from country to country. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be

used as an excuse for protectionism. http://www.wto.org/English/tratop_e/tbt_e/

tbt_e.htm

Trade Impact of Standards

When selling products to a foreign country, if the goods do not comply with required standards, they might not be able to enter that country. Starting on the 1st of August 2003, exported

products to the People's Republic of China without CCC mark may be held at the border by Chinese Customs and subject to other penalties.

Trade Impact of Standards

It is estimated that more than 500,000 standards exist in the world today to support the global marketplace. [www.thinkstandards.net/benefits.htm

In 1999, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development published a report which estimated that: more than 80 percent of global product trade

equivalent to at least $4 trillion and at least $200 billion in transatlantic trade is affected by

standards and technical regulations.

What if there were no standards?

Properties of products specific to their manufacturer.

i.e. Tire size and shape Education and Business.

i.e. Different levels of progress International Trade.

i.e. Freight container dimensions

Benefits introduced by the use of Standards Standards provide benefits such as:

defining accurate and necessary measurements, lowering product costs; improving product

performance, quality, uniformity, interoperability and functionality; and

providing a method to improve health, safety, the environment, communications, competition, international trade, and improving the quality of life

Types of Standards

Proprietary Standards: Documentation by a commercial entity specifying equipment, practices, or operations unique to that commercial entity. Proprietary standards are developed behind

"closed doors" by a supplier or suppliers that believe they will have sufficient market acceptance to achieve higher financial gains than would be the case if they collaborated in a consensus standard development.

Types of Standards

Non Proprietary Standards There are three basic types:

De Facto Standards De Jure (Mandatory) Standards Voluntary Consensus Standard (Open)

Standards

Types of Standards

De Facto. Standards that have come into use by general acceptance, custom or convention but have no formal recognition. Not approved by a standardizing body Widely used procedure Dominant use

i.e. The alphabet.

Types of Standards

DE JURE (Mandatory) Standards: Incorporated into laws or technical regulations for the protection of public health, safety, and the environment; or when incorporated into contractual agreements, between buyers and sellers.

Approved by a standardizing body. Are compulsory.

i.e. FCC Rules.

Types of Standards

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards: The term "voluntary" distinguishes the standards development process from governmental or regulatory processes. All interested stakeholders participate, including producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and academia. Global System for Mobile communications

(GSM )

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards Key Elements of Voluntary Consensus

(Open) Standards Consensus Openness Transparency Balance Due Process Rights to Appeal

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards Consensus: All agreements are reached by

agreement by all participants. Openness: All meetings and decision are

carried out in the open. Transparency: All can participate in the

standards development process.

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards Balance: All sectors may participate,

manufacturers, providers and end users. Due Process: All actions and decisions are

carried out in a prescribed and understandable way.

Rights to Appeal: Parties that were not included in the process have the right to appeal the decision.

Types of Standards

Adobe has announced plans to submit its Portable Document Format specification to the Enterprise Content Management Association (AIIM) with the intent of having the PDF format approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an open standard.

First launched in 1993, the PDF has since become a de facto standard for cross-platform document exchange.

http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070129-8724.html Published: January 29, 2007

Types of Standards

National standard: A standard developed primarily for domestic use. U.S. national standards may be adopted as international standards and international standards may be adopted as U.S. national standards.

Regional standard: A standard developed by a specific region of the world, such as Latin America, that may be adopted as an international standard.

International standard (IS): A standard adopted or developed for global use.

Types of Standards

Patented Standards Problems arise if the payment of royalties is

necessary to use a particular formal standard, and many standardizing bodies do not adopt patented technology unless the patent holders agree to certain terms with regard to licensing those who wish to implement the standards.

http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/crisis/M.txt Accessed 10/10/2006

Why Getting Involved?

“Without IEC standards, we cannot work.” (Kamal Gad, Chairman, ABB (Egypt))

“Standards today are a powerful tool both to promote and potentially to inhibit trade amongst nations, and companies that wish to survive must actively participate at all levels in the standards development process.” (Circuit Breakers Industries (South Africa))

“It ‘would be a catastrophe’ if Imetec were not involved directly in helping to develop standards because we would be operating without knowledge of the future.” (Arturo Morgandi, R&D Manager, Imetec (Italy))

Why Getting Involved?

“If you control an industry’s standards, you control that industry lock, stock, and ledger” [“Out of the Crisis,” W. Edwards Deming, Published by the Center for Advanced Engineering Study, MIT (1986)]

Standardizing Bodies

Organizations that: Develop new standards. Maintain existing standards. Influence locally and internationally.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (IEC) International Electrotechnical Commission Federal Communications Commission. (FCC) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) International Organization for Standardization.

(ISO)

Standardizing Bodies ANSI facilitates the development of American National

Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). e.g., IEEE, INCITS, TIA, and ATIS.

ISO is the world’s leading developer of International Standards. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 148

countries, on the basis of one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. Well known for ISO 9000 and ISO14000 standards.

IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These serve as a basis for national standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts. The IEC works closely with ISO (International Organization for

Standardization), the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and the WTO (World Trade Organization)

Standardizing Bodies

Federal Communications Commission. (FCC) Rules for radios, TV’s, telephones. Six bureaus:

Consumer & Governmental Affairs Enforcement International Media Wireless Telecommunications Wireline Competition

Standardizing Bodies

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) Provide Safety Standards More than 800 Standards of Safety Authorized by ANSI

Certification

To facilitate trade organizations as IEC and others have implemented worldwide certification schemes An international Scheme is operated by the IECEE (IEC

System for Conformity testing and Certification of Electrical Equipment), known as the CB Scheme.

The Scheme is intended to reduce obstacles to international trade which arise from having to meet different national certification or approval criteria.  Participation of the various NCBs (National Certification Bodies) within the Scheme is intended to facilitate certification or approval according to IEC standards. 

The CB Scheme is based on the use of CB Test Certificates which provide evidence that representative specimens of the product have successfully passed tests to show compliance with the requirements of the relevant IEC standard.

Certification

UL has gained full acceptance by the IECEE as a National Certification Body for the following Standards: IEC 65 for Household Audio/Video Equipment IEC 601 for Medical Electrical Equipment IEC 730 for Automatic Electrical Controls IEC 745 for Hand-Held Electric Tools IEC 950 for information Technology and Business

Equipment IEC 1010 for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,

Control and Laboratory Use

Cost of UL Certification

Q: How much does it cost and how long does it take to have a product tested?

A: Cost varies depending on the product and complexity of test requirements. Once UL's engineering staff review your product information to determine the scope and time involved in the testing process, they will provide you with a cost estimate. UL will work with you in determining the time frame for testing, depending on when you need the project completed. http://www.ul.com/faq/submitting.html

Standards Structure

Although a standard’s structure may vary according to circumstances, the following contents are typical:

Scope Normative References Definitions Symbols and Units Test procedures Acceptance Criteria Effective Date

International standards are typically supported by a Conformity Assessment Program.

Standards Structure

The scope of a standard specifies which products or issues the standard will apply to.

It is common for international consensus standards to incorporate by reference other standards

Definitions are intended to describe all words or terms unique to the standard.

The use of symbols and units is common to virtually all standards

Test procedures set forth the manner in which a technology will be evaluated.

Acceptance criteria determine a product’s acceptable level of performance

FIU Senior I Example ISO 18000 This is a series of international standards that are used for air interface protocol in RFID

systems. This standard is not concerned with the actual data being transmitted or the physical structure of the tags and readers.

We will be incorporating ISO 18000-3 which corresponds to communication at a frequency13.56 MHz. The scope of this standard is to provide Physical Layer, Anti-Collision and Protocol Values for RFID Systems operating at this frequency. There are two MODES to operate in, both which require a license from the owner of the intellectual property. Mode 1 is based on ISO 15693, vicinity cards standard, but with some variations. It requires that the interrogator to tag data rate be 1.65 kbps or 26.48 kbps. Mode 2 is for high speed interface which allows the data rate to be 423.75 kbps. For this project Mode 1 will be used.

FIU Senior Design I Spring 2005 S Farid Hosseini, Silfredo Ciprian, Mahmoud Abu-Hantash,

See Standard Reference 1 and 2 for more examples

FIU Senior I Example

Some standards require symbols to be attached to the products.

Depending on the particular industry sector, symbols to indicate the same idea, may differ. Please look in industry related sources.

IEC 417, No. 5019

Symbol is used where the equipment is grounded; it is placed at the equipment earthing point.

ISO 3864, No. B.3.6

Symbol used to highlight the risk of electric shock if and when the device is opened up.

Some Easy to Use Standards

Please do not limit your project to this two examples. FCC Rules, Section 15.5 (b) Operation of an intentional, unintentional, or

incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused and that interference must be accepted that may be caused by the operation of an authorized radio station, by another intentional or unintentional radiator, by industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, or by an incidental radiator.

ISO 690-2 standard refers how to write electronic references and basically it is what IEEE uses and also what we use.

What you should include.

FCC and ISO example if they apply to your project

Two or three standards relating directly to your project from industry related sources. Graphic symbols alone are not enough, we are looking for standards that impose design constraints.

Don’t forget to include any common standards as TCPIP, RS232, VGA, Symbols, etc.

Review

References Introduction Trade Impact of Standards Benefits introduced by the use of Standards Types of Standards Standardizing Bodies Standards Structure

&&QuestionsQuestionsAnswersAnswers