table s1. ecosystem type, site name, location, latitude ... · web viewresponses of microbial...

Responses of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen to experimental warming: a meta-analysis

Wenfang Xu a, b, Wenping Yuan a, c, *a State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, Chinab University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chinac School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 519082, China

*Corresponding author address: State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-

Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China

E-mail: [email protected] (Wenping Yuan)

Table S1. Ecosystem type, site name, location, latitude (lat), longitude (lon), altitude (asl), mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation

(MAP), warming method (curtain reflecting infrared radiation (curtains), greenhouse, heating cables (cables), infrared heaters (IR), open top

chambers (OTC)), warming time (continued warming (CW), night warming (NW)) and responses variables of 58 study sites used in this study.

Ecosystem

typeSite name Location Lat Lon Asl (m)

MAT

(℃)

MAP

(mm）Warming

method

Warming

timeResponse variables References

Cropland Hydraulic Technique

Popularization Station

Shanghai, China 31.20 121.12 3.0 17.7 1044.7 IR CW Soil C:N, SOC, TN (Cheng et al., 2013)

Cropland Kangbo village Jiangsu Province, China 31.50 120.55 4.8 16.0 1100-1200 IR CW MBC (Liu et al., 2014)

Cropland Nanjing Jiangsu Province, China 32.27 119.43 6.0 15.6 1100.0 IR CW SOC, Soil C:N, TN, NO3--N (Cui, 2013; Hu et al.,

2013; Liu, Yan, 2013)

Cropland Yucheng Experimental

Station

Shandong Province, China 36.67 116.37 23.4 13.4 567.0 IR CW MBC (Tu & Li, 2016)

Cropland Luancheng Ecological

Station

Hebei Province, China 37.88 114.68 50.0 12.3 481.0 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Liu et al., 2015)

Cropland London Ontario, Canada 43.03 -81.21 330.0 7.5 818.0 IR CW MBC (Bell et al., 2010)

Cropland Scheyern Experimental

Farm

Germany 48.50 11.35 475.0 7.4 833.0 Cables CW NO3--N, NH4

+-N (Hantschel et al.,

1995)

Cropland University of Hohenheim Germany 48.71 9.19 395.0 8.7 679.0 Cables CW MBC (Poll et al., 2013)

Cropland Aarhus University

Faculty of Agricultural

Sciences

Foulum, Denmark 56.48 9.57 56.0 7.3 627.0 Cables CW TN, NO3--N, NH4

+-N (Patil et al., 2010)

Cropland Zhenjiang City Jiangsu Province, China 31.91 119.50 6.0 16.2 1058.4 Curtains NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Zhang et al., 2012)

Cropland Xuchang City Henan Province, China 33.94 114.28 56.0 14.3 640.9 Curtains NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Zhang et al., 2012)

Cropland Xuzhou City Jiangsu Province, China 34.84 116.66 33.0 14.6 630.4 Curtains NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Zhang et al., 2012)

Cropland Shijiazhuang City Hebei Province, China 38.07 114.35 104.0 13.3 540.5 Curtains NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Zhang et al., 2012)

Forest Dinghushan Biosphere

Reserve

Guangdong Province, China 23.15 112.55 300.0 21.0 1700.0 OTC CW MBC (Fang et al., 2015)

Ecosystem Site name Location Lat Lon Asl (m) MAT MAP Warming Warming Response variables References

type (℃) (mm） method time

Forest Miyaluo Experimental

Forest of Lixian County

Tibet Autonomous Region,

China

31.58 102.58 3150.0 8.0 600-1100 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, TC, TN, NH4+-N

(Xu et al., 2010a; Xu

et al., 2010b; Xu et

al., 2015)

Forest Pingwu Country Sichuan Province, China 32.82 103.92 3000.0 2.7 801-825 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC

(Xu et al., 2013)

Forest Baotianman Nature

Reserve

Henan Province, China 33.33 111.78 600 15.1 885.6 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, Soil C:N, TN, NO3--

N, NH4+-N

(Liu, Yanchun, 2013;

Wang, 2015)

Forest Near State College,

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania, USA 40.67 -77.90 281.0 8.6 1046.0 IR CW MBC, Soil C:N, TC, TN (McDaniel et al.,

2014)

Forest Tomakomai experimental

forest of Hokkaido

University

Janpan 42.67 141.60 80.0 6.3 1051.0 Cables CW Soil C:N, TC, TN (Noh et al., 2015)

Forest North Tyrolean

Limestone Alps

Achenkirch, Austria 47.58 11.64 910.0 6.9 1506.0 Cables CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Schindlbacher et al.,

2011; Schindlbacher

et al., 2015)

Forest Arvidsjaur Sweden 65.58 17.25 486.0 -2.0 600.0 OTC CW NH4+-N (Jackson et al., 2013;

Long et al., 2015)

Forest Delta Junction Akasja, USA 63.92 -145.73 480.0 -2.0 303.0 Greenhou

se

CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Allison et al., 2010)

Forest Maoxian Ecological

Station of Chinese

Academy of Sciences

Sichuan Province, China 31.68 103.88 1820.0 8.9 919.5 IR NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, Soil C:N, TC, TN,

NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Chen et al., 2010;

Xiong et al., 2010;

Wei et al., 2011; Yin

et al., 2012; Yin et al.,

2013; Zhao et al.,

2014)

Grassland University of Canterbury

Cass Field Station

South Island, New Zealand -43.03 171.75 590.0 9.0 1300.0 Cables CW MBC, Soil C:N, TC, TN (Graham et al., 2014)

Grassland Pontville Tasmania, Australia -42.70 147.27 40.0 11.6 560.0 IR CW MBC, NO3--N, NH4

+-N (Hayden et al., 2012)

Ecosystem


MAT

(℃)

MAP

(mm）Warming

method

Warming


Grassland Damxung Grassland

Station


China

30.50 91.05 4313.0 1.3 476.8 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, Soil C:N, NO3--N,

NH4+-N

(Fu et al., 2012; Yu et

al., 2014)

Grassland Climate Change Scientific

Observation Field Station


China

31.44 101.17 4500.0 -3.0 400-500 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, SOC, TC, TN,

NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Wang, Xuexia et al.,

2014)

Grassland Dadu River Sichuan Province, China 31.55 102.35 4140.0 1.7 397.3 OTC CW SOC, Soil C:N, TN, NO3--

N, NH4+-N

(Xiong et al., 2016)

Grassland Hongyuan Alpine

Meadow Ecosystem

Research Station

Sichuan Province, China 32.45 102.37 3561.0 1.1 752.4 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, TN, NO3--N,

NH4+-N

(Wang et al., 2011a;

Wang et al., 2011b;

Hu et al., 2013)

Grassland Kakagou Sichuan Province, China 32.85 103.55 3400.0 2.8 718.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

TN, NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Shi et al., 2012)

Grassland Alpine swamp meadow

site

Qinghai Province, China 34.73 92.90 4763.0 -5.3 270.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, TN

(Li et al., 2010; Li et

al., 2011a; Li et al.,

2011b)

Grassland Beiluhe Observation and

Research Station

Qinghai Province, China 34.83 92.93 4635.0 -3.8 290.9 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,


N, NH4+-N

(Xiong et al., 2014;

Xu et al., 2014)

Grassland Beiluhe Observation and

Research Station

Qinghai Province, China 34.85 92.93 4659 -3.8 383 OTC CW SOC, TN, Soil C:N (Zhang et al., 2014)

Grassland Great Plain Apiaries Oklahoma, USA 34.98 -97.52 339.0 16.3 915.0 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,


NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Zhang et al., 2005;

Belay-Tedla et al.,

2009; Xu et al., 2012;

Zhou et al., 2012; Jia

et al., 2014)

Grassland Takayama Field Station Gifu University, Japan 36.13 137.42 1300.0 7.1 2128.0 IR CW MBC, SOC, Soil C:N, TC,

TN, NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Yoshitake et al.,

2015; Suzuki et al.,

2016)



Grassland Haibei Alpine Meadow

Ecosystem Research

Station

Qinghai Province, China 37.62 101.20 3200.0 -2.0 500.0 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC

(Rui et al., 2011;

Zheng et al., 2012;

Jing et al., 2013; Ma

et al., 2015)

Grassland Haibei Alpine Meadow

Ecosystem Research

Station

Qinghai Province, China 37.62 101.33 3200.0 -2.0 520-560 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,


NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Wang, Xuexia et al.,

2014; Yang et al.,

2015)

Grassland Qilian Mountain Qinghai Province, China 37.97 100.92 3512.0 1.0 409.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, Soil C:N, TN

(Heng, 2011; Heng et

al., 2011)

Grassland Castle Valley USA 38.67 -109.42 1310.0 12.7 261.7 IR CW SOC, Soil C:N, TN, NO3--

N, NH4+-N

(Zelikova et al., 2012)

Grassland Rocky Mountain

Biological Laboratory

Colorado, USA 38.95 -106.98 2920 10.0 750 IR CW SOC (Saleska et al., 2002)

Grassland Manhattan USA 39.20 -96.58 324.0 13.0 840.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, TC, TN

(Williams et al.,

2000)

Grassland USDA-ARS Central

Plains Experimental

Range

Colorado, USA 40.67 -104.75 1650.0 7.5 320.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN (Kandeler et al.,

1998)

Grassland USDA-ARS Central

Plains Experimental

Range

Wyoming, USA 41.18 -104.90 1930.0 7.5 384.0 IR CW MBN, NO3--N, NH4

+-N (Dijkstra et al., 2010;

Carrillo et al., 2012)

Grassland Siziwang Banner Inner Monglia, China 41.78 111.89 1456.0 3.4 248.0 IR CW SOC,Soil C:N, TN, NO3--N,

NH4+-N

(Shan, 2008; Bai,

2011; Zhang, 2014)

Grassland Duolun Country Inner Mongolia, China 42.03 116.28 1324.0 2.1 385.5 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,


NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Liu et al., 2009;

Song et al., 2012; Li

et al., 2013; Zhang,

N. et al., 2013; Zhou

et al., 2013)

Grassland Songnen Grassland

Ecosystem Research

Station

Jilin Province, China 44.75 123.75 160.0 4.9 410.0 IR CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,


N, NH4+-N

(Tan, 2010; Ma et al.,

2011; Zhang, Nanyi et

al., 2013)

Ecosystem


MAT

(℃)

MAP

(mm）Warming

method

Warming


Grassland Xilinhaote Inner Mongolia, China 44.16 116.48 1102.0 2.6 271.4 OTC CW SOC, TN (Zhang, 2013)

Tundra Changbai Mountain Jilin Province, China 42.08 128.05 2028.0 -7.3 1400-1800 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

SOC, TN

(Wang, Xuejuan et

al., 2014a; Wang,

Xuejuan et al., 2014b)

Tundra N-Siberia Russia 67.94 74.85 33.0 -8.8 370.0 OTC CW MBN, NO3--N, NH4

+-N (Biasi et al., 2008)

Tundra Abisko Scientific

Research Station

Lapland, Swedish 68.35 18.82 1150.0 -4.8 500.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

NH4+-N

(Jonasson et al., 1999;

Schmidt et al., 2002;

Weedon et al., 2012)

Tundra Abisko Scientific

Research Station

Lapland, Swedish 68.35 18.82 450.0 -0.7 299.0 OTC CW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, TC, TN, NH4+-N

(Jonasson et al., 1999;

Schmidt et al., 2002;

Rinnan et al., 2007a;

Rinnan et al., 2007b)

Tundra Toolik Lake Alaska, USA 68.63 -149.57 730.0 -8.5 378.0 Greenhou

se

CW MBN, MBC:MBN, Soil

C:N, TN, NH4+-N

(Schmidt et al., 2002;

Sistla et al., 2013;

Sistla & Schimel,

2013)

Tundra Kilpisjärvi Finland 69.50 20.83 600.0 -2.3 420.0 OTC CW MBN, MBC:MBN, NH4+-N (Rinnan et al., 2009)

Tundra Alexandra Fiord Ellesmere Island, Canada 78.88 -75.92 50.0 -20.0 100-200 OTC CW SOC, Soil C:N, TC, TN,

NO3--N, NH4

+-N

(Deslippe et al., 2005;

Lamb et al., 2011)

Shrubland Capa Caccia Italia 40.60 8.15 143.0 15.1 452.0 Curtains NW Soil C:N, TC, TN (Rousk et al., 2013)

Shrubland Garraf Catalonia, Spain 41.30 1.82 210.0 15.1 455.0 Curtains NW MBC (Beier et al., 2004;

Sowerby et al., 2005)

Shrubland Kiskun Sag Hungria 46.88 19.72 110.0 10.8 515.0 Curtains NW Soil C:N, TC, TN (Rousk et al., 2013)

Shrubland Oldebroek Netherlands 52.40 5.92 25.0 10.1 1042.0 Curtains NW MBC, Soil C:N, TC, TN (Beier et al., 2004;

Sowerby et al., 2005;

Rousk et al., 2013)



Shrubland Clocaenog United Kingdom 53.05 -3.47 490.0 8.2 1741.0 Curtains NW MBC, Soil C:N, TC, TN (Beier et al., 2004;


Rousk et al., 2013)

Shrubland North Zealand Denmark 55.88 11.97 58.0 8.5 606.0 Curtains NW MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN,

Soil C:N, TC, TN, NO3--N,

NH4+-N

(Andresen et al.,

2009; Andresen et al.,

2010; Larsen et al.,

2011; Haugwitz et al.,

2014; Reinsch et al.,

2014)

Shrubland Mols Denmark 56.38 10.95 58.0 9.4 758.0 Curtains NW MBC, Soil C:N, TC, TN (Beier et al., 2004;


Rousk et al., 2013)

Table S2. The relationship between the natural logarithm of the response ratio (lnRR) of microbial

biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), their ratios (MBC:MBN) and different

environmental and warming variables, including latitude, longitude, elevation, mean annual

precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), elevated temperature, and warming duration.

　 Variable Slope Intercept R2 P

MBC

Latitude -0.0012 0.0890 0.0050 0.4339Longitude 0.0004 -0.0002 0.0061 0.3870Elevation (m) 0.0001 0.0468 0.0021 0.6093MAT (℃) 0.0029 0.0193 0.0108 0.2514MAP (mm) 0.0001 0.0187 0.0028 0.5624Elevated temperature (℃) -0.0093 0.0527 0.0016 0.6567warming duration (yr) -0.0036 0.0543 0.0044 0.4663

MBN

Latitude -0.0019 0.1068 0.0071 0.4110Longitude 0.0007 -0.0404 0.0083 0.3748Elevation (m) 0.0001 0.0239 0.0001 0.9196MAT (℃) 0.0026 0.0141 0.0050 0.4893MAP (mm) 0.0001 -0.0174 0.0054 0.4752Elevated temperature (℃) 0.0186 -0.0044 0.0039 0.5442warming duration (yr) -0.0017 0.0347 0.0006 0.8121

MBC:MBN

Latitude -0.0005 0.0210 0.0009 0.7783Longitude 0.0008 -0.0831 0.0165 0.2222Elevation (m) 0.0001 0.0053 0.0010 0.7660MAT (℃) 0.0001 -0.0028 0.0001 0.9624MAP (mm) 0.0001 0.0060 0.0003 0.8756Elevated temperature (℃) 0.0017 -0.0050 0.0001 0.9457warming duration (yr) 0.0001 -0.0020 0.0001 0.9971

Table S3. The effects of warming on the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in different warming magnitudes. The green boldface indicates significant

negative effect and the red boldface indicate significant positive effect, respectively.

Group Size RR++ Cl

Percentage Low warming magnitude Medium warming magnitude High warming magnitude

(%) Size RR++ Cl Size RR++ ClSiz

eRR++ Cl

All 124 0.0354 0.0198 ~ 0.0510 3.6070 35 0.0525 0.0215 ~ 0.0835 63 0.1135 0.0914 ~ 0.1355 26 -0.1412 -0.1727 ~ 0.1098

Tundra 15 0.0045 -0.0575 ~ 0.0666 0.4559 3 -0.0106 -0.1746 ~ 0.1535 12 0.0071 -0.0600 ~ 0.0741 0 -- --

Shrubland 8 0.1048 0.0369 ~ 0.1727 11.0474 7 0.1595 0.0846 ~ 0.2345 1 -- -- 0 -- --

Grassland 53 0.0328 0.0102 ~ 0.0555 3.3371 15 0.0106 -0.0338 ~ 0.0549 29 0.1578 0.1274 ~ 0.1881 9 -0.3146 -0.3675 ~ -0.2617

Forest 29 0.0470 0.0203 ~ 0.0736 4.8080 5 0.0839 0.0249 ~ 0.1428 10 0.1558 0.1108 ~ 0.2008 14 -0.0564 -0.0965 ~ -0.0164

Cropland 19 -0.0288 -0.0883 ~ 0.0307 -2.8373 5 -0.0956 -0.2788 ~ 0.0876 11 -0.0454 -0.1125 ~ 0.0218 3 0.1546 -0.0253 ~ 0.3346

Curtains 16 0.0588 -0.0012 ~ 0.1189 6.0597 12 0.1229 0.0536 ~ 0.1923 4 -0.1332 -0.2533 ~ -0.0132 0 -- --

Greenhouse 9 -0.0287 -0.1245 ~ 0.0672 -2.8273 0 -- -- 9 -0.0287 -0.1245 ~ 0.0672 0 -- --

Heating cables 6 0.0281 -0.0801 ~ 0.1363 2.8521 0 -- -- 2 -0.0215 -0.2074 ~ 0.1644 4 0.0536 -0.0795 ~ 0.1866

Infrared heaters 54 0.0220 -0.0030 ~ 0.0470 2.2217 3 -0.1248 -0.2274 ~ -0.0222 31 0.0934 0.0581 ~ 0.1288 20 -0.0392 -0.0768 ~ -0.0015

OTC 39 0.0465 0.0244 ~ 0.0686 4.7623 20 0.0555 0.0187 ~ 0.0923 17 0.1632 0.1324 ~ 0.1939 2 -0.4746 -0.5380 ~ -0.4113

Continued warming 98 0.0509 0.0331 ~ 0.0687 5.2244 23 0.0349 0.0003 ~ 0.0349 58 0.1264 0.1034 ~ 0.1493 17 -0.2596 -0.3084 ~ -0.2107

Night warming 26 -0.0152 -0.0474 ~ 0.0170 -1.5087 12 0.1229 0.0536 ~ 0.1229 5 -0.0369 -0.1152 ~ 0.0413 9 0.0354 0.0198 ~ 0.0510

Short-term (1-2year) 33 0.0035 -0.0243 ~ 0.0314 0.3543 11 0.1434 0.0765 ~ 0.1434 13 0.0040 -0.0389 ~ 0.0468 9 -0.0571 -0.1009 ~ -0.0132

Mid-term (3-4year) 43 0.0718 0.0479 ~ 0.0957 7.4432 10 0.0428 -0.0345 ~ 0.0428 23 0.1961 0.1669 ~ 0.2253 10 -0.2676 -0.3167 ~ -0.2186

Long-term (≥5year) 48 0.0143 -0.0163 ~ 0.0448 1.4380 14 0.0237 -0.0156 ~ 0.0237 27 0.0059 -0.0479 ~ 0.0597 7 -0.0278 -0.1423 ~ 0.0867

Note: Curtains, curtain reflecting infrared radiation; OTC, open top chambers; size, the number of studies included for meta-analysis; RR++, the weight response ratio; Cl, 95% confidence interval (95 %CI=RR++¿± 1.96 S¿¿). The warming duration are classified as short warming duration (1-2 year), mid warming duration (3-4 year), and long warming duration (≥5year). The warming magnitude are classified as low warming magnitude (≤ 1 ), medium warming magnitude (1-2 ), and high warming ℃ ℃magnitude (>2 ).℃

Table S4. The effects of warming on the microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in different warming magnitudes. The green boldface indicates significant

negative effect and the red boldface indicate significant positive effect, respectively.

GroupSi

zeRR++ Cl

Percentage Low warming magnitude Medium warming magnitude High warming magnitude

(%) Size RR++ Cl Size RR++ Cl Size RR++ Cl

All 97 0.0569 0.0392 ~ 0.0746 5.8543 30 -0.1071 -0.1440 ~ -0.0702 43 0.0895 0.0628 ~ 0.1162 24 0.1270 0.0964 ~ 0.1576

Tundra 17 0.0148 -0.0269 ~ 0.0564 1.4888 5 -0.0526 -0.1468 ~ 0.0415 12 0.0312 -0.01525 ~ 0.0776 0 -- --

Shrubland 3 -0.8124 -0.9229 ~ -0.7019 -55.6216 3 -0.8124 -0.9229 ~ -0.7019 0 -- -- 0 -- --

Grassland 48 0.0380 0.0113 ~ 0.0646 3.8723 15 -0.0004 -0.0457 ~ 0.0450 23 0.1196 0.0822 ~ 0.1569 10 -0.1573 -0.2273 ~ -0.0873

Forest 19 0.1786 0.1482 ~ 0.2089 19.5508 2 0.0806 -0.2336 ~ 0.3948 4 0.1197 0.0512 ~ 0.1883 13 0.1943 0.1602 ~ 0.2283

Cropland 10 -0.1189 -0.2521 ~ 0.0144 -11.2082 5 -0.1552 -0.3052 ~ -0.0051 4 0.0011 -0.2997 ~ 0.3018 1 -- --

Curtains 11 -0.5551 -0.6412 ~ -0.4689 -42.5964 8 -0.5814 -0.6703 ~ -0.4924 3 -0.1560 -0.5026 ~ 0.1905 0 -- --

Greenhouse 9 0.0392 -0.0103 ~ 0.0886 3.9927 0 -- -- 9 0.0392 -0.0103 ~ 0.0886 0 -- --

Heating cables 3 -0.0729 -0.2622 ~ 0.1163 -7.0322 0 -- -- 0 -- -- 3 -0.0729 -0.2622 ~ 0.1163

Infrared heaters 42 0.1353 0.1110 ~ 0.1597 14.4927 3 -0.2787 -0.4215 ~ -0.1358 20 0.0983 0.0592 ~ 0.1374 19 0.1807 0.1487 ~ 0.2126

OTC 32 0.0160 -0.0165 ~ 0.0484 1.6099 19 0.0149 -0.0273 ~ 0.0572 11 0.1399 0.0851 ~ 0.1946 2 -0.7020 -0.8347 ~ -0.5694

Continued warming 76 0.0451 0.0237 ~ 0.0664 4.6099 22 -0.0087 -0.0492 ~ 0.0318 39 0.1003 0.0731 ~ 0.1275 15 -0.1313 -0.1961 ~ -0.0665

Night warming 21 0.0827 0.0512 ~ 0.1142 8.6246 8 -0.5814 -0.6703 ~ -0.4924 4 -0.1935 -0.3326 ~ -0.0544 9 0.2012 0.1665 ~ 0.2359

Short-term (1-2 year) 28 0.1625 0.1340 ~ 0.1909 17.6428 10 0.0326 -0.0837 ~ 0.1489 12 0.0533 0.0058 ~ 0.1008 6 0.2433 0.2060 ~ 0.2806

Mid-term (3-4 year) 34 -0.0305 -0.0631 ~ 0.0020 -3.0075 8 -0.3020 -0.3667 ~ -0.2373 15 0.1940 0.1462 ~ 0.2418 11 -0.1547 -0.2158 ~ -0.0937

Long-term (≥5 year) 35 0.0104 -0.0209 ~ 0.0416 1.0406 12 -0.0212 -0.0699 ~ 0.0275 16 0.0327 -0.0110 ~ 0.0764 7 0.0305 -0.0811 ~ 0.1421


Table S5. The effects of warming on the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC:MBN) in different warming magnitudes. The green

boldface indicate significant negative effect and the red boldface indicate significant positive effect, respectively.

Group Size RR++ ClPercentage Low warming magnitude Medium warming magnitude High warming magnitude

(%) Size RR++ Cl Size RR++ Cl Size RR++ Cl

All 92 -0.0340 -0.0468 ~ -0.0212 -3.3427 28 -0.0096 -0.0378 ~ 0.0186 41 -0.0577 -0.0743 ~ -0.0410 23 0.0106 -0.0180 ~ 0.0392

Tundra 15 -0.0363 -0.0749 ~ 0.0023 -3.5695 3 0.0217 -0.0499 ~ 0.0933 12 -0.0602 -0.1060 ~ -0.0143 0 -- --

Shrubland 2 -0.2207 -0.3007 ~ -0.1407 -19.8024 2 -0.2207 -0.3007 ~ -0.1407 0 -- -- 0 -- --

Grassland 46 0.0079 -0.0135 ~ 0.0292 0.7900 16 0.0173 -0.0234 ~ 0.0579 21 -0.0426 -0.0732 ~ -0.0121 9 0.1008 0.0569 ~ 0.1446

Forest 19 -0.0589 -0.0783 ~ -0.0396 -5.7210 2 -0.0370 -0.1350 ~ 0.0610 4 -0.0613 -0.0842 ~ -0.0384 13 -0.0555 -0.0943 ~ -0.0167

Cropland 10 -0.0204 -0.0710 ~ 0.0302 -2.0156 5 0.0594 -0.0121 ~ 0.1310 4 -0.1084 -0.1884 ~ -0.0284 1 -- --

Curtains 10 -0.0414 -0.0876 ~ 0.0048 -4.0592 7 -0.0651 -0.1184 ~ -0.0117 3 0.0294 -0.0630 ~ 0.1218 0 -- --

Greenhouse 9 -0.0697 -0.1267 ~ -0.0126 -6.7280 0 -- -- 9 -0.0697 -0.1267 ~ -0.0126 0 -- --

Heating cables 3 -0.0418 -0.1342 ~ 0.0506 -4.0916 0 -- -- 0 -- -- 3 -0.0418 -0.1342 ~ 0.0506

Infrared heaters 40 -0.0224 -0.0386 ~ -0.0061 -2.2128 4 0.0671 -0.0067 ~ 0.1410 18 -0.0320 -0.0515 ~ -0.0125 18 -0.0133 -0.0453 ~ 0.0187

OTC 30 -0.0544 -0.0811 ~ -0.0278 -5.2980 17 -0.0020 -0.0393 ~ 0.0352 11 -0.1915 -0.2340 ~ -0.1490 2 0.2373 0.1496 ~ 0.3249

Continued warming 72 -0.0344 -0.0484 ~ -0.0202 -3.3777 21 0.0120 -0.0213 ~ 0.0452 37 -0.0662 -0.0833 ~ -0.0491 14 0.0593 0.0219 ~ 0.0967

Night warming 20 -0.0322 -0.0632 ~ -0.0013 -3.1729 7 -0.0651 -0.1184 ~ -0.0117 4 0.1028 0.0287 ~ 0.1769 9 -0.0580 -0.1024 ~ -0.0136

Short-term (1-2 year) 27 -0.1195 -0.1473 ~ -0.0916 -11.2623 10 -0.1286 -0.1772 ~ -0.0801 11 -0.1232 -0.1679 ~ -0.0784 6 -0.1038 -0.1561 ~ -0.0514

Mid-term (3-4 year) 32 -0.0230 -0.0405 ~ -0.0056 -2.2765 8 0.0430 -0.0134 ~ 0.0994 14 -0.0633 -0.0838 ~ -0.0428 10 0.1055 0.0642 ~ 0.1468

Long-term (≥5 year) 33 0.0150 -0.0107 ~ 0.0407 1.5087 10 0.0562 0.0123 ~ 0.1002 16 0.0063 -0.0309 ~ 0.0435 7 -0.0402 -0.1006 ~ 0.0203


Fig. S1. The experimental warming sites in this meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis, we choose five

ecosystem types, including grassland (n=22), shrubland (n=7), forest (n=10), tundra (n=6) and

cropland ecosystem (n=13).

Fig. S2. Relationship between environmental variables (i.e., latitude, longitude, elevation) and the

natural logarithm of the response ratio (lnRR) of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial

biomass nitrogen (MBN), and the ratio of MBC to MBN (MBC:MBN). Different color indicate

different warming magnitude: L (blue), low warming magnitude (≤ 1°C); M (green), medium

warming magnitude (1-2°C); H (red), high warming magnitude (>2°C). The red solid line shows the

relationship between the MAT and RR of microbial biomass to warming in high warming magnitude.

Fig. S3. Relationship between warming magnitude and the natural logarithm of the response ratio

(lnRR) of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and the ratio of

MBC to MBN (MBC:MBN). And relationship between warming magnitude and mean annual

temperature (MAT) in MBC, MBN, and MBC:MBN. Different color indicate different warming

magnitude: L (blue), low warming magnitude (≤ 1°C); M (green), medium warming magnitude (1-

2°C); H (red), high warming magnitude (>2°C). The red solid line shows the relationship between the

MAT and warming magnitude in high warming magnitude.

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