Takemi Program in International Health The Takemi Program in International Health

The Takemi Program in International Health at the Harvard School of Public Health is an interdisciplinary research program that focuses on the problems of mobilizing, allocating, and maintaining limited resources to improve health. To address these issues, the program brings together at Harvard a small group of Takemi Fellows, mid-career professionals from around the world, with particular emphasis on fellows from developing countries.

Through its activities, the program aims to advance knowledge about international health and to contribute to institutional development and improvement of national policy.

The program was established in 1983 and is named after Dr. Taro Takemi, the distinguished physician-scientist who served for more than 25 years as the president of the Japan Medical Association.

T A K E M I P R O G R A M I N I N T E R N A T I O N A L H E A L T H

Harvard School of Public Health

Table of Contents

Section

1. Geographic Distribution of Takemi Fellows (1984-1985

through 2010-2011) 2. Takemi Alumni Listed by Country

3. Takemi Fellows From Japan

4. Takemi Fellows Lists (2006-2007 through 2010-2011) 5. Takemi Fellows Research Papers (2006-2007 through 2010-

2011)

6. The Concept and Practice of International Health in the Takemi Program by Michael R. Reich, JMAJ, May 2005- Vol. 48, No. 5.

7. Application Materials

Takemi Program in International Health Harvard School of Public Health

665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Room 1210 Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Phone: +1-617-432-0686 Fax: +1-617-432-1251

Email: takemi@hsph.harvard.edu

T A K E M I P R O G R A M I N I N T E R N A T I O N A L H E A L T H

Harvard School of Public Health

Geographical Distribution of Takemi Fellows 1984-2011:

Totals by Region Since its inception in 1983, the Takemi Program has had 219 Fellows from 49 countries, including the 2010-2011 group of Takemi Fellows. A list showing the geographical distribution by region and country appears below.

East Asia: 84 China: 16 Hong Kong: 2 Japan: 46 Korea: 14 Taiwan: 6 Central Asia: 2 Azerbaijan: 1 Kyrgyzstan: 1 South Asia: 30 India: 25 Pakistan: 2 Sri Lanka: 3 South East Asia: 14 Indonesia: 4 Malaysia: 1 Philippines: 3 Thailand: 5 Vietnam: 1 Middle East: 9 Egypt: 1 Iran: 2 Israel: 4 Turkey 2 Eastern Europe: 2 Poland: 1 Russia: 1

Europe: 10 Denmark: 1 France: 3 Germany: 1 Italy: 1 Switzerland: 2 The Netherlands: 1 UK: 1 North America: 9 Canada: 1 USA: 8 Latin America: 15 Brazil: 10 Colombia: 3 Mexico: 1 Nicaragua: 1 Africa: 44 Burkina Faso: 1 Cameroon: 1 Côte D’Ivoire: 1 Ghana: 2 Kenya: 2 Malawi: 1 Morocco: 1 Nigeria: 17 Sierra Leone: 1 South Africa: 7 Sudan: 1 Tanzania: 5 The Gambia: 1 Uganda: 2 Zaire: 1

Takemi Program Fellows 1984-2011Name Year CountryBAGIROV, Rasul 2002-2003 AZERBAIJAN

FILHO, Jose Rodrigues 1991-92 BRAZIL

POSSAS, Cristina de A. 1991-92 BRAZIL

IUNES, Roberto Fontes 1995-96 BRAZIL

FACCHINI, Luiz Augusto 1996-97 BRAZIL

CESAR, Juraci A. 1997-98 BRAZIL

FASSA, Anaclaudia 1998-99 BRAZIL

SASSI, Raul Mendoza 2000-01 BRAZIL

BERTOLDI. Andréa 2005-2006 BRAZIL

CARRET, Maria Laura 2005-2006 BRAZIL

THUME, Elaine Jan 2009- Feb 2010 BRAZIL

BAYA, Banza 2002-2003 BURKINA FASO

NTANGSI, Joseph 1997-98 CAMEROON

BHATTACHARYYA, Onil 2006-2007 CANADA

YUAN, Hong-chang 1984-85 CHINA

WANG, Zeng-sui 1986-87 CHINA

CAI, Jin-wen 1988-89 CHINA

XU, Xiping 1988-89 CHINA

DENG, Ming 1992-93 CHINA

LIN, Hui-qing 1994-95 CHINA

WANG, Hong 1994-95 CHINA

RAO, Keqin 1996-97 CHINA

MAO, Zhenzhong 1999-2000 CHINA

LUO, Juhua 2000-01 CHINA

YIN, Li 2002-2003 CHINA

XUE, Qinxiang 2006-2007 CHINA

SUN, Xiaoming 2007-2008 CHINA

WU, Jing 2007-2008, 2008-2009 CHINA

LI, Yanping 2008-2009. 2009-2010 CHINA

MA, Jingdong 2009-2010 CHINA

Name Year CountryURIBE-MOSQUERA, Tomas 1986-87 COLOMBIA

ALZATE, Alberto S. 1987-88 COLOMBIA

VILLANUEVA, Alvaro 2003-2004 COLOMBIA

TANON, Anais 2009-2010 COTE D'IVOIRE/ CANADA

SCHAPIRA, Allan 1987-88 DENMARK

El-EDAWY, Maha 1997-98 EGYPT

RAINHORN, Jean-Daniel 1990-91 FRANCE

HUTTIN, Christine 1994-95 FRANCE

PERIN, Ines 2000-01 FRANCE

SUPADY, Alexander 2009-2010 GERMANY

COLEMAN, Nii Ayite 1996-97 GHANA

AWEDOBA, Albert 1997-98 GHANA

LEUNG, Gabriel 2004-2005 Hong Kong, China

HO, William 2005-2006 HONG KONG, CHINA

GUPTA, Prakash C. 1984-85 INDIA

DURVASULA, Ramesh S. 1987-88 INDIA

MAX, Emmanuel 1987-88 INDIA

UPLEKAR, Mukund 1988-89 INDIA

SRILATHA, Venkatalakshmi 1989-90 INDIA

BHAT, Ramesh 1990-91 INDIA

YESUDIAN, C.A.K. 1990-91 INDIA

MAHAPATRA, Prasanta 1991-92 INDIA

PRAKASAMMA, Mallavarapu 1992-93 INDIA

PURUSHOTHAMAN, Mohankumar 1992-93 INDIA

Name Year CountryGUMBER, Anil 1993-94 INDIA

MURALEEDHARAN, V.R. 1995-96 INDIA

MOHANTY, Jatish 1996-97 INDIA

GARG, Charu 1997-98 INDIA

PRAKASH, Charu 1997-98 INDIA

RANGANAYAKULU, Bodavala 1999-2000 INDIA

VARATHARAJAN, Durairaj 1999-2000 INDIA

D'SOUZA, Marcella 2000-01 INDIA

RAO, K. Sujatha 2001-02 INDIA

SIVALENKA, Srilatha 2001-02 INDIA

NAIDU, B.M. 2002-2003 INDIA

MISHRA, Udaya 2003-2004 INDIA

KARAN, Anup 2006-2007 INDIA

SELVARAJ, Sakthivel 2006-2007 INDIA

BANATI, Prerna 2010-2012 INDIA

HENDRATA, Lukas 1984-85 INDONESIA

MBOI Nafsiah 1990-91 INDONESIAMBOI, Nafsiah 1990-91 INDONESIA

BIMO, Bim 1991-92 INDONESIA

KUSNANTO, Hari 2001-02 INDONESIA

RAMEZANI, Fahimeh 2004-2005 IRAN

MEHRDAD, Ramin 2008-2009 IRAN

KITRON, Uriel 1985-86 ISRAEL

MISHAL, Shaul 1995-96 ISRAEL

COGGAN, Diane 1997-98 ISRAEL

FACTOR, Roni 2009-2011 ISRAEL

GNESOTTO, Roberto 1995-96 ITALY

TANAKA, Keiji 1984-85 JAPAN

FUJII, Mitsuru 1985-86 JAPAN

MARUI, Eiji 1986-87 JAPAN

OMAE, Kazuyuki 1987-88 JAPAN

UEHARA, Naruo 1988-89 JAPAN

Name Year Country

KOBAYASHI, Yasuki 1989-90 JAPAN

TSUTANI, Kiichiro 1990-91 JAPAN

MOJI, Kazuhiko 1991-92 JAPAN

YOSHIDA, Tohru 1992-93 JAPAN

MIYOSHI, Chiaki 1994-95 JAPAN

TAKAHASHI, Tai 1994-95 JAPAN

HIRAYAMA, Megumi 1995-96 JAPAN

KANAGAWA, Shyuzo 1995-96 JAPAN

HOSHI, Hokuto 1996-97 JAPAN

NAKAMURA, Yasuhide 1996-97 JAPAN

HOZUMI, Dairiku 1997-98 JAPAN

NUMASAWA, Katsumi 1997-98 JAPAN

ADACHI, Motoi 1998-99 JAPAN

NOTO, Yuji 1998-99 JAPAN

IMAMURA, Hidehito 1999-2000 JAPAN

SAKAMOTO, Naoko 1999-2000 JAPAN

KIMOTO, Kinuko 2000-01 JAPAN

ONO, Michio 2000-01 JAPAN

JIMBA, Masamine 2001-02 JAPAN

OSAKA, Ken 2001-02 JAPAN

KOBAYASHI, Hajime 2002-2003 JAPAN

YAMAMOTO, Taro 2002-2003 JAPAN

ISHIKAWA, Noriko 2003-2004 JAPAN

SEITA, Akihiro 2003-2004 JAPAN

NAGATA, Takashi 2004-2005, 2005-2006 JAPAN

OSANAI, Yasuyo 2004-2005 JAPAN

SASE, Eriko 2005-2006 JAPAN

SUGIURA, Yasuo 2005-2006 JAPAN

KONDO, Naoki 2006-2007 JAPAN

MASUDA, Sachiko 2006-2007 (VistingScientist) JAPAN

OISHI, Takeko 2006-2007 (VistingScientist) JAPAN

Name Year Country

YAGYU, Fumihiro 2006-2007 JAPAN

IDE, Hiroo 2007-2008 JAPAN

SHIMIZU, Mayumi 2007-2008 JAPAN

TAKEMI, Keizo 2007-2008, 2008-2009 JAPAN

HAMAMOTO, Mieko 2008-2009 JAPAN

HOSODA, Miwako 2008-2009, 2009-2010 JAPAN

SASAKI, Asami 2008-2009 JAPAN

SAKISAKA, Kayako 2009-2010 JAPAN

YODA, Takeshi 2009-2010 JAPAN

NOZAKI, Ikuma 2010-2011 JAPAN

SHIRAI, Kokoro 2010-2011 JAPAN

TOMIZUKA, Taro 2010-2011 JAPAN

MAKUMI, Margaret 2003-2004 KENYA

WAMAI, Richard 2006-2007, 2007-2008 KENYA

BIIBUSUNOVA, Damira 2003-2004 KYRGYZSTAN

MTIMUNI, Beatrice 1990-91 MALAWI

KHOR Geok Lin 1988 89 MALAYSIAKHOR, Geok Lin 1988-89 MALAYSIA

AVILA-FIGUEROA, R. Carlos 1995-96 MEXICO

MEKKI-BERRADA, Abdelwahed 2000-01 MOROCCO

VELAZQUEZ, Aurora 1989-90 NICARAGUA

OKAFOR, Chinyelu R. 1988-89 NIGERIA

NWAKOBY, Boniface 1989-90 NIGERIA

AMAZIGO, Uche 1991-92 NIGERIA

OKONOFUA, Friday 1991-92 NIGERIA

OBIKEZE, Daniel 1992-93 NIGERIA

ONWUDIEGWU, Uchenna 1993-94 NIGERIA

Name Year Country

NWAORGU, Obioma 1994-95 NIGERIA

OGBUOKIRI, Justina 1994-95 NIGERIA

OZUMBA, Benjamin 1995-96 NIGERIA

ONOKERHORAYE, Andrew 1998-99 NIGERIA

ALUBO, Ogoh 1999-2000 NIGERIA

DARE, Lola 1999-2000 NIGERIA

LAWOYIN, Taiwo 1999-2000 NIGERIA

ODIMEGWU, Clifford 2001-02, 2002-03 NIGERIA

WALKER, Mary 2002-2003 NIGERIA

ADEDIMEJI, Adebola 2004-2005 NIGERIA

OKEIBUNOR, Joseph 2010-2011 NIGERIA

QURESHI, Asma Fozia 1987-88 PAKISTAN

KHAN, Amanullah 1995-96 PAKISTAN

SOLON, Jose Orville 1988-89 PHILIPPINES

ORBETA, Aniceto 1996-97 PHILIPPINES

DANGUILAN, Marilen 1998-99 PHILIPPINES

NABIALCZYK- CHALUPOWSKI, Malgorzata(Margaret) 1993-94, 1995-96 POLAND

VARAVIKOVA, Elena 1995-96 RUSSIA

GIBRIL, Akim 1996-97 SIERRA LEONE

MYERS, Jonathan E. 1987-88 SOUTH AFRICA

PICK, William 1990-91 SOUTH AFRICA

HOFFMAN, Margaret 1993-94 SOUTH AFRICA

PRICE, Max 1994-95 SOUTH AFRICA

LEBESE, Lebogang F. 1995-96 SOUTH AFRICA

HERMANUS, Mavis 1998-99 SOUTH AFRICA

Name Year Country

LONDON, Leslie 2001-02 SOUTH AFRICA

YEON, Ha-Cheong 1984-85 S. KOREA

YANG, Bong-min

1989-90, 1995-96, 2006-07, 2007-08 (visitingscientist) S. KOREA

KIM, Jin Hyun 1996-97 S. KOREA

KWON, Soonman 2001-02 S. KOREA

SHIN, Young-jeon 2003-2004 S. KOREA

KIM, Chang-yup 2004-2005 S. KOREA

JU, Yeong-Su 2005-2006 S. KOREA

LEE, Tae-Jin 2006-2007 S. KOREA

PARK, Sang Min 2007-2008 S. KOREA

OH, Juhwan 2008-2009, 2009-2010 S. KOREA

SONG, Young Joo 2008-2009 S. KOREA

KIM Minah Kang Feb 2010 March 2012 S KOREAKIM, Minah Kang Feb 2010- March 2012 S. KOREA

JOH, Hee-Kyung 2010-2012 S. KOREA

KIM, YOON Feb 2011- March 2012 S. KOREA

SAMARASINGHE, S.W.R. de A. 1985-86 SRI LANKA

ABEYKOON, Palitha 1989-90 SRI LANKA

DE SILVA, Weraduwage Indralal 1996-97, 1997-98 SRI LANKA

EL SAMANI, El Fatih 1985-86 SUDAN

CARRIN, Guy 1985-86 SWITZERLAND

ZUBER, Patrick 1993-94 SWITZERLAND

LAN, Chung-Fu 1986-87 TAIWAN

CHAN, Chang-Chuan 1997-98 TAIWAN

KING, Chwan-chuen 1999-2000 TAIWAN

CHANG, Hong-jen 2004-2005 TAIWAN

Name Year Country

LU, Jui-Fen Rachel 2004-2005 TAIWAN

CHANG, Yao Mao 2006-2007, 2007-2008 TAIWAN

MUHONDWA, Eustace P.Y. 1987-88 TANZANIA

BHACHU, Sem Singh 1989-90 TANZANIA

NGUMA, Justin 1991-92 TANZANIA

RUGEMALILA, Joas 1991-92 TANZANIA

HAMDANI, Salha 1994-95 TANZANIA

PHONBOON, Kanchanasak 1986-87 THAILAND

VEERAVONGS, Suriya 1993-94 THAILAND

RATAWIJITRASIN, Sauwakon 1995-96 THAILAND

SUPAKANKUNTI , Siripen 1996-97 THAILAND

KUNAVIKTIKUL, Wipada 2008-2009 THAILAND

SILLA, Balla Musa 1994-95 THE GAMBIA

VAN DEN BORNE, Francine 2002-2003 THE NETHERLANDS

KAYA, Sidika 1999-2000, 2000-2001 TURKEY

MOLLAHALILOGLU, Salih 2007-2008 TURKEY

KONDE-LULE, Joseph 1990-91 UGANDA

NANTULYA, Vinand 2000-01 UGANDA

CIBULSKIS, Richard 2000-01 UNITED KINGDOM

GOOD, Charles M. 1986-87 USA

RICHEY, Lisa 1999-2000 USA

VAVRUS, Frances 1999-2000 USA

LONG, Kurt 2000-01 USA

GREEN, Edward 2001-02 USA

GOROFF, Michael 2008-2009 USA

BUMP, Jesse 2009-2011 USA

Name Year Country

COLWELL, Stacie 1998-99, 1999-2000 USA.

TRAN, Tuan 1994-95 VIETNAM

RUKARANGIRA, Wa Nkera 1988-89 ZAIRE

Takemi Fellows From Japan 1984-2011Name Year Country Designation Department OrganizationTANAKA, Keiji 1984-85 JAPAN Assistant Minister for Technical Affairs Minister's Secretariat Ministry of Health and Welfare

FUJII, Mitsuru 1985-86 JAPAN DirectorKyoto Public Health and Welfare Office (PublicHealth Center)

MARUI, Eiji 1986-87 JAPAN Professor and chairman Department of Public Health juntendo University School of Medicine

OMAE, Kazuyuki 1987-88 JAPANDepartment of Preventive Medicine & PublichHealth Keio University

UEHARA, Naruo 1988-89 JAPANProfessor of International Health (Quality& Health System)

Department of Public Health, Division ofInternational Health Tohoku University

KOBAYASHI, Yasuki 1989-90 JAPAN Department of Health Economics & Policy University of Tokyo

TSUTANI, Kiichiro 1990-91 JAPAN Professor Dept. of Drug Policy and Management (DPM)The University of Tokyo, Graduate School ofPharmaceutical Sciences

MOJI, Kazuhiko 1991-92 JAPANProfessor of Public Health / InternationalHealth School of Allied Medical Sciences Nagasaki University

YOSHIDA, Tohru 1992-93 JAPAN Professor of Social Research Gunma University School of Health Sciences

MIYOSHI, Chiaki 1994-95 JAPANBureau of International HealthcareCooperation

National Institute of International Health CareCentre of Japan

TAKAHASHI, Tai 1994-95 JAPAN Professor Department of Health and Welfare University of International Health & Welfare

HIRAYAMA, Megumi 1995-96 JAPAN Research Fellow The Research Institute of Tuberculosis Department of International Cooperation

KANAGAWA, Shyuzo 1995-96 JAPAN

HOSHI, Hokuto 1996-97 JAPAN Japan Medical Association Research Institute

NAKAMURA, Yasuhide 1996-97 JAPAN ProfessorDepartment of International Collaboration,Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University

Senior Technical Advisor for HealthHOZUMI, Dairiku 1997-98 JAPAN

Senior Technical Advisor for HealthSystems and Policy Immunization Solutions Program PATH

NUMASAWA, Katsumi 1997-98 JAPAN The Japan Medical Association

ADACHI, Motoi 1998-99 JAPAN Mie Prefectural General Medical Center Mie University School of Medicine

NOTO, Yuji 1998-99 JAPAN The Japan Medical Association

IMAMURA, Hidehito 1999-2000 JAPAN

SAKAMOTO, Naoko 1999-2000 JAPAN Head Division of EpidemiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health &Development

KIMOTO, Kinuko 2000-01 JAPAN CounselorDepartment of Health, Health and WelfareBureau Sakai City Government

ONO, Michio 2000-01 JAPAN Team leader JICA Nepal Office School and Community Health Project

JIMBA, Masamine 2001-02 JAPAN Assistant ProfessorDepartment of International CommunityHealth Graduate School of Medicine

OSAKA, Ken 2001-02 JAPAN ProfessorInternational Health, Graduate School ofDentistry Tohoku Univeristy

KOBAYASHI, Hajime 2002-2003 JAPAN

YAMAMOTO, Taro 2002-2003 JAPAN Visiting Associate Professor Les Centres GheskioInstituit National de Laboratoire et deRecherches (INLR)

ISHIKAWA, Noriko 2003-2004 JAPAN 7-19-4 Ebara Shinagawa-ku Tokyo

SEITA, Akihiro 2003-2004 JAPAN Director

Health Programme, and WHO SpecialRepresentative

United Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)Headquarters

NAGATA, Takashi 2004-2005, 2005-2006 JAPAN Staff Doctor Dept. of Emergency Medical Services Saint Mary Hospital in Japan

OSANAI, Yasuyo 2004-2005 JAPAN Registered Nurse Midwife Bureau of International Cooperation International Medical Center of Japan

Name Year Country Designation Department Organization

SASE, Eriko 2005-2006 JAPAN

Adjunct Professor, The Graduate Schoolof Medicine, The University of Tokyo;Overseas Researcher, Japan MedicalAssociation Research Institute; Board ofDirectors, Center for Global HealthResearch of Japan

TEMPORARY ADDRESS: Center for Global HealthSystems, Management, and Policy, BoonshoftSchool of Medicine, Wright State University

SUGIURA, Yasuo 2005-2006 JAPAN Technical OfficialBureau of International Cooperation,International Medical Center of Japan Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare, Japan

KONDO, Naoki 2006-2007 JAPAN Assistant Professor

Department of Health Sciences,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicineand Engineering University of Yamanashi

YAGYU, Fumihiro 2006-2007 JAPANResearch Ceter for Infectious Diseases inAsia, Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo

IDE, Hiroo 2007-2008 JAPAN Research AssociateDept. of Planning, Information andManagement The University of Tokyo Hospital

SHIMIZU, Mayumi 2007-2008 JAPAN Associate Professor National College of Nursing, Japan

TAKEMI, Keizo2007-2008, 2008-2009 JAPAN

HAMAMOTO, Mieko 2008-2009 JAPAN International Affairs Division Japan Medical Association

HOSODA, Miwako2008-2009, 2009-2010 JAPAN Research Fellow

Department of Society, Human Developmentand Health Harvard School of Public Health

SASAKI, Asami 2008-2009 JAPAN Associate Professor Division of Health and Nutrition University of Niigata prefecture

SAKISAKA, Kayako 2009-2010 JAPAN Research AssociateDepartment of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo, Japan

YODA, Takeshi 2009-2010 JAPAN Assistant Professor Department of International HealthInstitute of Tropical Medicine, NagasakiUniversity

NOZAKI, Ikuma 2010-2011 JAPAN

SHIRAI, Kokoro 2010-2011 JAPAN Research FellowDepartment of Society, Human Developmentand Health The Harvard School of Public Health

TOMIZUKA, Taro 2010-2011 JAPANTOMIZUKA, Taro 2010 2011 JAPAN

Takemi Fellows 2006-2007

(23rd Group)

Onil Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Canada Evaluating a New Model of Community Health Services for Urban China

Yao Mao Chang, PhD, Taiwan The correlation between medical news and medical utilization Anup Karan, Masters Degree in Economics, India Poverty, Nutrition and Health--Lack of Affordability or Poor Choice? Naoki Kondo, PhD, Japan Income inequality, regional differences in the pace of expanding inequality, and mental stress in Japanese national representative sample Tae-Jin Lee, MD, PhD, Korea Paying out of pocket for health care in Korea and the United States: Catastrophic and Poverty Impact Selvaraj Sakthivel, PhD, India The impact of drug price policy in India Richard Wamai, PhD, Kenya Roles and relationships of NGOS and government, and policy responses and challenges in Kenya’s changing healthcare system.

Qinxiang Xue, BA, China Evaluation of Different Health Cares Models in Western Part of China Fumihiro Yagyu, PhD, Japan Developing the GIS allocation system of the facilities for HIV care and prevention in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Visiting Scientists to the Program Takeko Oishi, PhD, Japan Study on factors which influence and make a difference in the number of patients taking hormone replacement therapy between US and Japan Sachiko Masuda, PhD, Japan Pharmaceutical pricing and availability from comparative, international perspective before and after patent protection Bong-min Yang, PhD, Korea Pharmaceutical reimbursement policy, using economic evidence

Takemi Fellows 2007-2008 (24th Group)

Yao Mao Chang, PhD, Taiwan: The correlation between medical news and medical utilization.

Hiroo Ide, MA, Japan: Empirical policy studies on newly emerging problems in Japan: New payment system and medical malpractice.

Salih Mollahaliloglu, PhD, Turkey: The effect of human resources on health reforms: A Turkey case study. Sang Min Park, MD, Korea: Cost effectiveness of screening for second primary cancer in Korean cancer survivors. Mayumi Shimizu, MPH, Japan: Exploring women-centered maternity care model at health facilities in Tambacunda, Senegal: Health care providers’ attitude, women’s perception for midwifery care, and health-care seeking practice at facility-based delivery. Xiaoming Sun, PhD, China: What should the government do in health economic policy-making to develop community healthcare in Shanghai? Jing Wu, PhD, MPH, China: An Analysis of China’s Long-term Health Problems and Policy Options.

Richard Wamai, PhD, Kenya: Roles and relationships of NGOS and government, and policy responses and challenges in Kenya’s changing healthcare system.

Takemi Fellows 2008-2009 (25th Group)

Michael Goroff, JD, MPH, USA Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, USA Current Use and Future Potential of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP’s) in Global Public Health MGOROFF@hsph.harvard.edu

Mieko Hamamoto, BA, Japan International Affairs Division, Japan Medical Association, Japan The Potential of Information Publishing by National Medical Associations to Contribute to Global Health MHAMAMOT@hsph.harvard.edu

Miwako Hosoda, PhD, Japan Dept. of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA Medical Crisis in Japan and Social Governance as a Solution mhosoda@hsph.harvard.edu Wipada Kunaviktikul, ME, ScD, Thailand Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand An Exploratory Study of the Nursing Drain at Thailand’s University Hospitals wkunavik@hsph.harvard.edu

Yanping Li, PhD, China National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in China yanping@hsph.harvard.edu

Salih Mollahaliloglu, MD, PhD, Turkey School of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Turkey Evaluation of early results of performance based payment system in Turkish healthcare drsmho@yahoo.com

Ramin Mehrdad , MD, Iran Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran The Relationship Between Musculoskeletal Disorders and Psychosocial Risk Factors Among Iranian Nurses rmehrdad@hsph.harvard.edu Juhwan Oh, MD, MPH, Korea Seoul National University, Korea Critical Review of Equity Indices in Healthcare Financing joh@hsph.harvard.edu

Asami Sasaki, MD, PhD, Japan Department of Public Health, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan A Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza Infections in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) asasaki@hsph.harvard.edu Young Joo Song, MPH, Korea Public Relations Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea 1. Analysis of Tobacco Control Policies and anti-smoking Activities in Korea 2. Risk Management Cases and Effective Risk Communication Strategies of Asian Countries- For Epidemics and Food-safety Issues

yjsong@hsph.harvard.edu

Elaine Thumé, MSc, Brazil Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil Assessment of Home Care in Brazilian primary health care services ethume@uol.com.br Jing Wu, MD, MPH, PhD, China Center for Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health, China An Analysis of China’s Long-term Health Problems and Policy JWU@hsph.harvard.edu

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2009-2010 Takemi Fellows: (26th Group)

Jesse Bump, PhD, MPH jbump@hsph.harvard.edu USA Historian and Consultant on Global Health Policy Historical development of the concept of universal health coverage and its current policy implications Roni Factor, M.A., PhD RFACTOR@hsph.harvard.edu Israel Research Fellow, The Ran Naor Road Safety Research Center, Transportation Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Social mechanisms that produce risk and health inequities among minority groups: A resistance perspective to road-accident involvement

Miwako Hosoda, M.A., PhD mhosoda@hsph.harvard.edu Japan Research Fellow, The Japan Society of the Promotion of Science Empirical research on social movements around health issues in the US and Japan Minah Kang Kim, M.A., MPP, PhD MKKIM@hsph.harvard.edu S. Korea Associate Professor, Ewha Womans University Priority setting methods for health care resource allocation: political, analytical and institutional perspectives Yanping Li, MSc, PhD yanping@hsph.harvard.edu China National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China The preventable cause of death in China: Comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors

Jingdong Ma, MD, MPH, PhD JMA@hsph.harvard.edu China Lecturer, School of Health Management, Tongji Medical College of HUST Effectiveness of the new cooperative medical schemes in protecting families with members with chronic illness against catastrophic health expenditures in rural China

Juhwan Oh, MD, MPH joh@hsph.harvard.edu S. Korea Seoul National University, Korea Inequalities of cancer mortalities in Korea-individual and area level disparities

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Kayako Sakisaka, M.A., MPH, PhD KSAKISAK@hsph.harvard.edu Japan Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Effect of nutrition, water supply related interventions and behavioral change among women in rural Kenya Anais Tanon, MSc ATANON@hsph.haravard.edu Côte D’Ivoire/Canada Research Assistant, University of Montreal, School of Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM) [Formerly Groupe de recherche Interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS)] Defining Patient Safety: Issues in terms of responsibility and accountability Elaine Thumé, MSc ethume@hsph.harvard.edu Brazil Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil Assessment of Home Care in Brazilian primary health care services Takeshi Yoda, MD, PhD TYODA@hsph.harvard.edu Japan Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health Development and Policy Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan Comparative studies of two recently emerging infectious diseases, between SARS and new type of H1N1 influenza

2010-2011 Takemi Fellows (27th Group)

Prerna Banati, PhD, MPH PBANATI@hsph.harvard.edu India Senior Technical Specialist, Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB & Malaria, Geneva Governance gaps in the new global aid architecture: challenges and opportunities for health Jesse Bump, PhD, MPH JBUMP@hsph.harvard.edu USA Historian and Consultant on Global Health Policy -The Long Road to Universal Health Coverage: A century of lessons for development strategy - The political economy of tobacco control in low- and middle-income countries Roni Factor, M.A., PhD RFACTOR@hsph.harvard.edu Israel Research Fellow, The Ran Naor Road Safety Research Center, Transportation Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology -Assessing the Social Resistance Framework for Understanding High Risk Behavior Among non-dominant minorities - Examination of the association between recidivist drivers, their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and road traffic accidents Hee-Kyung Joh, MD, MPH hjoh@hsph.harvard.edu S. Korea Assistant Professor, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Socioeconomic status in relation to self-perception of obesity in Korean adults Minah Kang Kim, M.A., MPP, PhD MKKIM@hsph.harvard.edu S. Korea Associate Professor, Ewha Womans University - Priority setting methods for health care resource allocation: political, analytical and institutional perspectives -Measuring the sociodemographics and quality of life of elders in South Korea Yoon Kim, MD, PhD, MS YOONKIM@hsph.harvard.edu S. Korea Associate Prof, Seoul Nat'l Univ College of Medicine; Chair of the Dept of Health Policy and Mgt, SNU; Director, Center for interoperable HER, MoHW; Senior Consultant, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Contribution of hospital quality variations to socioeconomic disparities in in-hospital mortality Ikuma Nozaki, MD INOZAKI@hsph.harvard.edu Japan (ART) Advisor, Ministry of Health Efficacy and impacts of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural areas, Zambia Joseph Okeibunor, PhD JOKEIBUN@hsph.harvard.edu Nigeria Senior Lecturer, Dept of Sociology/ Anthropology, Univ of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) Improving access to malaria-in-pregnancy prevention services through community directed intervention - Evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Kokoro Shirai, PhD, MA, MSc KSHIRAI@hsph.harvard.edu Japan Associate Professor, University of the Ryukyus Social capital and health: Exploring psychological mechanisms

Taro Tomizuka, MD, MSc TTOMIZUKA@hsph.harvard.edu Japan Senior Researcher in Policy Sciences, National Institute of Public Health; Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Analysis of the preparedness and responses to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza infection in Japan

Takemi Fellow Research Papers For Years 2006-2007 through 2010-2011

2006-2007 Onil Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Canada: Evaluating a New Model of Community Health Services for Urban China. Research Paper/Publications:

1. What could the polypill do for cardiovascular disease in China? 2. Alma Alta 2008: Looking forward to a renewed primary health care

system in China. 3. Health systems, management, and organization in low- and middle-

income countries. Yao Mao Chang, PhD, Taiwan

See Research Papers in 2007-2008. Anup Karan, Masters Degree in Economics, India: Linking Nutrition to Household Income.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: A disaggregated analysis at rural-urban and state level in India Health Policy and Planning, December 2008. 2. Adequacy of dietary intakes and poverty in India: Trends in the 1990s, Economics and Human Biology 6 (2008) 57–74. 1. The incidence of public spending on healthcare: comparative evidence from Asia, The World Bank Economic Review Advance Access published January 24, 2007. 2. The incidence of public spending on healthcare: comparative evidence from Asia, The World Bank Economic Review Advance Access published January 24, 2007.

Naoki Kondo, PhD, Japan: Income inequity, regional differences in the pace of expanding inequality, and mental stress in Japanese national representative sample.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Suicide and karoshi (death from overwork) during the recent economic

crises in Japan: the impacts, mechanisms and political responses, J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64:649-650.

2. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies, BMJ 2009;339:b4471.Economic recession and health inequalities in Japan: analysis with a national sample, 1986-2001, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2008; 62:869-875.

3. Do social comparisons explain the association between income inequality and health?: Relative deprivation and perceived health among male and female Japanese individuals, Social Science & Medicine 67 (2008) 982-987.

Tae-Jin Lee, MD, PhD, Korea: Research Paper: Paying out-of-pocket for health care in Korea: Change in catastrophic and poverty impact over a decade.

Selvaraj Sakthivel, PhD, India: The impact of drub price policy in India. Research Papers/Publications: 1. Social analysis of sex imbalance in India: before and after the

implementation of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act, J Epidemiol Community Health, November, 2008.

2. Sex imbalance and socioeconomic status in India: a counterintuitive relationship

3. How effective is India’s drug price control regime? Richard Wamai, PhD, Kenya See Research Papers in 2007-2008. Qinxiang Xue, BA, China: Research Paper: An impact evaluation of access to health care in different social experiments of rural China. Fumihiro Yagyu, PhD, Japan: Research Paper: Factors affecting utilization of facilities caring for HIV/AIDS In Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Bong-Min Yang, PhD, Korea (visiting scientist): Research Paper: Achieving social insurance: what one can learn from the Asian experiences.

2007-2008

YaoMao Chang, PhD, Taiwan: Research Paper: Think locally: bilateral agreements to halt the expanding polarization of health-Care worker migration Hiroo Ide, MA, Japan: Empirical policy studies on newly emerging problems in Japan: New payment system and medical malpractice.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Hiroo Ide, Salih Mollahaliloglu, How firms set prices for medical materials: A

multi-country study, Health Policy 92 (2009) 73-78. 2. Trends and distribution patterns of obstetricians, gynecologists, and

pediatricians in Japan: a retrospective cohort study from 1974-2004. Salih Mollahaliloglu, PhD, Turkey: The effect of human resources on health reforms: A Turkey case study. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Healthcare in Turkey: from laggard to leader, BMJ 2011; 2011; 342:c7456, Jan. 2011.

2. Healthcare Employee Satisfaction Survey, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Preidency, School of Public Health, 2010.

3. Hiroo Ide, Salih Mollahaliloglu, How firms set prices for medical materials: A multi-country study, Health Policy 92 (2009) 73-78.

4. The effect of human resources on health reforms: a Turkey case study. 5. Health worker densities and immunization coverage in Turkey: a panel data

analysis, Hum Resour Health. 2008; 6: 29

Sang Min Park, MD, Korea: Cost effectiveness of screening for second primary cancer in Korean cancer survivors. Research Paper: Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening strategy for second primary colorectal cancer screening in Korean male cancer survivors Mayumi Shimizu, MPH, Japan: Exploring women-centered maternity care model at health facilities in Tambacunda, Senegal: Health care providers’ attitude, women’s perception for midwifery care, and health-care seeking practice at facility-based delivery. Research Papers/Publications: Preliminary findings: problems and further improvement of maternal care in Senegal, JMAJ 51(2): 128-130, 2008.

Xiaoming Sun, PhD, China: What should the government do in health economic policy-making to develop community healthcare in Shanghai? Research Papers/Publications: Development of an effective public health screeningprogram to assess hearing disabilities among newborns in Shanghai: a prospective cohort study, World Health & Population, Vol 11 No. 1, 2009. Keizo Takemi, MSL, Japan

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Michael R. Reich & Keizo Takemi, G8 and strengthening of health systems:

follow-up to the Toyako summit, The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 15 January 2009.

2. Keizo Takemi, Masamine Jimba, Sumie Ishii,Yasushi Katsuma, Yasuhide Nakamura, on behalf of the Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contribution, Human security approach for global health, The Lancet, Vol 372 July 5, 2008.

3. Michael R Reich, Keizo Takemi, Marc J Roberts, William C Hsiao, Global action on health systems: a proposal for the Toyako G8 Summit, The Lancet, Vol. 371, March 8, 2008.

Richard Wamai, PhD, Kenya: Roles and relationships of NGOS and government, and policy responses and challenges in Kenya’s changing healthcare system. Research Papers/Publications:

1. The Kenya Health System- Analysis of the situation and enduring challenges, JMAJ 52(2): 134-140, 2009.

2. Reviewing Ethiopia's Health System Development, JMAJ 52(4): 279-286, 2009. 3. HIV prevention cost-effectiveness: a systematic review, BMC Public Health,

BMC Public Health 2009, 9(Suppl 1):S5. 4. HIV prevention cost effectiveness: recent breakthroughs and structural

interventions. National Institute of Public Health (forthcoming, 2008). 5. Male circumcision is an efficacious, lasting and cost-effective strategy for

combating HIV in high-prevalence AIDS epidemics: time to move beyond debating the science. Future HIV Therapy Vol.2 (5), 399-405, 2008.

6. Halperin DT, Potts M, Kirby D, Klausner J, Wamai RG, Swidler A, Marseille E, Walsh J, Hearst N. Response. Science Vol. 321 (September 19), 1632-33, 2008.

7. Health and disability in international development policy. The Sylff Newsletter No. 21 (August), 6-8, 2008.

8. Reforming health systems: the role of NGOs in decentralization – lessons from Kenya and Ethiopia. Working Papers, ISTR 8th Conference. Barcelona, Spain July 9-12 (forthcoming, 2008).

9. Reassessing HIV Prevention. Science Vol. 320, 749-750, 2008. 10. Is male circumcision as good as the HIV vaccine we’ve been waiting for?

Future HIV Therapy. 2(1), 1-7, 2008. 11. HIV prevalence, male circumcision and ‘prostitution’ in Africa: what is true,

what matters in prevention? PLos One. 10 July, 2008. 12. Mainstreaming of health and disability issues in the UK’s, Japanese and

Finnish development policies with assessment of the implementation and practices in Ethiopia and Kenya. Joint Initiatives Report: Sasakawa Foundation. 2007.

13. Civil society reconsidered: critical look at NGOs in development practice. Interkont Books, Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland, 2006.

Jing Wu, PhD, MPH, China: An Analysis of China’s Long-term Health Problems and Policy Options. See research papers in 2008-2009.

2008-2009 Michael Goroff, JD, MPH, USA: Chronic Disease Partnerships: A Proposed Business Model For Emerging Markets. Research papers/Publications: Partnerships To Provide Care And Medicine For Chronic Diseases: A Model For Emerging Markets, Health Aff, December 2010 vol. 29 no. 12 2206-2213 Mieko Hamamoto, BA, Japan: The Potential of Information Publishing by National Medical Associations to Contribute to Global Health. Research Papers/Publications: Can national medical association journals make greater contributions to global health? An international survey and comparison, JMAJ, July/August 2009- Vol. 52, No. 4. Miwako Hosoda, PhD, Japan: Medical Crisis in Japan and Social Governance as a Solution. See research papers in 2009-2010. Wipada Kunaviktikul, ME, ScD, Thailand: An Exploratory Study of the Nursing Drain at Thailand’s University Hospitals. Research Papers/Publications: W Kunaviktikul, et al., Knowledge and involvement of nursesregarding health policy development in Thailand, Nursing and Health Sciences (2010), 12, 221–227. Yanping Li, MSc, PhD, China: Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in China.

See research papers in 2009-2010.

Ramin Mehrdad, MD, Iran: The Relationship Between Musculoskeletal Disorders and Psychosocial Risk Factors Among Iranian Nurses. Research Papers/Publications: Association between psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among Iranian nurses, Am J Ind Med. 2010 Oct;53(10):1032-9.

Juhwan Oh, Juhwan Oh, MD, MPH, S. Korea: Critical Review of Equity Indices in Healthcare Financing. See research papers in 2009-2010. Asami Sasaki, MD, PhD, Japan: A Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza Infections in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Research Papers/Publications Evidence-based tool for triggering school closures during Influenza outbreaks, Japan, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2009.

Jing Wu, PhD, MPH, China: An Analysis of China’s Long-term Health Problems and Policy Options. Research Papers/Publications: China's health system performance, The Lancet, Vol 372, Nov 29, 2008.

2009-2010

Jesse Bump, PhD, MPH, USA: Historical development of the concept of universal health coverage and its current policy implications. See research papers in 2010-2011. Roni Factor, M.A., PhD, USA: Social mechanisms that produce risk and health inequities among minority groups: A resistance perspective to road-accident involvement. See research papers in 2010-2011. Miwako Hosoda, PhD, Japan: Empirical research on social movements around health issues in the US and Japan.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Hansen’s disease recoverers as agents of change: a case study in Japan,

Leprosy Review, 2010, 81(1), pp.5-16. 2. Miwako Hosoda, Transformation of bioethics in America: From individual

issues on life to public health, Seimei Rinri (Journal of Japan Association for Bioethics.) 2009, Vol.19, No.1, pp.120-126.

3. Social movement against the revision of the social insurance medical fee schedule for rehabilitation therapy, The Japanese Journal of Health and Medical Sociology. 2009, Vol.20, No.2, pp.64-73.

Minah Kang Kim, M.A., MPP, PhD, S. Korea: Priority setting methods for health care resource allocation: political, analytical and institutional perspectives. See research papers in 2010-2011.

Yanping Li, MSc, PhD, China: The preventable cause of death in China: Comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Exposure to Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hypertension in adulthood, HJH. Accepted for publication.

2. Exposure to the Chinese Famine in Early Life and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adulthood, Diabetes Care, Col 34, April 2011.

3. Lack of dietary diversity and dyslipidaemia among stunted overweight children: the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey, Public Health Nutr. 2011 May;14(5):896-903. Epub 2011 Feb 10.

4. Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, Diabetes published ahead of print July 9, 2010, doi:10.2337/db10-0385 .

5. Li YP, et al., Report on childhood obesity in china (8): effects and sustainability of physical activity intervention on body composition of chinese youth, Biomed Environ Sci. 2010 Jun;23(3):180-7.

Jingdong Ma, MD, MPH, PhD, China: Effectiveness of the new cooperative medical schemes in protecting families with members with chronic illness against catastrophic health expenditures in rural China. Research Papers/Publications: Measuring Financial Protection in Health for Families with Chronic Conditions in Rural China Juhwan Oh, Juhwan Oh, MD, MPH, S. Korea: Inequalities of cancer mortalities in Korea-individual and area level disparities.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Struggle Against Privatization: A Case History in the Use of Comparative

Performance Evaluation of Public Hospital, International Journal of Health Services. Accepted for publication.

2. Naoki Kondo, Juhwan Oh, Suicide and karoshi (death from overwork) during the recent economic crises in Japan: the impacts, mechanisms and political responses, J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64:649-650.

3. The extent and distribution of inequalities in childhood mortality by cause of death according to parental socioeconomic positions: A birth cohort study in South Korea, Social Science & Medicine, 69 (2009) 1116-1126.

Kayako Sakisaka, M.A., MPH, PhD, Japan: Effect of nutrition, water supply related interventions and behavioral change among women in rural Kenya Assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of primary school children on Chagas disease in Western Honduras.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Changing poor mothers' care-seeking behaviors in response to childhood

illness: findings from a cross-sectional study in Granada, Nicaragua, BMC International Health and Human Rights 2010, 10:10.

2. Donors' commitments to neglected tropical diseases: not all bad, Lancet, 2010 Mar 13;375(9718):892-3.

Anais Tanon, MSc, Côte D’Ivoire/Canada: Defining Patient Safety: Issues in terms of responsibility and accountability.

Research Papers/Publications: Patient Safety and systematic reviews: finding papers indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL, Quality and Safety in Health Care, Published Online First 10 May 2010.

Elaine Thumé, MSc, Brazil: Assessment of Home Care in Brazilian primary health care services.

Research Papers/Publications: 1. Prevalence and factors associated with home care among older adults Rev

Saude Publica, 2011 Feb;45(1):113-20. Epub 2010 Oct 29. English, Portuguese. 2. Home health care for the elderly: associated factors and characteristics of

access and health care. Rev. Saúde Pública[online]. ahead of print, pp. 0-0. Epub Sep 17, 2010.

3. The Utilization of Home Care by the Elderly in Brazil’s Primary Health Care System, Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print August19, 2010.

4. Free access to hypertension and diabetes medicines among the elderly: a reality yet to be constructed, Cad Saude Publica, 2010 Jun;26(6):1163-74.

5. Gender and incidence of functional disability in the elderly: a systematic review, Cad Saude Publica, 2009;25 Suppl 3:S464-76. Review. PMID: 20027393

Takeshi Yoda, MD, PhD, Japan: Onset epidemiology of new H1N1 influenza in central Japan.

2010-2011 Prerna Banati, PhD, MPH, India, Governance gaps in the new global aid architecture: challenges and opportunities for health. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Banati P, Low-Beer D (2011) Innovations in aid effectiveness: incorporating new Global Programs. Forthcoming in Innovative Health Partnerships: The Diplomacy of Diversity.

Jesse Bump, PhD, MPH, USA:

-The Long Road to Universal Health Coverage: A century of lessons for development strategy - The political economy of tobacco control in low- and middle-income countries

Roni Factor, M.A., PhD, Israel: -Assessing the Social Resistance Framework for Understanding High Risk Behavior Among non-dominant minorities - Examination of the association between recidivist drivers, their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and road traffic accidents Research Papers/Publications: Who by Accident? The Social Morphology ofCar Accidents, Risk Analysis 30:1411-1423.

Hee-Kyung Joh, MD, MPH,S. Korea: Socioeconomic status in relation to self-perception of obesity in Korean adults. Research Papers/Publications: Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Renal Cell Cancer in Women, Diabetes Care, Vol 34, July 2011. Minah Kang Kim, M.A., MPP, PhD, S. Korea: - Priority setting methods for health care resource allocation: political, analytical and institutional perspectives -Measuring the sociodemographics and quality of life of elders in South Korea Research Papers/Publications:

1. Measuring the health disparity of older women in South Korea: Using mixed methods, Journal of Welfare for the Aged. Vol. 51, 247-276, 2011. (Korean)

2. A Qualitative Study on Health Perception in Older Women, Yosong’hak-Non’jib (Women’s Studies Review), vol. 27. No. 1, p. 3-14, 2011. (Korean)

Yoon Kim, MD, PhD, MS, S. Korea: Contribution of hospital quality variations to socioeconomic disparities in in-hospital mortality. Ikuma Nozaki, MD, Japan: Efficacy and impacts of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural areas, Zambia. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Social factors affecting ART adherence in rural settings in Zambia, AIDS Care. 2011 Mar 10:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]

2. Expansion of antiretroviral treatment to rural health centre level by a mobile service in Mumbwa district, Zambia, Bull World Health Organ, 2010 Oct 1;88(10):788-9, Epub 2010 Sep 3.

Joseph Okeibunor, PhD, Nigeria: Improving access to malaria-in-pregnancy prevention services through community directed intervention - Evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Research Papers/Publications: Where would I be without Ivermectin? Capturing the benefits of community- directed treatment with Ivermectin in Africa, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2011 May;16(5):608-21. Kokoro Shirai, PhD, MA, MSc, Japan: Social capital and health: Exploring psychological mechanisms. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Social capital, social participation and social networks in Okinawa, in Ando Y, Suzuki N (eds), Social structure and social patterns in Okinawa : Okinawa social survey 2006, Kyusyu University Press, 2011 in press.

2. A prospective cohort study of neighborhood stress and ischemic heart disease in Japan: a multilevel analysis using the JACC study data, BMC Public Health, 2011 in press.

3. Assessing the association between all-cause mortality and multiple aspects of individual social capital among the older Japanese, BMC Public Health, 2011 in press.

4. Social determinants of health: association between socioeconomic status and dementia, Japanese Journal of Public Health, 57;1015-22, 2010.

5. Association between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease: evidence from large cohort study, Astellas Square, 32;20-23, 2010.

Taro Tomizuka, MSc, Japan: Analysis of the preparedness and responses to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza infection in Japan. Research Papers/Publications:

1. Health insurance. Aizawa K(ed.) Public Health for Clinician (in Japanese). Chugai-igakusha. Tokyo 2011.

2. Underlying medical conditions and hospitalization for pandemic (H1N1), 2009, Japan, Emerg Infect Dis, 2010 Oct.

3. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine policy in Japan, Health Policy Monitor, October 2010.

1JMAJ, May 2005 — Vol. 48, No. 5

*1 Taro Takemi Professor of International Health Policy, and Director of the Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard School ofPublic Health, USACorrespondence to: Michael R Reich PhD,Tel: Fax: E-mail:

Special Article

Introduction

In the twentieth century, the concept andpractice of international health have beeninterpreted as evolving through five phases:from the treatment of tropical diseases bycolonial powers within their foreign terri-tories, to an emphasis on the control of infec-tious diseases across borders, to regionalefforts at disease control and preventivemedicine, to the establishment of the WorldHealth Organization to promote a broad con-cept of health, to a more encompassing mis-sion of achieving an equitable developmentthrough primary health.1 An understanding

of how international health unfolded in thelast century, in both concept and practice,can help current efforts underway toredefine the concept of international healthas we enter the twenty-first century.

Over the past twenty years, the TakemiProgram in International Health at theHarvard School of Public Health has helpedto develop the concept and practice ofinternational health in a unique three-waycollaboration between Japan, the UnitedStates, and developing countries. This articlepresents the origins and principles of theTakemi Program, to suggest some directionsfor a new international health.

The Concept and Practice ofInternational Health in the Takemi Program

JMAJ 48(5): 1–10, 2005

Michael R Reich*1

AbstractThe Takemi Program in International Health was established at the Harvard School of Public Healthin 1983 as a research and advanced training program for mid-career health professionals concernedwith the allocation of resources for health, especially in developing countries. This essay describes theorigins of the Takemi Program and presents seven principles that underlie the concept and practice ofinternational health, as developed over the past two decades in the Takemi Program. The principlesare: research emphasis, policy orientation, interdisciplinary perspective, mutual respect, individualfreedom, community spirit, and individual capacity building. These principles provide the foundationfor the collaboration between the Japan Medical Association and the Takemi Program since 1994.The broader implications of these principles are suggested for efforts to redefine the concept ofinternational health.

Key words International health, Takemi Program in International Health, Public health practice,International cooperation

2 JMAJ, May 2005 — Vol. 48, No. 5

Reich MR

Origins

The Takemi Program emerged from theshared interests of Dr. Taro Takemi in Japanand Dr. Howard Hiatt in the United States.Each had long been concerned about theproblems of promoting health and prevent-ing disease, both in industrialized nationsconfronted by rising health costs and indeveloping countries burdened by persistentpoverty. Dr. Takemi, as President of theJapan Medical Association, emphasized theneed to bring together experts from medi-cine, public health, economics, law, politics,and other fields to find effective and equi-table solutions to the development and dis-tribution of health care resources. Dr. Hiatt,as Dean of the Harvard School of PublicHealth, similarly stressed the developmentof interdisciplinary approaches to the studyof health problems and health policy.

In 1981, Dr. Takemi invited Dean Hiatt toTokyo to address a meeting of the WorldMedical Association on the developmentand allocation of medical care resources.While there, they discussed the problems ofinternational health. Out of their discussionsgrew the idea of the Takemi Program inInternational Health at Harvard. The Pro-gram was established in 1983, with initialfunds donated by two private companies inJapan, and was named after Dr. Taro Takemi.

The Program would seek to carry forwardthe central vision of Dr. Takemi that peoplefrom many disciplines must be broughttogether if better health is to be promoted inall countries, both rich and poor.2

Dr. Takemi and Dean Hiatt agreed thatthe Program would concentrate on the prob-lems of mobilizing, allocating, and managingscarce resources to improve health, and ofdesigning effective strategies for diseasecontrol and prevention and health promo-tion. Because of the severity of the healthresource problems in poor countries, theProgram would focus on these countries. Toaddress these issues, each year the Programwould bring together at Harvard a smallgroup of Takemi Fellows, mid-career profes-sionals from around the world, with anemphasis on participants from developingcountries.

In September 1984, the first group of fiveTakemi Fellows arrived at the HarvardSchool of Public Health in Boston. Sincethen, twenty more groups have participatedin the Takemi Program (through 2004–05),with a total of 175 Takemi Fellows from 48countries, from Thailand to Kyrgyzstan, fromThe Gambia to Colombia. The geographicdistribution of Takemi Fellows is shown byregion in Table 1, along with a list of coun-tries of origin. Takemi Fellows have included31 from Japan, 23 from India, and 16 fromNigeria. Of all Takemi Fellows to date, 114

3JMAJ, May 2005 — Vol. 48, No. 5

THE CONCEPT AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH IN THE TAKEMI PROGRAM

are from developing countries. This meansthat out of 144 Fellows from countries otherthan Japan, almost 80% are from developingcountries.

The international network of TakemiFellows since 1984 now includes prominentindividuals in universities, private and gov-ernment research institutes, ministries ofhealth, nongovernmental organizations, andinternational agencies—spread in countriesall around the world. The specialties ofTakemi Fellows who have participated inthe Program include economics, nutrition,

nursing, health education, community health,epidemiology, bioethics, health services utili-zation, infectious disease, sociology, emer-gency medicine, health insurance, occupa-tional health, political science, and others.

Tragically, Dr. Takemi died in Tokyo inDecember 1983, before he could meet any ofthe Takemi Fellows or guide the Program incharting its course. Since 1994, the TakemiProgram has maintained a continuing col-laboration with the Japan Medical Associa-tion, as part of the JMA’s international healthactivities and as a way to remember Dr.

Table 1 Takemi Fellows Geographical Distribution

Geographical Distribution of Takemi Fellows 1984–2005: Totals by RegionSince its inception in 1984, the Takemi Program has had 175 Fellows from 48 countries,including the group of 2004–2005 Takemi Fellows.

East Asia 54Japan 31China 11Korea 6Taiwan 6

South Asia 31India 23Sri Lanka 3Indonesia 3Pakistan 2

South East Asia 9Thailand 4Philippines 3Malaysia 1Vietnam 1

Africa 43Nigeria 16South Africa 8Tanzania 3Ghana 2Kenya 2Uganda 2Burkina Faso 1Cameroon 1The Gambia 1Lesotho 1Malawi 1Morocco 1Sierra Leone 1Sudan 1Zaire 1Zambia 1

Middle East 6Israel 3Egypt 1Turkey 1Iran 1

Eastern Europe 4Poland 1Russia 1Azerbaijan 1Kyrgyzstan 1

Europe 9France 3Denmark 1Italy 1Sweden 1Switzerland 1The Netherlands 1United Kingdom 1

North America 7USA 7

Latin America 12Brazil 7Colombia 3Mexico 1Nicaragua 1

Total: 175

4 JMAJ, May 2005 — Vol. 48, No. 5

Takemi’s philosophy and ideas on health andmedicine. Over the years since it began, theProgram has been guided by a set of ideasabout the concept and practice of interna-tional health. These guiding ideas are statedbelow in the form of seven principles thathave emerged at the core of the Program.

Principles

Research emphasisPerhaps the foremost principle of theTakemi Program’s concept and practice ofinternational health is that seeking newknowledge through research is essential tohealth improvement. Each Fellow is expectedto carry out a research project, based on datacollected before arrival at Harvard and usingthe university’s resources available throughfaculty members, libraries, and computerfacilities. Many mid-career professionalslack adequate time in their work at home toanalyze data, read journals, and write papersfor publication. The Takemi Program pro-vides its participants with “protected time”—away from the administrative, teaching,and other obligations at home—and withaccess to high-quality resources, in people,books, and courses. Each Fellow is expectedto produce at least one research paperof publishable quality on a topic of majorimportance to health policy.

Among the research papers completedby Takemi Fellows during the last two yearsare the following topics: understandinghealth inequity in the decentralized healthsystem of Kerala State, India; the evolutionof tobacco control in Japan and lessons fromAmerican experience; modified directlyobserved therapy system (M-DOTS) forHIV/AIDS patients in Colombia; and thepolicy context of medical-aid policy in Korea.Many of the Program’s research papers(numbers 88 through 214) are available onthe Takemi website, which was designed andimplemented by a Takemi Fellow, BodavalaRanganayakulu from India, who now headsan innovative non-governmental organiza-

tion for rural development, called Thrive(see www.thethrive.org).3

The principle here is that Takemi Fellowsare sharpening their research skills to par-ticipate in the world-wide health researchsystem by adding to national and globalknowledge on how to allocate resourcesbetter, in various countries and on differentsubstantive problems. Some of the researchpapers use highly sophisticated statisticalanalysis to uncover unanticipated patternsof association in field data. Other papersemploy epidemiologic or demographic mod-eling techniques learned at Harvard andapplied to data sets from home countries.Some papers use policy analysis techniquesbased on economics, others based on politi-cal science. Each of the Takemi ResearchPapers (now well over 200 research papers)is itself a contribution to the essentialresearch needed in every country to assessthe nature of health problems and the effec-tiveness of proposed solutions, as advocatedby the International Commission on HealthResearch for Development,4 and each ofthe Fellows, as a result of his or her year inthe Program, is better qualified to conductresearch in the future.

Policy-orientedA second principle is that the Takemi Pro-gram is aimed at producing research thatassists in the design, implementation, andevaluation of health policy. From its start,the Takemi Program has concentrated onareas where not much support has gone: thestudy of health problems from the perspec-tive of policy makers (rather than laboratoryresearch). Individual Fellows, for example,have carried out epidemiological analysesthat seek to explain the contours of specificdiseases (such as research on tobacco-relatedcancers in India, conducted by a Takemi Fel-low in 1984–85)5 or economic analyses thatshow the cost-effectiveness of implementingcertain programs (such as an assessment ofthe strengths and weaknesses of home-basedcare for HIV/AIDS patients in Uganda, by

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a Takemi Fellow in 2002–03).6 In presentingtheir research plans and analyses, TakemiFellows are pushed by their colleagues andadvisors to specify the policy implications oftheir projects.

Takemi Fellows are encouraged to bringtheir research results to policy makers in theUnited States, international organizations,and in their home countries, and to seekchanges based on their research results. OneTakemi Fellow in the first group (TF 1984–85), Prakash Gupta, testified before scientificcommissions in the United States on thehealth implications of smokeless tobacco;another, Chinyelu Okafor (TF 1988–89),advised private foundations on the design ofprograms for improving maternal health inAfrica and then helped implement theplans.7 A third, Boniface Nwakoby (TF1989–90), had the opportunity to present hisresearch findings directly to his Minister ofHealth, Professor O Ransome-Kuti, in aseminar during the latter’s visit to theTakemi Program. Several Takemi Fellows(from Belgium, Denmark, India, and Swit-zerland) have assumed key policy positionsat the World Health Organization; andone Takemi Fellow (from Uganda) holds asenior position at the Global Fund to FightAIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Many Fel-lows work with international organizationsand bilateral aid agencies in their homecountries, in the design and implementationof health programs and policies.

In addition, the Takemi Program hascollaborated with various Japanese andinternational agencies in organizing a seriesof major international meetings (the TakemiSymposium on International Health) onimportant health policy issues. These sym-posia have been attended by leading expertsconcerned with issues of international health,from universities, international agencies, andgovernment ministries. The internationalmeetings lead to published volumes, whichinclude papers by Takemi Fellows. Thebooks so far have addressed issues of: theconceptual bases for health policy in the 21st

century;8 policy responses to health, nutri-tion, and economic crises in the ThirdWorld;9 the prospects and problems of inter-national cooperation for health;10 and work-ing populations and occupational health inthe Third World.11 The most recent TakemiSymposium, held in 2000, was organizedin collaboration with the Japan MedicalAssociation on ethical issues in health anddevelopment.12

Interdisciplinary perspectiveThe Takemi Program is firmly based on oneof Dr. Takemi’s main principles: that inter-disciplinary study is necessary if health prob-lems are to be analyzed correctly. Each yearof Takemi Fellows includes individuals withan array of disciplinary backgrounds, asnoted above, including economics, epidemi-ology, community health, nutrition, biostatis-tics, social sciences, and clinical medicine.The Program is based on the conviction thatresearch in public health policy requires asolid disciplinary foundation, but also abroader contextual understanding of thesocial environment within which healthproblems arise. Many preventive and thera-peutic measures require changes in attitudesand behavior in order to improve health con-ditions. A narrow disciplinary focus may pro-duce the correct technocratic answer, butone that is impossible to carry out, due tocultural, economic, or social factors.

In this sense, the Takemi Program advo-cates not only the application of epidemiol-ogy and economics to the analysis of publichealth problems, but also other socialsciences—anthropology, sociology, politicalscience, and ethics. Palitha Abeykoon, forexample, examined the experiences of sev-eral South Asian countries in health man-power policies to identify those factors ofpolicy design that promoted effective imple-mentation.13 A paper by Akihiro Seita (TF2003–04) looked at the Japanese experienceof integrating tuberculosis into the primaryhealth system and how this could be appliedin other countries.14 Another research paper,

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by Allan Schapira (TF 1987–88), was writtenin the form of a teaching case moduleon how health care systems confront andmanage the issues of chloroquine-resistantmalaria in Africa.15

The Program promotes an interdiscipli-nary perspective through several mecha-nisms. By accepting individuals with strongdisciplinary training, the Program creates agroup with expertise in various fields. Then,the Fellows are placed in closely sharedoffice space, encouraging informal interac-tions, so that one’s discipline rubs off onone’s neighbors. The weekly research semi-nar covers a range of disciplines in order tobroaden the intellectual horizons of indi-vidual Fellows. Finally, the Program recom-mends that Fellows audit courses in theirown disciplines and beyond.

Mutual respectA fourth principle that underlies interna-tional health as understood in the TakemiProgram is a non-hierarchical relationship ofmutual respect among Takemi Fellows andalso between Fellows and faculty members,with an emphasis on collegiality and equal-ity. As mid-career health professionals whohave advanced careers in research, service,and education and who are selected from aninternational competition, Takemi Fellowsoccupy a position of prestige within theHarvard community. Many Fellows lectureon their research and other topics in coursesand seminars at Harvard University andother institutions. The Fellows enrich theeducational environment at the School ofPublic Health, through their experiencesand their expertise in particular fields. TheFellows also enrich each other’s lives; theirshared existence opens their minds to newideas and perspectives. From personal friend-ships, Fellows gain international under-standing. They come to appreciate basicsimilarities in health problems and policiesas well as national differences.

A Takemi Fellow’s relationship with theFaculty Advisor critically affects the quality

of the fellowship and the research. The Pro-gram assures that the research relationship isbased on mutual respect. Most Takemi Fel-lows carry out their research and completethe analysis and writing on their own. Insome cases, faculty members contribute suf-ficiently to the research paper to be recog-nized as coauthors, but the Takemi Fellowis typically first author in the published ver-sion. The principle of mutual respect recog-nizes the existence of different skills betweenFellows and advisors and also among Fel-lows; the principle also reflects the objectiveof promoting the intellectual developmentof advisors as well as Fellows. After theTakemi year, Fellows are encouraged tocontinue their relationships with Harvardfaculty members and other researchers metat Harvard, all on the basis of mutual respectas colleagues.

Individual freedomAlong with the principle of mutual respect isthe principle of individual freedom forTakemi Fellows. The Program imposes onlyminimal requirements on Fellows: to attendone group seminar each week, to join in aninformal luncheon each week, and to pro-duce a high quality research paper by theclose of the academic year. Beyond that, Fel-lows are free to act as they please: to auditcourses throughout the University; to sit inthe library and read; to stay at home andwrite; to consult their advisor regularly or toignore the advisor resolutely. Each Fellow isencouraged to use the rich resources ofHarvard to achieve his or her individualresearch objectives, and the Program assiststhe Fellow in navigating the University’sresource map.

The principle of individual freedom isbased on the assumption that each Fellowknows what he or she best needs or wants atthis critical midpoint in one’s career. Thearray of activities is minimally structured, toallow each Fellow to chose the most appro-priate particular blend. Similarly, the Pro-gram’s weekly seminar does not seek to

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impose a specific doctrine of health policy,but rather exposes the group of Fellows to apanoply of researchers, some already emi-nent and some still emerging, and all grap-pling with serious questions of resourceallocation in health. In the words of oneFellow, the Program provides “a privilegedmoment for learning.”16 This freedom forTakemi Fellows represents a social good,intended to be used in the Program’s overallmission of improving health conditions ona global scale. Fellows accept the freedomin exchange for an implicit acceptance ofresponsibility in advancing the Program’smission.

Community spiritThe community of Fellows, while at Harvardand thereafter, represents the sixth key prin-ciple for the Takemi Program. Each year, theProgram seeks to create a community out ofthe group of Fellows, to bridge the culturaland intellectual boundaries created by geo-graphic, disciplinary, and language differ-ences. The Fellows share offices in closeproximity, and the Program sponsors infor-mal social occasions for both Fellows andfamilies. By mid-year, the community hasgelled to the point where Fellows strong inparticular disciplines—often statistics andeconomics—are helping others in new skills,a form of TC/TF or Technical Cooperationamong Takemi Fellows. The candid critiqueof research proposals and draft papersdepends on a sense of communal trust andconfidence, which is created through theweekly research seminars and luncheonsand through the informal interactionsamong Fellows. The Fellows experience thiscommunity spirit, with its mutual supportand exchange, as a positive outcome of theProgram.

Promoting the broader community of Fel-lows, across different years, is accomplishedthrough international meetings held everytwo or more years and through networkingactivities. In countries with more than oneTakemi Fellow, the individuals meet on both

a professional and social basis. These link-ages have evolved into productive collabora-tions, as the number of Fellows has reacheda critical mass. In the current year of TakemiFellows (2004–05), Jui-Fen Rachel Lu, Asso-ciate Professor in the Department of HealthCare Management, Chang Gung University,Taiwan, is doing research on the equityimplications of the health care system inTaiwan. For this work, she is collaboratingwith other Takemi Fellows who are workingon issues of equity. In addition, a numberof Fellows, after returning home, have con-tinued to work with Harvard faculty mem-bers on various projects related to healthpolicy. How to harness the potential of thenetwork of Takemi Fellows remains a keyquestion for both Fellows and the Program.At the same time, this question reflects theFellows’ recognition that they have gained along-term relationship with an internationalnetwork.

Individual capacity buildingThe final principle of the Takemi Programemphasizes the importance of individualcapacity building as an instrument forstrengthening institutions and improvinghealth conditions in the Third World.Enhancing the skills and experiences of indi-viduals with leadership qualities is expectedto contribute, both directly and indirectly(through research, teaching, and administra-tive positions), to the effectiveness of theinstitutions in which the individuals work.While more than one Takemi Fellow hasbeen accepted from several institutions(including one in Nigeria, one in Japan, andone in China), the Program does not have astrategy of institution strengthening, asadopted by some foundations and interna-tional agencies. The emphasis on individualsrather than institutions resulted in part fromlimited resources within the Program, andalso from a strategic choice at the Program’sstart. A number of these individuals, how-ever, have emerged as leaders of nationalinstitutions, including: Bong-min Yang, who

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is Dean of the Seoul National UniversitySchool of Public Health in Korea; Max Price,who is Dean of Health Sciences at Univer-sity of Witwatersrand in South Africa; Yin Li,who is the leading health policy analyst inChina’s State Council; and Friday Okonofua,who is Dean of the School of Medicine at theUniversity of Benin in Nigeria and recentlyappointed as Executive Director of theInternational Federation of Obstetrics andGynaecology (FIGO). Here in Japan I amproud to see Takemi Fellows occupyingleadership positions in international healththroughout the country, with ProfessorUehara Naruo at Tohoku University, Profes-sor Marui Eiji at Juntendo Medical School,Professor Nakamura Yasuhide at OsakaUniversity, Professor Kobayashi Yasuki atTokyo University School of Medicine, andDr. Tanaka Keiji as Assistant Minister forTechnical Affairs in the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare.

To date, most Takemi Fellows havereturned to their home institutions, althoughsome subsequently have changed positionsdue to severe political instability or evolvingcareer objectives. The choice of mid-careerprofessionals as Takemi Fellows increasesthe likelihood that individuals will return totheir institutional positions at home. But theProgram has no written or legal requirementon returning; it is rather an implicit expecta-tion. At the same time, the Program recog-nizes that in some cases, individual develop-ment may depend on not returning.

Implications

The past problems of international health, asa field, are well known. These problemsinclude a tendency toward one-way imposi-tion of Western values and ideas on ThirdWorld people and organizations,17 the cre-ation of dependency and the distortion oflocal priorities through foreign aid,18 and theintermingling of military, mercantile, andmissionary objectives with health improve-ment goals.1 As Ines Perin (TF 2000–01)

wrote in her research paper: Who is helpingwhom in international health, and based onwhat sort of ideas and motives?19 What arethe ethically acceptable motives for activi-ties in international health?

The seven principles embodied in theTakemi Program offer some directions forthe future of international health. Theseprinciples, however, are not comprehensive,leaving out among other things biologicalresearch and institutional capacity-building.But the principles provide a good beginning.

In proposing this process of redefinition, itis important to recognize that the TakemiProgram is now confronting several issuesrelated to the broader concept and practiceof international health. First, the TakemiProgram has focused its activities on ThirdWorld problems overseas, while paying rela-tively little attention to similar problems inour backyard in Boston. A growing move-ment in the United States is seeking to bringthe lessons of international health backhome, emphasizing the commonalities inproblems and solutions for improving healthproblems in both rich and poor societies.20

The Takemi Program may need to addressthese commonalities more directly andeffectively.

The Program is also confronting the long-term sustainability of its activities. While theTakemi Program initially received full finan-cial support from Japan, now only coreadministrative costs are covered by contri-butions from Japan, through annual contri-butions from the Japan PharmaceuticalManufacturers Association, plus support forJapanese Fellows from the Japan MedicalAssociation. All other Fellows must seekexternal financial support. The CarnegieCorporation of New York for a decade in the1990s provided generous support for TakemiFellows from sub-Saharan Africa, becausethe health needs are so great in that part ofthe world. The Merck Company Foundationprovided generous grant support for Fellowseach year, for the past decade. Through thesecontributions, the Program has been able to

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provide financial support for a few appli-cants, but most Fellows must raise their ownfunds or are financed by an external grantfrom a funding agency or private foundation.Each year, these financial constraints pre-vent the participation of some exceptionalapplicants.

As part of the Program, each Takemi Fel-low produces at least one research paper.Many of these papers have been publishedin books or international journals, reflectingthe Program’s efforts to assure a wide dis-semination of the research findings. A num-ber of the research papers by Takemi Fellowshave had significant impacts on national andinternational health policies.

To gain a qualitative evaluation of theProgram’s activities, past Takemi Fellowswere surveyed in 1990. The responses dem-onstrated that the Program is fulfillingits objectives in several important ways: pro-viding participants with access to researchresources; exposing participants to new ana-lytic approaches and concepts in their ownand other disciplines; creating a supportiveenvironment for research and writing; andestablishing international linkages that cancontinue in future research activities. Thesurvey indicated that the Program couldbe providing more follow-up support forFellows once they return home, but it alsorevealed satisfaction among past partici-pants with the Program’s role as a catalystfor promoting and improving research andas a community for bringing together diversedisciplines and nationalities.

From a broader perspective, the Takemi

Program illustrates two important patternsin international cooperation for health. First,the Program demonstrates that internationalcooperation can effectively contribute toimprove Third World social conditionsthrough the promotion of research and indi-vidual researchers from the Third World. Achallenge for the coming decades is to findmechanisms to harness additional resources(from the United States, Japan, and else-where) in ways that contribute to ThirdWorld health conditions. Second, the Pro-gram illustrates that universities in richcountries have an important role to play ininternational health—as long as these insti-tutions remain intellectually alive, respon-sive, demanding, and at the cutting edgeof research. The challenge is to find theresources to make these university resourcesavailable to researchers in the Third World,as the Takemi Program has sought toachieve.

In conclusion, I hope that the TakemiProgram will continue to contribute to theefforts to create a new international health.Such efforts, I believe, could contribute to amore truly international concept and prac-tice of international health.

Acknowledgments

The author appreciates the insightful commentsreceived from past Takemi Fellows, Dr. ChristopherWood, and the late Professor David E Bell, ActingDirector of the Takemi Program in its initial years.The assistance of Dr. Marc Mitchell and Ms. CatherineHaskell in commenting on this paper and assuring theProgram’s continuity is greatly appreciated.

References

1. Gómez-Dantés O, Khoshnood B. Evolution of internationalhealth in the twentieth century. Salud Pública Méx. 1991;33:314–329.

2. Hiatt HH. The conceptual contributions of Dr. Taro Takemi to theTakemi Program in International Health. In: Reich MR ed. HealthPolicy Toward the 21st Century: Health Problems Beyond theNational Boundary. Boston, MA: Harvard School of PublicHealth; 1985:16–21.

3. Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard School of Pub-lic Health, see: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/takemi.

4. Commission on Health Research for Development. HealthResearch: Essential Link to Equity in Development. New York,NY: Oxford University Press; 1990.

5. Gupta PC, Aghi MB, Bhonsle RB, et al. An intervention study oftobacco chewing and smoking habits for primary prevention oforal cancer among 12,212 Indian villagers. In: Zaridze DG, PetoT eds. Tobacco: A Major International Health Hazard (IARCScientific Publications No.74). Lyon: International Agency forResearch on Cancer; 1986.

6. Walker M. An assessment of home-based care programs in

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Uganda: their strengths and weaknesses. Takemi ResearchPaper No.213. Boston, MA: Takemi Program in InternationalHealth, Harvard School of Public Health; June 2003.

7. Okafor C, Olukoya AA. Women’s Perspectives on MaternalMortality and Morbidity: Safe Motherhood Nigeria 1990. NewYork: Family Care International; 1990.

8. Reich MR ed. Health Policy Toward the 21st Century: HealthProblems Beyond the National Boundary. Boston, MA: HarvardSchool of Public Health; 1985.

9. Bell DE, Reich MR eds. Health, Nutrition, and Economic Crises:Approaches to Policy in the Third World. Dover, MA: AuburnHouse; 1988.

10. Reich MR, Marui E eds. International Cooperation for Health:Problems, Prospects, and Priorities. Dover, MA: Auburn House;1989.

11. Reich MR, Okubo T eds. Working Populations and Health: Strat-egies for the Third World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press;1990.

12. Harvard SPH Takemi Symposium. International Health andMedical Ethics in the 21st Century. Tokyo: Japan Medical Asso-ciation; December 1–2, 2000.

13. Abeykoon P. Geographical balance of health manpower: policy

experiences of some South East Asian countries. TakemiResearch Paper No.44. Boston: Takemi Program in Interna-tional Health; 1990.

14. Seita A. Think PHC, do TB. Japan’s experience in scaling uptuberculosis control and health system. Takemi Research PaperNo.217. Boston, MA: Takemi Program in International Health;June, 2004.

15. Schapira A. Policies for resistant malaria and the health caresystem: a course module. Takemi Research Paper No.30. Bos-ton, MA: Takemi Program in International Health; 1988.

16. Rainhorn JD. Personal communication. March 7, 1991.17. Taylor CE. Changing patterns in international health: motivation

and relationships. Amer J Pub Hlth. 1979;69:803–808.18. Muhondwa EPY. The role and impact of foreign aid in Tanzania’s

health development. In: Reich MR, Marui E eds. InternationalCooperation for Health: Problems, Prospects, and Priorities.Dover, MA: Auburn House; 1989:173–206.

19. Perin I, Attaran A. Trading ideology for dialogue: an opportunityto fix international aid for health? Lancet. 2003;361:1216–1219.

20. Morgan R. Bringing the lessons of international health backhome. Takemi Discussion Paper. Boston: Takemi Program inInternational Health; 1991.

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T A K E M I P R O G R A M I N I N T E R N A T I O N A L H E A L T H

Dear Applicant, In response to your request, we are pleased to send you information about the Takemi Program in International Health at the Harvard School of Public Health. Applicants for Takemi Fellowships are highly qualified young and mid-career professionals and scholars from around the world who have completed graduate degrees and have had some years of experience. We are seeking persons who can contribute to strengthening the health capabilities and improving the health policy of developing countries, and who have demonstrated strong leadership potential in their home countries. They are expected to have made, or to intend to make, a commitment to a career in health for which participation in the Program will be of significant value. To qualify for fellowship consideration, applicants must complete the attached information sheet and submit it along with curriculum vitae, a list of publications, a sample publication, and a five-page proposal for research and writing to be undertaken during the 10-month fellowship. Research topics generally relate to issues of policy and resource allocation for health. If the project involves data analysis, please indicate the source of data and the method of collection. All data must be collected prior to initiation of the fellowship. Please note that the fellowship is intended for research and training in residence at the Harvard School of Public Health, and is not designed for research projects with biomedical laboratory requirements. Applicants are requested to have three letters of reference mailed under separate cover to the address listed on the brochure. Completed applications and letters of reference must be received by 1 March 2012 for the 2012-2013 academic year. Fellows are selected by the Harvard Committee for the Takemi Program. Top-ranking candidates for Takemi Fellowships are reviewed and evaluated to assess the following: the applicant's education, experience, and ability to do research; the quality of the research proposal; Harvard's capacity to advise; and the contribution the applicant can make toward accomplishing the objectives of the Takemi Program. Please note that the Takemi Program does not provide funding. Each applicant must make sure that a letter is sent to the Takemi Program from the organization(s) which has agreed to furnish financial support if the applicant is selected as a Takemi Fellow. This letter should indicate the specific amount of funding and should be received by the 1 March application deadline. If, for any reason, the source of funding becomes unavailable, the Takemi Program reserves the right to withdraw its offer of a fellowship. Applying for a Takemi Fellowship does not necessarily result in acceptance as a Takemi Fellow. All applicants must compete for the few spaces that are available. The Program receives about 50 requests for application information, and about 30-50 completed applications each year, from which about ten Takemi Fellows are selected. Thank you for your interest in the Takemi Fellowships. I hope the enclosed information is helpful. If you have additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact our office. Sincerely yours, Michael R. Reich

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THE TAKEMI PROGRAM IN INTERNATIONAL HEALTH

HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA

APPLICATION INFORMATION

2011-2012

(Please Print or Type) Name in Full: (Ms./Mr/Dr.) (Last) (First) (Middle)

Date of Birth: Citizenship: (Day/Month/Year- for example: 24, September, 1962)

Please indicate where you would like correspondence to be sent: Home: Office Home Address: Office Address: Country: Country: Telephone: Telephone: Fax: Email: Title of Proposal:

How did you hear about the Takemi Program?

3

Education: (Please fill out completely even if you have enclosed your C.V.; list the most recent firstDegree Discipline Institution Dates

Professional Experience (Please fill out completely even if you have enclosed your C.V.; list the most recent first)

Position Institution Dates

References: Please list the name, title and Institution of three people you will ask to serve as referees. Please ask your referee to send the letter of reference directly to the Takemi Program.

Potential Source of Funds: Please list the name and contact person of any organization to which you have applied or intend to apply for funding.1 2 3

Please return this form with completed application materials to : alevin@hsph.harvard.edu Materials can also be mailed to: The Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Bldg. 1-Suite 1210, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, U.S.A., (or Faxed to: 617-432-1251) Attention: Program Coordinator.

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Takemi Program Estimated Costs: 2012-2013 Academic Year Estimated living expenses: $33,000 Takemi Fellows enter the United States as Research Fellows/Scholars on a J1 Visa. The U.S. Government and Harvard require documentation of funding at the rate of US$39,400 per year for J1 visa holders. The above amount is based on a 10 month appointment (September 1, 2011-June 30, 2012) for one Fellow (plus their spouse if they are bringing a spouse). Additional funding is required if a Fellow brings children, at the rate of US$4,677 per child for 10 months (based on US$5,000 per year.) Please note that additional funds may be needed to adequately cover living expenses in Boston. Program research and administrative fees: $ 10,000 These fees include support for office, supplies, phone, computers, research accounts, and other expenses. This may be waived if applicant is self-funded. International travel (estimate) $ 4,000 Estimated round-trip airfare from home country to the United States. Health Insurance (estimate): $ 4,500 Approximate costs range from $870-$4500 for an individual, and up to $14,680+ for family coverage through Harvard University. Basic coverage is required. If you will have health insurance from home for the duration of the fellowship, please check the health care coverage requirements for J visa holders to assess if your current health care coverage is adequate. Total: $ 51,500

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Since its inception in 1983, 213 Takemi Fellows from nearly 49 countries around the world have participated in the program. While at Harvard, Fellows have the opportunity to interact extensively with students, faculty and other professionals, which in some cases has led to funded collaborative research projects. The growing world-wide network of Takemi Fellows provides opportunities for ongoing discussion of research and current health policy issues.

"It is a rare program with worthy objectives, and I am even more enthusiastic about it now, ten years later. I think the Takemi Program fills a critical gap in the process of assisting professionals who are in a mid-career transition. It provides an environment that nourishes Fellows' creativity and assists them in applying their skills to new and fruitful areas." Jonathan Meyers (TF 1987-88, South Africa), Professor, Department of Community Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

A complete application consists of the following: • application information sheet • curriculum vitae • list of publications • short publication sample • proposal of research and writing to be undertaken during the Fellowship • three letters of reference, to be sent directly to the Takemi Program office from the recommenders The application deadline for the 2012-2013 year is March 1 please send application materials to: Program Coordinator Takemi Program in International Health 665 Huntington Avenue, Bldg. 1-12th floor Room 1210 Boston, MA 02115-6021, U.S.A. Telephone: (617) 432-0686 Fax: (617) 432-1251 E-mail: alevin@hsph.harvard.edu Websitet: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/takemi Harvard University does not discriminate among applicants on the basis of race, religion, sex, national origin, color, handicap, or age.