JOINTSJoints are interlocking features often cut out on wood to strengthen and secure parts of wooden structures.

DOVETAIL JOINT

Dovetail joints are used in box constructions such as drawers, jewellery boxes, cabinets and other pieces of furniture where strength is required.

LAPPED DOVETAIL JOINT

The lapped dovetail joint is a type of dovetail joint which is often used for drawers where the joint can only be seen from one side. This type of joint is sometimes used as the joint for book cases and cabinets.

1

MITRE JOINT

The mitre joint is used when an unbroken surface is required.

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

The mortise and tenon joint is one of the most common joints used by woodworkers and is the traditional corner joint for sturdy frames.

2

HOUSING JOINT

Housing joints are joints where one member is fitted into a trench cut into the other member. These joints are used in the construction of shelves and cabinet units, partitions and sectional, timber frame buildings.

LAP EDGE JOINT

A lap edge joint is a junction between two timbers which are similarly cut so that when fitted together the surfaces are flush.

3

BRIDLE JOINT

Bridle joints are used for fixing shelves to vertical panels in cabinets, bookcases, storage units and boxes, or for drawer fronts and frame construction.

4

WOODWORKING TOOLSPLANES

Planes are used to cut wood, removing thin layers in the process to acquire desired sizes and finish. The metal plane has two advantages over the wooden plane: the long-lasting sole of the metal sole and the ease and speed of adjusting the blade. Planes can be divided into two groups:

1. Bench Planes: Smoothing plane- is used to finish flat surfaces by removing irregularities and

defects in the wood.

Jack plane- is used for a variety of tasks such as planing sawn timber to size and preparing reasonably flat surfaces.

5

Fore plane- is used to achieve fine flat finish on long surfaces and edges.

Jointer or Trying plane- is mainly used to shoot straight and true edges on long pieces of wood and prepare true surfaces.

2. Special-purpose planes: The block plane- is capable of cutting small and fine pieces of work with a high

degree of accuracy. Its small body can be comfortably held in one hand or in both hands to work across wood-grains, edges of manufacturing boards and laminated plastic. The plane is also suited for fitting mitres and for chamfering.

6

The combination plane- performs the task of many special planes. With a combination plane, a craftsman can cut grooves, rebates, mouldings and tongues.

The surform plane- are useful, versatile, shaping tools, capable of tackling many materials, depending on the blade. They have multi-toothed blades. The body of the plane is a hollow frame and the blade of the plane takes the place of the sole in other planes. The cutting surface is similar to a file with many chisel-like teeth; but it is constructed like a honey-comb to allow the shavings to escape. The blades can cut wood, plastic, metal and masonry.

The rebate plane- is used for cutting recesses (rebates) along the edges of timber. The plane is fitted with an adjustable depth stop and an adjustable fence. The depth stop determines the depth of the rebate and the fence determines the breadth of the rebate. The plane has a spur fitted to it, in advance of the blade, so that the spur can severe the fibres of the wood ahead of the blade. This provides a clean cut finish on the edge of the rebate, especially on end grain.

7

The plough plane- is used for cutting grooves. The position and depth of the groove to be cut are determined by the setting of the adjustable fence, and the depth stop, respectively.

The router plane- is used to clean out and level off the bottom of trenches.

The shoulder plane- is used mainly to trim the shoulders of tenon joints where a good fit is required.

The bull-nose plane- is used with the ends of chamfers and stopped rebates.

8

The compass plane- is used to plane convex or concave surfaces.

SAWS

Saws are used in the initial conversion of logs into timber, in the forest. This is done to improve transport because waste is removed and flat-sided sections can be more easily accommodated.

Saws can be classified into four groups:

1. Hand Saws- are generally used for heavy work, making long and deep cuts. There are three types of hand saws:

Rip Saw- is used to cut through timber along the grain.

Cross cut Saw- is designed primarily to cut across timbers but can also be used for ripping.

9

Panel Saw- is used for cross-cutting thin wood and manufactured board.

2. Backed Saw- is used mainly for cutting thin wood and joints. There are two type of backed saws:

Tenon Saw- is used for cutting tenons and for general bench work.

Dove-tail saw- is used for cutting dove tails and for fine work.

3. Framed Saws- e.g. bow saw (used for cutting curves in heavy sectioned timber), coping saw (used for cutting curves in thin timber), fret saw (used for cutting curves in thinner timber), hack saw (used to cut metals).

10

BOW SAW COPING SAW

FRET SAW HACK SAW

4. Narrow-bladed Saws- comprise of the compass saw and the pad saw or key hole saw. The compass saw is used to cut slight curves in heavy and large work. The pad saw or key hole saw is used for enclosed cuts like piercing panels.

The type of sawing equipment used in a saw-mill will depend on the sizes and kinds of logs it handles:

1. The circular saw- cuts small to medium diameter hardwoods and softwoods. It has a disc type blade with the teeth on its circumference.

11

2. The vertical frame saw or gang saw- cuts small to medium diameter softwoods.

3. The vertical band mill- cuts all sizes of both hardwood and softwood. Logs are fed by a mechanised carriage to a saw blade in the form of an endless band, which revolves around two large drums (pulleys) one of which is motorised.

12

4. The double vertical bandsaw- takes advantage of making two cuts with one pass.

5. The horizontal bandsaw- cuts all sizes of hardwoods and softwoods. It is suitable for work at the forest site, or in a saw-mill. Conversion is achieved by passing the whole mobile saw unit, which travels on rails over stationary logs, taking a slice of at each forward pass.

Timber which requires further reduction in size is cut on a resawing machine. Resawing is done mainly with circular saws and smaller bandsaws.

HAMMERS

13

Hammers are used mainly for striking, driving and pounding, and in some layout of work, the use of the hammer is necessary, e.g. striking the prick punch. The hammers most commonly used by cabinet workers and carpenters are:

1. Claw hammers- are used for driving medium to large nails and are capable of withdrawing them with the claw.

2. Warrington or cross pein hammers- is capable of driving large nails but is used to drive medium nails and nails in the lower range. The cross-pein enables nails to be started more easily. It is well-balanced and easy to hammer.

3. Club or lump hammers- is very useful to the stone masons and brick layers, but serves the wood worker well as a heavy hammer.

4. Mallets- are used to drive chisels when chopping out joints or carving and for knocking together wooden frames and joints.

14

CHISELS

1. Paring Chisels- are slender and are designed for easy handling. They are used for cutting thin slices of wood. Paring may be done horizontally or vertically.

2. Mortise Chisels- are made for chopping and so are made sturdy to withstand being struck by a mallet. The main function is to cut through the end grain.

3. Firmer Chisels- have a square-edged blade and is used for general bench work.

4. Bevel-edged Chisels- are used to make dovetail joints and other acute angular cuts.

15

5. Curved bladed chisels- called gouges are used for wood-turning and carving in addition to general woodwork. Those for woodturning have very long handles.

Cold chisels are used for cutting cold metal. There are four types of cold chisels:

1. Flat cold chisel- is the best known metalwork chisel and is used for general purpose work.

2. Cross-cut or cape cold chisel- is used to cut grooves such as oil channels and keyways.

16

3. The round nose or half round cold chisel- is used for cutting half-round and curved grooves and for rectifying a misplaced centre punch mark before commencing drilling.

4. The diamond point cold chisel- is used for cleaning out corners and cutting small grooves, and can also be used to correct faulty centring.

WOOD CLAMPS

1. Bench hook- provides a brace when cross-cutting at the workbench.

2. Bench stop- is used to clamp work pieces to the bench surface, especially when cutting grooves, chopping joints or carving.

17

METAL BENCH STOP

3. G clamp- holds the wood between the flat edge of its screw and the flat edge on the frame.

4. Tool maker's clamp- are frequently used in the workshop for holding parts together during marking out, cutting out to shape or for drilling operations.

5. Bench vice- is used to hold work in a fixed position when sawing, chiselling, filing and screwing.

18

6. Hand vice- is used for holding small work at the drilling machine or for holding small parts for riveting and other similar jobs.

DRILLS

1. The hand drill or wheel brace- are used to cut circular holes in materials to the size of the tool.

2. The breast drill- has the same purpose as the hand drill but is a modified version with a greater capacity and a second speed.

19

3. Portable electric drills- are most suitable for work which cannot be brought to the drill press.

FILES

20

Files are made from high carbon steel, and after the teeth are cut the files are hardened and tempered, leaving the cutting surface brittle, with the tang left relatively soft. Files are divided into three groups:

1. Machinist or engineer's files- are the files most commonly used in the metal shop They remove metal fast and are used whenever a very smooth finish is required. Some common machinist files are the flat file, hand file, round file, half round file, square file, three-square file, warding file, knife file and pillar file.

2. Swiss-pattern or jeweller's files- are used primarily for precision filing by tool makers and jewellers.

3. Special purpose files- include hundreds of files designed for certain kinds of materials and special work, e.g. the long-angle lathe file and the curved tooth file.

21

LONG ANGLE LATHE FILE

CURVED TOOTH FILE

RASPS

Rasps are used for rapidly removing wood from curved surfaces.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

22

Phillips, H., Harris, L., Baptiste, R., Gaime, H., Persad, G., Baijnauth, S., et al. Industrial Arts for Secondary Schools in Guyana Book 1.

Phillips, H., Harris, L., Baptiste, R., Gaime, H., Persad, G., Baijnauth, S., et al. Industrial Arts for Secondary Schools in Guyana Book 2.

23