Target IExplain the historical significance of the following scientists’ contributions to the

study of DNA and utilize their data to support the claim that DNA is the source of

heritable information: Griffith, Avery, Hershey/Chase, Franklin/Wilkins,

Watson/Crick

Covered by scientist jigsaw activity.

Question Limitof 34 available terms 34 Written Questions1.The sugar in DNA nucleotidesCORRECT: Deoxyribose2.3 parts of a nucletide.INCORRECT: You said sugar phosphate base3.ANSWER: Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base4.Radioactively labeled protein and DNA to see which enters cells when a virus infects a cell. Discovered it was DNAINCORRECT: You gave no answer5.ANSWER: Hershey and Chase6.Nucleotide base that "G" stands for. Please spell it.INCORRECT: You gave no answer7.ANSWER: Guanine8.The 2 DNA bases that are purines.INCORRECT: You gave no answer9.ANSWER: Adenine and guanine10.The strong bonds between the nucleotides on one strand of DNA.INCORRECT: You gave no answer11.ANSWER: Covalent or Phosphodiester12.Complementary bases in DNA that have 3 hydrogen bonds between them.INCORRECT: You gave no answer13.ANSWER: Guanine and cytosine14.Used x ray crystallography to determine the helical shape of DNAINCORRECT: You gave no answer15.ANSWER: Franklin16.Discovered transformation by combining a heat killed virulent strain of bacteria with a live non virulent strainINCORRECT: You gave no answer17.ANSWER: Griffith18.carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has an OH groupINCORRECT: You gave no answer19.ANSWER: 3' carbon20.The 2 DNA bases that are pyrimidinesINCORRECT: You gave no answer21.ANSWER: Cytosine and thymine22.Word describing the fact that one side of a DNA molecule is oriented from 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'INCORRECT: You gave no answer23.ANSWER: Anti-parallel24.Determined the entire structure of the DNA moleculeINCORRECT: You gave no answer25.ANSWER: Watson and Crick26.Weak bonds between the 2 DNA strands.INCORRECT: You gave no answer27.ANSWER: Hydrogen28.Worked off of Griffith--discovered that DNA was the transforming material by destroying DNA in one experiment and RNA and protein in othersTransformation could not happen without DNAINCORRECT: You gave no answer29.ANSWER: Avery30.Element in DNA but not protein radioactively labeled in the Hershey Chase experimentINCORRECT: You gave no answer31.ANSWER: Phosphorus32.The complementary DNA strand for the DNA sequence: AGGINCORRECT: You gave no answer33.ANSWER: TCC34.Nucleotide base that "C" stands for. Please spell it.INCORRECT: You gave no answer35.ANSWER: Cytosine36.RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA has uracil instead of thymineINCORRECT: You gave no answer37.ANSWER: Differences between RNA and DNA nucleotides38.Element in protein but not DNA radioactively labeled in the Hershey Chase experimentINCORRECT: You gave no answer39.ANSWER: Sulfur40.Viruses that infect bacteriaINCORRECT: You gave no answer41.ANSWER: Bacteriophage42.The sugar in RNA nucleotidesINCORRECT: You gave no answer43.ANSWER: Ribose44.Nucleotide base that "T" stands for. Please spell it.INCORRECT: You gave no answer45.ANSWER: Thymine46.Term for nucleotide bases with 1 ring.INCORRECT: You gave no answer47.ANSWER: Pyrimidines48.The full name of RNAINCORRECT: You gave no answer49.ANSWER: Ribonucleic acid50.RNA base complementary to AdenineINCORRECT: You gave no answer51.ANSWER: Uracil52.The full name of DNAINCORRECT: You gave no answer53.ANSWER: Deoxyribonucleic acid54.Complementary bases in DNA that have 2 hydrogen bonds between them.INCORRECT: You gave no answer55.ANSWER: Adenine and Thymine56.Term for nucleotide bases with 2 rings.INCORRECT: You gave no answer57.ANSWER: Purines58.Make up the backbone of DNA or RNA.INCORRECT: You gave no answer59.ANSWER: sugar and phosphate60.carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has a phosphate groupINCORRECT: You gave no answer61.ANSWER: 5' carbon62.If the amount of cytosine in a DNA molecule is 26%, then what is the amount of thymine?INCORRECT: You gave no answer63.ANSWER: 24%64.Determined that the amounts of A in a DNA molecule are equal to the amounts of T and the amount of G is equal to the amount of CINCORRECT: You gave no answer65.ANSWER: Chargaff66.Nucleotide base that "A" stands for. Please spell it.INCORRECT: You gave no answer67.ANSWER: Adenine

Target IICompare and contrast the

structure of a single nucleotide (phosphate,

nitrogen base, sugar) from both DNA and RNA.

3 Main Differences

Target IIIDescribe the structure of DNA. Be sure to use the following

terms: deoxyribose, nucleotide, hydrogen bond,

phosphodiester bond, purine, pyrimidine, 5’, 3’, A, T, C, G,

and anti-parallel. You may be asked to label a diagram.

Structure of a Nucleotide

• A nucleotide is composed of three parts:– 5 carbon sugar: deoxyribose (DNA), ribose (RNA)

– Phosphate group: PO43-

– Nitrogenous base:•Purine: double ring structure - Adenine &

Guanine•Pyrimidine: single ring structure - Cytosine &

Thymine

• Phosphate is bonded to 5’ carbon of sugar• Nitrogenous base is bonded to 1’ carbon • Phosphodiester bonds join nucleotides

together in backbone: phosphate of a nucleotide binds to sugar of next nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide

Nucleotide analysis of the DNA of a rat revealed 12% of nucleotides are

adenine.

Determine the percentage of GUANINE in

the rat genome.

What ‘rule’ allows you to answer the problem above?... Chargaff’s Rule

Structure of a Nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide

Hydrogen bonding between nucleotides

Structure of DNA

• DNA is composed of two separate, linear strings of nucleotides that are antiparallel One strand is organized 5’ --> 3’ Other strand is organized 3’ --> 5’

DNA is described as a double helix• Hydrogen bonds form between nitrogenous

bases of each strand to stabilize the helix A = T (2 hydrogen bonds) C G (3 hydrogen bonds)

Sequence of nucleotides is significant b/c… How can nucleotide sequence be altered? How can nucleotide sequence be repaired?

Structure of DNA

Target IVCompare and contrast the

genome structure and organization of prokaryotes

and eukaryotes.

http://www.d125.org/about/default.aspx

Nucleotides

There are about 3.2 billion base pairs (6.4 billion total nucleotides)in the human genome

Complementary pairing of A and T,C and G

Smallest Unit of DNA- the monomer

Nucleotides in the GAA gene 1 gcgcctgcgc gggaggccgc gtcacgtgac ccaccgcggc cccgccccgc gacgagctcc 61 cgccggtcac gtgacccgcc tctgcgcgcc cccgggcacg accccggagt ctccgcgggc 121 ggccagggcg cgcgtgcgcg gaggtgagcc gggccggggc tgcggggctt ccctgagcgc 181 gggccgggtc ggtggggcgg tcggctgccc gcgccggcct ctcagttggg aaagctgagg 241 ttgtcgccgg ggccgcgggt ggaggtcggg gatgaggcag caggtaggac agtgacctcg 301 gtgacgcgaa ggaccccggc cacctctagg ttctcctcgt ccgcccgttg ttcagcgagg 361 gaggctctgg gcctgccgca gctgacgggg aaactgaggc acggagcggg cctgtaggag 421 ctgtccaggc catctccaac catgggagtg aggcacccgc cctgctccca ccggctcctg 481 gccgtctgcg ccctcgtgtc cttggcaacc gctgcactcc tggggcacat cctactccat 541 gatttcctgc tggttccccg agagctgagt ggctcctccc cagtcctgga ggagactcac 601 ccagctcacc agcagggagc cagcagacca gggccccggg atgcccaggc acaccccggc 661 cgtcccagag cagtgcccac acagtgcgac gtccccccca acagccgctt cgattgcgcc 721 cctgacaagg ccatcaccca ggaacagtgc gaggcccgcg gctgctgcta catccctgca 781 aagcaggggc tgcagggagc ccagatgggg cagccctggt gcttcttccc acccagctac 841 cccagctaca agctggagaa cctgagctcc tctgaaatgg gctacacggc caccctgacc 901 cgtaccaccc ccaccttctt ccccaaggac atcctgaccc tgcggctgga cgtgatgatg 961 gagactgaga accgcctcca cttcacgatc aaagatccag ctaacaggcg ctacgaggtg 1021 cccttggaga ccccgcgtgt ccacagccgg gcaccgtccc cactctacag cgtggagttc 1081 tccgaggagc ccttcggggt gatcgtgcac cggcagctgg acggccgcgt gctgctgaac 1141 acgacggtgg cgcccctgtt ctttgcggac cagttccttc agctgtccac ctcgctgccc 1201 tcgcagtata tcacaggcct cgccgagcac ctcagtcccc tgatgctcag caccagctgg 1261 accaggatca ccctgtggaa ccgggacctt gcgcccacgc ccggtgcgaa cctctacggg 1321 tctcaccctt tctacctggc gctggaggac ggcgggtcgg cacacggggt gttcctgcta 1381 aacagcaatg ccatggatgt ggtcctgcag ccgagccctg cccttagctg gaggtcgaca 1441 ggtgggatcc tggatgtcta catcttcctg ggcccagagc ccaagagcgt ggtgcagcag 1501 tacctggacg ttgtgggata cccgttcatg ccgccatact ggggcctggg cttccacctg 1561 tgccgctggg gctactcctc caccgctatc acccgccagg tggtggagaa catgaccagg

Nucleotides in the GAA gene 1621 gcccacttcc ccctggacgt ccaatggaac gacctggact acatggactc ccggagggac 1681 ttcacgttca acaaggatgg cttccgggac ttcccggcca tggtgcagga gctgcaccag 1741 ggcggccggc gctacatgat gatcgtggat cctgccatca gcagctcggg ccctgccggg 1801 agctacaggc cctacgacga gggtctgcgg aggggggttt tcatcaccaa cgagaccggc 1861 cagccgctga ttgggaaggt atggcccggg tccactgcct tccccgactt caccaacccc 1921 acagccctgg cctggtggga ggacatggtg gctgagttcc atgaccaggt gcccttcgac 1981 ggcatgtgga ttgacatgaa cgagccttcc aacttcatca gaggctctga ggacggctgc 2041 cccaacaatg agctggagaa cccaccctac gtgcctgggg tggttggggg gaccctccag 2101 gcggccacca tctgtgcctc cagccaccag tttctctcca cacactacaa cctgcacaac 2161 ctctacggcc tgaccgaagc catcgcctcc cacagggcgc tggtgaaggc tcgggggaca 2221 cgcccatttg tgatctcccg ctcgaccttt gctggccacg gccgatacgc cggccactgg 2281 acgggggacg tgtggagctc ctgggagcag ctcgcctcct ccgtgccaga aatcctgcag 2341 tttaacctgc tgggggtgcc tctggtcggg gccgacgtct gcggcttcct gggcaacacc 2401 tcagaggagc tgtgtgtgcg ctggacccag ctgggggcct tctacccctt catgcggaac 2461 cacaacagcc tgctcagtct gccccaggag ccgtacagct tcagcgagcc ggcccagcag 2521 gccatgagga aggccctcac cctgcgctac gcactcctcc cccacctcta cacactgttc 2581 caccaggccc acgtcgcggg ggagaccgtg gcccggcccc tcttcctgga gttccccaag 2641 gactctagca cctggactgt ggaccaccag ctcctgtggg gggaggccct gctcatcacc 2701 ccagtgctcc aggccgggaa ggccgaagtg actggctact tccccttggg cacatggtac 2761 gacctgcaga cggtgccaat agaggccctt ggcagcctcc cacccccacc tgcagctccc 2821 cgtgagccag ccatccacag cgaggggcag tgggtgacgc tgccggcccc cctggacacc 2881 atcaacgtcc acctccgggc tgggtacatc atccccctgc agggccctgg cctcacaacc 2941 acagagtccc gccagcagcc catggccctg gctgtggccc tgaccaaggg tggagaggcc

Nucleotides in the GAA gene 3001 cgaggggagc tgttctggga cgatggagag agcctggaag tgctggagcg aggggcctac 3061 acacaggtca tcttcctggc caggaataac acgatcgtga atgagctggt acgtgtgacc 3121 agtgagggag ctggcctgca gctgcagaag gtgactgtcc tgggcgtggc cacggcgccc 3181 cagcaggtcc tctccaacgg tgtccctgtc tccaacttca cctacagccc cgacaccaag 3241 gtcctggaca tctgtgtctc gctgttgatg ggagagcagt ttctcgtcag ctggtgttag 3301 ccgggcggag tgtgttagtc tctccagagg gaggctggtt ccccagggaa gcagagcctg 3361 tgtgcgggca gcagctgtgt gcgggcctgg gggttgcatg tgtcacctgg agctgggcac 3421 taaccattcc aagccgccgc atcgcttgtt tccacctcct gggccggggc tctggccccc 3481 aacgtgtcta ggagagcttt ctccctagat cgcactgtgg gccggggcct ggagggctgc 3541 tctgtgttaa taagattgta aggtttgccc tcctcacctg ttgccggcat gcgggtagta 3601 ttagccaccc ccctccatct gttcccagca ccggagaagg gggtgctcag gtggaggtgt 3661 ggggtatgca cctgagctcc tgcttcgcgc ctgctgctct gccccaacgc gaccgcttcc 3721 cggctgccca gagggctgga tgcctgccgg tccccgagca agcctgggaa ctcaggaaaa 3781 ttcacaggac ttgggagatt ctaaatctta agtgcaatta ttttaataaa aggggcattt 3841 ggaatc

GeneThere are about 20,000 genes in the

entire human genome There are thousands of nucleotides

per gene. Ex: The GAA gene (which

codes for an enzyme) has 3846 nucleotides on one strand.

GAA Gene Map

Chromosome Chromosomes are all different sizes

and contain different numbers ofgenes and nucleotides.

Each chromosome is one long molecule of DNA

Ex: Chromosome 17 (where GAA isFound) has 1726 genes and 81 million nucleotides

Chromosome 17 Map

Human Genome- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Genome Represents ALL of the DNA present

in an organism (human) Found in every nucleus of every cell: 3.2 billion base pairs (nucleotides) 20,000 genes 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Eukaryotic Packaging

• Eukaryotic DNA is linear

• Chromosomes of DNA packaged during interphase as chromatin

• Chromatin condenses (further coils and folds) into chromosomes before mitosis

• On average, chromosomes contain 2 x 108 nucleotide pairs

• An ‘unpackaged’ chromosome of this size would be 6cm long!

Histone proteins contain large amounts of positively- charged amino acids. Why?

Histone protein + DNA called a nucleosome!

Eukaryotic Packaging

Prokaryotic Packaging

• Prokaryotic DNA is circular

• Typically, one single chromosome in nucleoid region and many smaller plasmids floating in cytoplasm.

• No histones

• Fit inside cell via

“supercoiling”->

Targets V & VIThe “big picture” and details regarding the process of DNA Replication… see target sheet for full details… all of this is covered in great detail in the class notes and giant drawing

we constructed together.

Replication of DNA• Enzymes and special proteins

facilitate the replication of DNA

•When does DNA have to be replicated? WHY?•Be sure to determine the role in DNA replication for each of the following:

–DNA polymerase (I and III)–DNA ligase–Primase–Helicase–Topoisomerase–Nuclease–Telomerase–Single strand binding protein

Replication of DNA

• Replication of DNA is semi-conservative…

•Replication begins at origins of replication•Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication. Why?•Eukaryotes have many origins. Why?

•Each origin of replication creates a replication bubble with 2 replication forks

Replication of DNA

Replication of DNA

Replication of DNA

Replication of DNA

•DNA polymerase facilitates the creation of complementary strands of DNA using original strand as template•Energy required to create polymer comes from nucleoside triphosphates! (ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP)

Replication of DNA•DNA polymerase only adds new nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing nucleic acid.•First, an RNA primer of ~10 nucleotides is made by primase so that DNA polymerase has something to attach to & can begin constructing a new DNA strand•Therefore, at a replication fork, the complementary strands of DNA are not created at the same rate!

•The leading strand is built faster and in a continuous manner (only one primer required)•The lagging strand is built slower and creates Okazaki fragments, each fragment has a primer

Topoisomerase

• Relieves tension of helix by making a cut, allowing it to “spin” and “relax”, then reconnects broken strands

Telomeres & Telomerase

• Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation

• Get shorter and shorter, disappearing after about 50 cell divisions (Hayflick Limit)

• Telomerase prevents shortening by adding TTAGGG repeats to telomere end (3’), creates “immortal cell”, only found in stem cells and cancer cells

CONCEPT GENERALIZATION: REPLICATIONDNA nucleotidesRNA nucleotides

TopoisomeraseDNA polymerase (III, I)

HelicasePrimase

LigaseLeading strand/Lagging strand

Okazaki fragmentsReplication fork/Replication bubble

Single stranded binding proteinsOrientation (5’ to 3’, 3’ to 5’)

Fill In the Blank (Directionality)ALL ENZYMES MOVE IN A __________ DIRECTION ALONG THE TEMPLATE

STRAND.

ALL NUCLEIC ACID STRANDS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN A ________ DIRECTION.

THE LEADING STRAND IN REPLICATION IS THE ONE THAT PROCEEDS _____________ INTO THE FORK.

THE LAGGING STRAND IN REPLICATION IS THE ONE THAT PROCEEDS _____________ OUT OF THE FORK.

Fill In the Blank (Answers)

ALL ENZYMES MOVE IN A 3’ to 5’ DIRECTION ALONG THE TEMPLATE STRAND.

ALL NUCLEIC ACID STRANDS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN A 5’ to 3’ DIRECTION.

THE LEADING STRAND IN REPLICATION IS THE ONE THAT PROCEEDS 3’ to 5’ INTO THE FORK.

THE LAGGING STRAND IN REPLICATION IS THE ONE THAT PROCEEDS 3’ to 5’ OUT OF THE FORK.

Target VIIDescribe the process and

significance of errors in DNA replication, DNA repair

mechanisms, and mutagens.

Covered by cancer article readings and reading book

(16.2).