taxonomy of bacteria by badshah
TRANSCRIPT
Bacterial Taxonomy
biology
biology Presentation submitted to: Mr.Basit Zeeshan
Presentation submitted by: (group-5) 1. Akbar Ahmad Shah2.Arooj Azeem 3. Neha Zahid4.Sehar Rizvi 5.Farqaleet Khan 6.Farazia Chaudhary 7.Adiba Khan 8.Saba Arshad 9.Zaeem Sarwar
Presented by:
Arooj Azeem
“Bacteria”In 1676, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first
observed bacteria through a microscope and called them “animalcules.” In 1838, the German Naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg called them bacteria, from the Greek baktḗria, meaning "little stick."
“ Taxonomy”From Ancient Greek, ‘taxis’ means ‘arrangement’,
‘nomia’ meaning ‘methods’. It refers to the branch of science that deals with
classification of organisms. It is the branch of science that encompasses the
description, identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms.
It also includes the analysis of an organism's characteristics for the purpose of classification.
Bacterial Taxonomy“Bacterial taxonomy is a means by which
microorganisms can be grouped together. “Organisms having similarities with respect to
the criteria used are in the same group, and are separated from the other groups of microorganisms that have different characteristics.
Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria.
Importance of TaxonomyClassification
On basis of Similarities
On basis of Differences
Defining an Organism
Studying evolution
Discovering new characters of an organism
Identification of numerous organisms
Huge biodiversity of earth
Convenient Analysis of numerous organisms
Bacterial TaxonomyStudying follows these steps:
Classification
Nomenclature
Identification
Conventional vs Modern
ClassificationDefinition
A historical glance
Classification systems
Basis of classification
Definition “The arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities (including at least kingdom and phylum in animals, division in plants, and class, order, family, genus, and species).”
Presented by:
•Syeda Sehar Rizvi
History
• Aristotles classification
Linnaeus1735[33]
Haeckel1866[34]
Chatton1925[35]
Copeland
1938[36]
Whittaker
1969[37]
Woese et al.1990[38]
Cavalier-Smith
1998[31]2
kingdoms
3 kingdom
s2 empires
4 kingdoms
5 kingdoms
3 domains
6 kingdoms
(not treated) Protista
Prokaryota
Monera MoneraBacteria
BacteriaArchaea
Eukaryota
Protoctista
Protista
Eucarya
Protozoa
Chromista
Vegetabilia
Plantae PlantaePlantae PlantaeFungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Classification systemsPhenotypic (conventional)Classification System:-
It is on the basis of following features:-MorpholologyAnatomyStainingCulture
Some More Features:-Growth factorsOsmotic toleranceNutritionMotilityPathogenicityBiochemical reactionsLactose FermentationSensitivity or resistance to chemicalsAntigenEnvironmental factors Based on habitat
Presented By:
Farazia chaudhary
Morphological Basis1)Coccus:-
MonococcusDiplococcusTetradsSarcinaeStreptococcusStaphylococcus
2)Bacillus:-• Diplobacillus• Streptobacillus• Coccobacillus
3)Spiral:- Which have one or more twists,include:-
Vibrio:- Look like curved rods
Spirillium:- Spirilla have a helical shape and fairly rigid bodiesSpirochete:- Spirochetes have a helical shape and flexible bodies.
Some other types of bacteriaThere are also some other rare shapes of bacteria
like Rectangular Star shape
Some bacteria have many shapes instead of just one,they are known as pleomorphic.e.g.mycoplasma,etc
All other bacteriae discussed here are monomorphic.
Presented by:
Adeeba khan
Anatomical basis of bacterial classificationOn Basis of capsule:-• Capsulate• Non-capsulateSpore:-• Non-Sporing• Spore forming: anerobic and aerobic
Viridans streptococci Vs Streptococcus pnemoniae (Non-capsulate) (Capsulate)
Bacillus spp. Vs Escherchia colli(Non sporing) (spore-forming)
Flagella
Aflagellates(e.g.Shigella spp.)Flagellates: Monotrichous(Vibrio Cholera) Lophotrichous(Spirillia) Peritrichous(E.coli) Amphitrichous(Spirillium minus)
On basis of flagella
Presented by:
AKBAR AHMAD SHAH
Bacterial classification on the basis of mode of nutrition:
A)Autotrophic bacteria1. Photosynthetic:- 2H 2S + CO2 (CH2O)2 + 2S + H2O 2H 2O + CO2 (CH2O)2 + O2 + H2O
2. Chemosynthetic:- Sulphomonas(Theobadllus) Hydromonas(Bacillus pantotrophus.) Ferromonas(Leptothrix) Methanomonas(candida utilis) Nitrosomonas
B) Heterotrophic bacteria1.Saprophytic Bacteria(Acetobacter)
2.Parasitic bacteria(Vibrio cholera)
3.Symbiotic bacteria(Clostridium)
On the basis of habitat
Methanosarcina barkeri Halococcus
On the basis of cultural characteristicsA) Extra growth factors requirements:• Fastidious(Hemophilus influenza)(Helicobacter)• Non-fastidious(Escherichia coli)B) Hemolysis on sheep blood agar:• Alpha hemolysis(Streptococcus pneumonia)• Beta hemolysis(Streptococcus pyogenes)• Gamma hemolytic bacteria(S.agalacitae)
E) Pigment productionPigment producers (Staphylococcus aureus)Pigment non-producers(Escherichia coli)
D)Growth rate:• Rapid growers(Vibrio cholera)• Slow growers(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
On the basis of motilityMotile(salmonella)Non motile (Shigella)
On the basis of pathogenicityPathogens(Mycobacterium)Non-pathogens(E.coli)Commensals(aeromonas)
(Shigella) (salmonella)
On the basis of environmental factors
A) TemperatureB)Oxygen dependenceC)pHD)Salt concentrationE)Atmospheric pressure
TemperatureHyperthermophile (60 degrees C and upwards)Thermophile (optimal growth between 45 and 122
degrees)Mesophile (20 and 45 degrees C)Psychrotrophs (will survive at 0 degrees C, but prefer
mesophilic temperaturePsychrophiles (-15 and 10 degrees C or lower)
pH:AcidophilesAlkalinophilesNeutrophiles
Salt concentration:Halophiles Non-halophiles
Genotypic basis of bacterial classification
Universal Phylogenetic Tree
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis
Molecular subtyping
phylogenic tree
Other ways of classification• Gram staining:• positive• negative• Acid-fast staining:• Acid-fast• Non-acidfast• Etc.
Presented by:
Saba arshad
Nomenclature “Nomenclature” is a Latin word
which can be further dissected into two more Latin words namely ‘nomen’ which means ‘name’ and ‘calare’ which means ‘to call’.
So Nomenclature is simply referred to as naming things traditionally.
“The devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline.”
Binomial nomenclature
Discovery Carolus Linnaeus 18th Century
Swedish botanist
The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a
species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the
second the specific epithet.
Definition
FeaturesInternational Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
(ICNP) formerly called International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) regulates the nomenclature of Bacteria and Archeae.
Name after scientistGeographical siteQuality of microbe
The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when handwritten).1. The genus name is always written first.2. The genus name must be capitalized.3. The specific epithet is never capitalized.4. Use of Initials
RULES FOR NOMENCLATURE
Example Mangifera Genus Capital
Indica
Species
Small
Importance of nomenclatureThe basic objective of nomenclature is that there
should be only one name per organism.Helps in communicationAvoiding confusionSurely batter than polynomialsDescriptiveGrouping and classificationLimitation
Presented by:
Farqaleet khan
Identification
Sample Preparation
What must be done: Extract the bacteria colony from culture Dissolve the cell wall in the digestive buffer Inactive the prokaryotic enzyme Spin the sample in the centrifuge
PCR AmplificationPolymerase Chain Reaction: Purpose: Used to amplify specific section of RNA
PCR Cycle
PCR PurificationGel Electrophoresis run to purify solution and isolate DNA
Separate molecules based on size
Negatively charged DNA moves toward positively charged syringe ends
Sequencing Preparation
Add PCR product to strip tubes then load them in to PCR machine
DNA Sequencing Occurs in DNA sequencing machine Negatively charged DNA moves towards
the syringe ends and a laser excites the fluorescent markers that identify each nucleotide for sequencing
DNA Sequence Analysis The ultimate goal of sequencing matching analysis
determine what bacteria is in the sample through comparing its DNA Sequence
References• http://
www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/ISOLATION_AND_IDENTIFICATION.pdf
• http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/ISOLATION_AND_IDENTIFICATION.pdf
• http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/systematics/bsc420520lect2.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies#Bacillus
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria
• http://medimoon.com/2014/04/nomenclature-and-its-importance-in-microbiology/
• http://christianherbal.org/binomial-nomenclature/#• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature• http://cpmofferconvert.com/out?zoneId=968177&htatb=1• https://theartofmed.wordpress.com/2015/08/28/bacterial-t
axonomy-1-classification-based-on-morphology-and-the-gram-stain/
• http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/bacteriology-basics-morphology-classification-staining-methods-28081551
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/bacterial-cell-morphology-and-classification-definition-shapes-arrangements.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/shyrosh/classification-of-bacteria-49373508
• http://schoolworkhelper.net/bacteria-types-and-classification/
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/117677-five-different-types-bacteria/
• http://blog.cifor.org/8746/why-taxonomy-is-important-for-biodiversity-based-science?fnl=en
• http://whyscience.co.uk/contributors/david-hone/david-hone.html
• http://www.rajaha.com/importance-of-taxonomy-biology/
• http://www.preservearticles.com/201102174054/how-to-classify-bacteria-on-the-basis-of-modes-of-nutrition.html
• https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/culturing-microorganisms-6/temperature-and-microbial-growth-64/classification-of-microorganisms-by-growth-temperature-388-5509/