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Project COST FA 1104: ”Sustainable production of high-quality cherries for the European market 3rd Management Committee and all Working Groups Meeting

Technical and productive aspects of Cherry production in Chile

Eduardo Gratacós NaranjoDirectorValparaíso Regional Center for Innovation in Horticulture ( CERES )Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoC H I L E

Pitesti, Romania 15 de Octubre 2013.

• Chile is located in the south western part of southamerica.

CHILE

• 4.200 km long between 17° to 56° South latitude• Population : 16,5 million people• Main industries: Mining, Aquaculture, Forestry sector,

Agroindustry.• Main exports: Copper, fruits, fish meal, Forest products,

wine and salmon.• Fruit is the third most important sector within the

national economy.• Chile’s fresh fruit industry is made up of 7.800 fresh fruit

growers working 310,000 hectares planted with fruit orchards.

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La Serena 29° 54' 28" 71° 15' 15"

Quillota 32° 52' 59" 71° 16' 0"

Rancagua 34° 10' 0" 70° 45' 0"

Chillan 36° 36' 0" 72° 7' 0"

Chile chico 46° 33' 0" 71° 43' 59"

Latitude Longitude

Main fruit growing area

Chile’s geography makes it similar to an island.

• The country is naturally protected against exotic plagues. • Natural pest incidence is minimal given strong changes in

temperature and humidity, with rainy & cold winters, and hot & dry summers.

• To the North, is the Atacama desert, the driest in the world, and over 1,000 km in length.

• To the East, the country borders Argentina and Bolivia, separated by the Andes Mountain Range, one of the most extensive and highest mountain ranges on Earth.

• To the South, Chile borders the Antarctic territory where there is no plant life.

• Finally, to the West is the Pacific Ocean, which, thanks to the Humboldt cold current, moderates climatic conditions.

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Chilean Cherry Industry•Last 3 years: 50.000 -70.000 tonsexported cherries.•Plantings:•1995: 3.000 has• 2013: 18.000 has (estimated 2012). 11.000 has in production.

168 companies exported cherries last seasonProduction: •2010/2011: 57.986 tonnes•2011/2012: 68.357 tonnes•2012-2013: 51.900 tonnes. Warmwinter. Spring's unfavourable weather conditions for pollination and fruit development. Rains at harvest.•2013-2014: Very good winter and blooming time, but ………

Official information ( Census 2007)13.458 Has. planted9.177 Has. In production

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(Reuters) - Chile has declared a state of emergency after a late frost caused an estimated $1 billion worth of damage to fruit

crops, wine grapes and vegetables.

Chile frost hits fruit and wine, emergency declared:

September 25, 2013.

Lack of winter chilling

Over charge

Lack of winter chillingSpring: lowtemperatures, rain in blooming time, frosts

Rains at harvest

N° boxes (5 kg)

seasons2010/2011: 57.986 tonnes = 11.107.000 5 kg boxes2011/2012: 68.357 tonnes =13.671.350 5 kg boxes2012/2013: 51,900 tonnes = 10.380.000 5 kg boxes Warm winter.

Spring's unfavorable weather conditions for pollination and fruit development. Rains at harvest.

Chilean Cherry Exports volumes by Year

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Sweet Cherry Production in a low winter chilling area of central Chile

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Años

Hect

área

s

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Mile

s de

Caj

as

HectáreasCajas

Chilean Cherry Production and surface : 1998-2008

1.- Early zone

2.- Mid zone (75% Produc.)

3.- Late zone

4.- Austral Zone

Lat. 32°

Lat. 46°

VI y VII regiones

Mountains area in VI, VII, VIII , IX y X Region

Chile Chico

Productive characteristics ofcherry growing areas

•Traditional sweet cherry growing area extends from 33° to 45° South Latitude.

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

15-may 30-may 15-jun 30-jun 15-jul 30-jul

Hora

s Frío

Chilling Accumulation (Hours below 7° C) Estación Experimental La Palma. Quillota

Last 12 years

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Horas Frío Acumuladas Promedios2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1° mayo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15-may 89 72 113 47 40 15 76 90 41 75 97 81 70

30-may 129 105 207 91 119 63 230 153 126 206 234 165 152

15-jun 217 211 228 188 179 104 377 322 244 321 389 274 255

30-jun 384 352 264 216 185 176 545 476 373 498 525 352 362

15-jul 421 516 341 348 252 192 672 581 507 666 681 546 477

30-jul 508 645 508 438 366 285 808 726 671 888 853 706 617

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

IV V RM VI VII VII IX X XI

77,8174,5

966,3

4.184,1

5.866,0

1.566,5

374,767,1 115,9

14,9 56,7

468,9

1.346,8

2.210,7

575,8

192,033,5 63,462,9 117,8

497,4

2.837,3

3.655,3

990,7

182,7 33,6 52,5

Total Formación Producción

Superficie Cerezas Censo Agropecuario 2007 INE

TOTAL 13.458 Has

En Producción = 9177 HasEn Formación = 6095 Has

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Restricted production areas

Early ripening, dry weather, no rain at harvest…. But, lowchilling accumulation

Late ripening, rain duringseason, hail, frosts.

Lack of varieties adapted to expand production to regions with climatic conditions that are not suitable to foreign varieties

BING / GISELA 6CHANCON RANCAGUA

Bing /Gisela 6Los Pretiles Curico

Bing / MahalebRequinoa

Santina / ColtCalera de Tango

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Orchards with plastic net covers to minimize damages due to rains in springtime

CHILE CHICO Chilean Patagonia

BAHIA JARA

Chilling : 4072 hrsN° Frosts: 23.1Wind speed: 70 Km / HrOrchards planted from 2.000’s

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ResearchDue to the deficiencies in the knowledge of the varieties that were coming to Chile in the 90's, we started working on evaluations of varieties, rootstocks and training systems and different densities.These projects served to connect advisors and researchers with farmers, they also participate in projects and their contribution is valuedResearch system is through competitive projects partially funded by the state and agricultural companies. (obligatory)Project duration of 5 years, now 3!!After the FONDEF project, we started the first project in Chile in a program of cherry genetic improvement. (2007-2012)We study the behavior of new varieties in areas with different chilling winter accumulationTrials to study the flowering and fruit set in different varieties

Research is carried out by research centers and universities.They compete equally by public fundsR &D& I is less than 0.7% of GDP (Gross domestic product) now, we need at least 1.5%Today the problem is not primarily productive, labor has gone up and must find new systems easier to work with. Ex: KGB

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1.- Phenology and Production of Sweet Cherry cultivars in a low winter chilling area of central Chile.

The objective of this study was to determine the phenologic, productive and quality behavior of several sweet cherry cultivars in a zone with low winter chill accumulation.

Research

Project Fondef ConicytD02I-1030

Nuevas oportunidades para la producción intensiva y precoz de cerezas: Formulación y validación tecnológica en

áreas con diferente acumulación de frío invernal.

New opportunities for intensive and early production in cherries:Formulation and technologycal validation in areas with different winter chilling accumulation.

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.Proyecto D02I-1030

This project worked in the validation of new technologies to produce cherriesin Chile intensively and early for incorporating new production areas with low winter chilling accumulation, increase the productive potential in traditional areas and improve the quality of export fruit

OportunidadesExistence of new plant material with outstanding characteristics, without local evaluation at both the rootstock

and varieties

New production systems developed in the world.

High international prices that are accessible for chilean fruit off-season

Opportunities

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BeneficiosBenefits

Determination of combinations variety / rootstock appropriate for different geographical areas.

Determination of pollinators for new varieties

Increase of productivity and fruit quality

Expansion of the productive area for cherries

Definition of irrigation requirements using phytomonitoring

Evaluation of different training systems with information of productivity, quality and labor.

Problemas

Problems

Extensive management

Low density orchards

Disuniformity in the orchards

Plants death by Bacterial canker

Irrigation Stress in summer

Varieties with low size potential

Use of vigorous rootstocks

Limited growing areas

Cracking susceptibility

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Estrategias

Project Strategy

Validation of new technologies

Results in experimental commercial orchards

Development and monitoring of production systems

Zoning trials

Evaluation of varieties and rootstocks

Working directly with growers

Determination of water requirements

Productividad y Calidad de Fruta

Experimental orchards

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Productividad y Calidad de Fruta

Experimental orchards

Productivity and Fruit Quality

VarietiesBROOKS

CELESTE

SANTINA

RUBY

GARNET

VAN

BING

NEWSTAR

CRISTALINA

SOMERSET

LAPINS

RAINIER

STELLA

SWEETHEART

REGINA

LATE MARIA

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Chile is the main cherry exporter of the southern hemisphere but it has not a single variety from a breeding program of its own.

In the last decade, increase in self fertilevarieties.

Main varieties now: 81% of the total is:

Bing (40%)Lapins ( 18%)Sweetheart (9%)Santina ( 7%)Van (7%)

Cherry Varieties

OCTUBRE NOVIEMBRE DICIEMBRE ENERO FEBRERO44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 1 2 3 4 5

BROOKSBURLAT

GLEND REDROYAL DAWN

CELESTESANTINA

R.RAINIERNEW STARSOMERSET

GARNETSTELLA

BINGLAPINS

CHELANRUBY

TULARERAINIER

VANCRISTALINA

SAMSUMMIT

LAMBERTSILVIA

KORDIALATE MARIA

REGINASWEETHEART

SCHNEIDERS

20 Nov

15 Nov

Melipilla 04 NovPaine 05 Nov

San Fernando 20 Nov

Rio Claro 02 DicTeno 27 Nov

San Fernando 03 DicLas Cabras 06 Nov

Melipilla 10 NovLampa 16 Nov

San Fdo. 02 DicTeno 04 DicAngol 16 Dic

Llay-Llay 29 OctMelipilla 02 Nov

Rancagua 15 DicTemuco 18 EneChile Chico 05 Feb

ZONAS TARDIAS

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RipeningQuillota Sn. Fco. de Mostazal

Cosecha a partir del 5 de noviembre Cosecha a partir de la 2ª semana de noviembre>18º Brix y una acidez de 0,6%.

Medianamente productivo, alcanza rendimientos de 9,1 kilos/planta (9ª hoja).

Gran calibre, peso medio de 10,8 gramos y un 90 % superior a 26 mm. Firmeza de 68 a 70 uni. durofel. Sensible a cracking alcanzando daños entre 6 y 36% de la fruta, con precipitaciones de 5 a 70 mm durante noviembre.

Productivity

Rendimientos alcanzan los 15,2 kilos (en la 7ª hoja).

>18º brix y una acidez de 0,6%.

Fruit quality

Post harvest life

15 días presenta buena condición - perdida de firmeza por debajo de 70uni durofel.30 días con un 2,5% de fruta partida y 1,4% de pedicelo pardo.45 días la firmeza de pulpa cae a 68 uni durofel, 1% de pudriciones y 12,8% de fruta conpedicelo pardo.

Seminario Internacional de CerezosViña del Mar 2006

E d u a r d o G r a t a c ó s N.Facultad de Agronomía, PUCV

Rootstock Effects on Two Sweet Cherry Cultivars in Central Chile

Five years of evaluations

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With the purpose of finding the best rootstocks forChilean local conditions, during the 90th were started severaltrials to evaluate new rootstocks. This paper reports results fromfive production seasons of an experimental block inside acommercial farm.

Emphasis is given to understand the productive behaviour andapply the best management techniques to maximize productionof high quality fruit under local conditions.

E d u a r d o G r a t a c ó s N.

Rootstocks evaluated were SL 405 Ferci ® PONTALEB (P. mahaleb), CAB 6P (P. cerasus), MAXMA 14 Delbard(Mahaleb x Mazzard), GISELA 5 and GISELA 6 (both

P.cerasus x P. canescens) representing new ones and COLT (P. avium x P. pseudocerasus) representing the

traditional.

Cultivars selected are Bing for being the main commercial plus self-incompatible and Lapins as

representative of newer self-compatible type.

E d u a r d o G r a t a c ó s N.

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CRONOGRAMA DE FLORACIÓN DE BING EN CRONOGRAMA DE FLORACIÓN DE BING EN VARIOS PORTAINJERTOS. SFM 2004VARIOS PORTAINJERTOS. SFM 2004

FLORACIÓN TEMPORADA 2004cv Bing

0.020.040.060.080.0

100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0

8-9 10-9

12-9

14-9

16-9

18-9

20-9

22-9

24-9

26-9

28-9

30-9

2-10

4-10

6-10

FECHAS

Nº d

e flo

res/

m

MAXMA14 GISELLA 6 CAB6P COLTGISELLA 5 PONTALEB

Gi 5

MxM 14

Pontaleb

Gi 6

Cab 6P

Colt

-

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

COLT GISELA 6 CAB6P MAXMA 14 MAZZARD MAHALEB MAXMA 60

Viveros: Biotecnia, Buenos Aires, Copequen, La Cumbre, Los Olmos, Parlier, Rancagua, Requínoa, Tiempo Nuevo, Univiveros y Viverosur

Total Patrones: 4.211.86139%

27%

18%

9%

84 %Rootstocks sold 2005-2009

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Training Systems

• Before the 90’s: Open Vase, Tatura Trellis

• 90’s – 00’s: Small Vase, Spanish Bush, Drapeau

• 00’s- 10’s: Solaxe, Central Axe, Multiaxe, V Trellis.

• 10’s – today: trying withKGB, UFO

Open Vase: Very used system before the 90’s

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Tatura Trellis

Solaxe in France: CTIFL, 2002

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Solaxe System in France

Rootstock: Tabel Edabriz.Height: 2.5-2,8 m.

Solaxe in Chile

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Vertical Axe: Sweetheart/Colt

Spanish Bush

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4.5 X 2.5 mLONQUEN

Los Andes

MultiaxeBrooks /SL64

Drapeau or MarchantBrooks / Maxma 14

BROOKS / MAXMA 144.5 X 2.5 m LONQUEN

Drapeau

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SANTINA CAB6PPT 1ª HOJA Rengo900 Plantas / Ha

Royal Dawn / Colt700 Plantas / HaRosario

BING / Mazzard667 plantas/ Ha

GLENN REDMaxma 60Aculeo

MULTIEJE (2)

GLENN REDMaxma 60

EJE CENTRAL

SANTINACAB6P

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Bing / Gisela 6900 plantas / ha

BING GISELA 6900 PLANTAS / HACURICO

BING GISELA 6900 Plantas / HaGraneros

SANTINA / CAB 6P900 Plantas / Ha LAMPA

Bing Mazzard4 ejes

Royal DawnColtMelipilla

Bing Gisela 6Graneros

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Royal DawnMaxma 14Chimbarongo

Lapins Maxma 14Batuco

Santina Maxma 14Batuco

Royal DawnColtAculeo

Pergola

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V Trellis

U F O: Upright Fruiting Offshoot

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Mr. Kym Green, Australia

KGB, Adelaide Hills, South Australia

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KGB, Australia

Fruitfull limbs, 70-85 fruits/limb Starting with 25 limbs/tree

KGB: (Kym Green Bush), Lerida , Spain

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Sweetheart/PontalebKGBLérida, España

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Breeding New Sweet Cherry Cultivars for Breeding New Sweet Cherry Cultivars for Chile, via Molecular and Traditional Chile, via Molecular and Traditional

Methods.Methods.Eduardo Gratacós1, Levi Mansur1, Lee Meisel2 and Herman Silva2.1 Facultad de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso2 Plant Biotechnology Center. Universidad Andrés Bello

Principal facts about cultivars of Chilean cherry production

Chile is particularly far from the export marketsin the northern hemisphere.

•Lack of varieties adapted to the different Chilean climates.

•High incidence of Bacterial Canker

•Scarse labor and rising costs because mining

•The market for new varieties is increasingly restrictive.

•Use of marginal soils

•Long postharvest life for asian markets

•Concentrated production between november to mid january

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Cherry shipments

The program began in 2008 with the main objective to establish a Breeding Program in Cherry, in a synergistic way

between Agronomy (PUCV) and Molecular Genetics (UNAB).

In this program Participate together Universities, Public Innovation Agency and leading companies in the cherry

business.

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Adaptability to different weather conditions

Firmness and taste

Earliy and late ripening

Fruit Size

Productivity

Precocity

Good Postharvest shelflife

Autofertility

Chilean cherry varieties: Main desired traits

Main achievements.

1. Valuable germplasm collection with 58 varieties

-Evaluation and selection of parentals.

2. Mapping populations for future analysis withthe developping molecular markers.

- Linkage maps populations established ( Lapins x Bing and Black Tartarian x Kordia)

- Hybrids population Bing x Lapins unique in the world (700 hybrids)

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Main achievements.3. Development of expertise in multiple areas of breeding (hybridization, germination, propagation, study of flowering).

Main achievements.4. Shortening juvenility

2008: hybridizations

2009: Hybridsgrowth

2010: grafting

2012: Firstflowers and fruits

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Main achievements5. Getting Segregating Populations :

-At present there are more than 11,000 hybrids in various stages of development, corresponding to more than 50 distinct populations.

- They are the foundation to start with phenotypic evaluations and find candidates for new varieties of cherries, which corresponds to the next job

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Pictures from Dra Maria Herrero

The Chilean science, technology and innovation system

• The growth and consolidation of the Chilean fruit industry have been supported by public and private effort of research, development and innovation, and a collaboration work with foreign entities, that have allowed the development of scientific technological capacities in the country.

• The National Innovation System in Chile is integrated by public entities giving the support to innovation, by means of financing funds, focused on research, technological development, transfer and innovation. This group is integrated by companies, universities, technological institutes and research centers.

• Chile allocates 0.68% of its Gross Domestic Product to research and development (R&D, the amount allocated to R&D in Chile was US$ 646 million (CONICYT, 2004).

• A 53% of the investment in R&D is made by the public sector, 37% by the private sector and 10% by other sources.

• The country has 8,500 researchers, 6,476 of which work for universities, 964 for companies, 500 for the public sector, 420 for private non-profit institutions.

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Towards competitive and sustainablefruit production systems

Ceres is an interdisciplinary center, created between the Valparaiso regional government and our University in 2011.

With high regional linkages , working in a participative way with different sectors of agriculture, public and private.

Coordinates the needs , building science and innovation alliances in the region , with national and international groups working with stakeholders involved in horticultural production . We don’t work directly in all the requirements, but we are also articulating the capabilities that exist in the region.

• Ceres works with five key concepts:• 1. Competitiveness• 2.. sustainability• 3.Innovation• 4. Participative Methodology• 5. Territorial approach

• Thus, between some of the projects that are started in the center include:

• Biological soil Restoration ; • Territorial insect management strategies, • Cherry breeding, and • the construction of a Regional Innovation System in Horticulture through

the application of Participatory Innovation Model .

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Soil Biological Restoration Program Soil Biological Restoration Program (SBR)(SBR)

Soil compaction. (lack of aeration, low macroporosity) Biological conflicts (Verticillium, Phytophthora, and others) Premature productive decay (low yields and small sizes, reduced lifespan

of orchards). Needs of expensive physical and chemical handling for replanting

orchards. Moving the fruit orchards to more marginal soils.

Loss of sustainability and competitiveness in Fruit Production

Carlo SabainiSenior Researcher

CERES

The requirement• Create conditions for farmers and other stakeholders to

understand the attributes of soil biological complexity and multiplicity of ecosystem services it generates, and can implement biological restoration processes leading to the creation of economic value and sustainability of the territories.

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Building Valparaiso’s Regional System for Horticultural Innovation by applying the Participatory Innovation

Model

Alfredo del Valle, Ph.D.Senior Researcher

CERES

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Environment: Region’s Territory, Chile, Business Firms, Government Agencies, Markets, International Knowledge, etc.

Regional System for Horticultural Innovation in Valparaiso

Developing System• Innovation activated • Incipient innovation

management• Self-critical culture

Non-developed System• Sporadic innovation• Operations-centered

management• Culture of adaptation

Mature System• Permanent innovation• Innovation-centered

management• Culture of innovation

Regional System for Horticultural Innovation: Outline of its development process

1. Actors:Producers Transporters PackingsExporters External workers PeasantsInput suppliers Nurseries ResearchersSAG INDAP Technical schoolsUniversities Social organizations Ministry of AgricultureMunicipalities Regional Government Other ministries …

2. Inter-related themes:Species Varieties Human resourcesCrops Techniques PromotionExports Depredation Awareness buildingSustainability Soils TerritoriesCulture of innovation Enterprise ProductivityWater Quality of rural life Other…

3. Disciplines and professions:Agricultural sciences Biological sciences CommunicationEducation Management SociologyVeterinary medicine Anthropology Other…

4. Cultures:Business Research PoliticalPublic service Peasant Other…

Building the Regional Innovation System: A high-complexity challenge

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“Vision of Development”: The dimensions of the Regional Innovation System

Regional System for

Horticultural Innovation

Integral management

of water resources

Prospection of Prospection of the region’s horticultural

potential

Improving environmental management

Improving labor

conditions In horticulture

Development of Development of knowledge and competencies for production

Sustainable technologies

for soil management

Management and upgrading

of genetic resources

Rescuing and revaluating rural culture

Reduction of the use of

agrochemicals

Promoting quality and

sustainability in horticulture

Vision of Development workshop: Dec 2011

First dimensions being activated via Participatory Innovation

Regional System for

Horticultural Innovation

Integral management

of water resources

Prospection of Prospection of the region’s horticultural

potential

Improving environmental management

Improving labor

conditions In horticulture

Development of Development of knowledge and competencies for production

Sustainable technologies

for soil management

Management and upgrading

of genetic resources

Rescuing and revaluating rural culture

Reduction of the use of

agrochemicals

Promoting quality and

sustainability in horticulture

Portfolio: 14 innovations (Oct 2012)

Portfolio: 12 innovations (Jun 2012)

Conceptual designs for 2 Priority Innovations, with Regional Secretariats of Agriculture and Environment (Sep and Oct 2012)

Portfolio: 17 innovations Dec 2012

Innovations workshop 9 Jul 2013

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All this work has been made possible with cooperation …

thanks, not only for sharing their knowledgebut for his generosity as a persons , by showing the best of their territories, by welcome and open their doors.

Palermo, 22 November 2012

I hope we can do some work together in the near future…

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I wish Success in these work meetings to all of you and specially to the Chairman and to the host!

Thanks for your invitation!

Project COST FA 1104: ”Sustainable production of high-quality cherries for the European market” 3rd Management Committee and all Working Groups Meeting

Research, development, innovation and dreams in

agricultureEduardo Gratacós NaranjoDirectorValparaíso Regional Center for Innovation in Horticulture ( CERES )Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoC H I L Eeduardo.gratacos@ucv.cl

Pitesti, Romania 15 de Octubre 2013.

when I finished the presentation I thought a better titlewould have been…