Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний університет

МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ

до самостійної роботи з навчальної дисципліни

«ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ»

для студентів спеціальності 6.030507 “Переклад”

денної форми навчання

СумиВидавництво СумДУ

2010

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Методичні вказівки до самостійної роботи з навчальної дисципліни «Історія англійської мови» / Укладач І.К. Кобякова. - Суми: Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. – 30 с.

Кафедра германської філології

Методичні вказівки до навчальної дисципліни «Історія англійської мови» укладено з метою наочного і компактного викладення досить великого за обсягом програмного матеріалу, який містить основну лексику і термінологію курсу.

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Організація методичних вказівок при якій кожне питання займає, як правило, не більше однієї сторінки, а інформація викладається у вигляді таблиць та схем, в яких найголовніші положення виділені графічно, сприяє чіткому засвоєнню найсуттєвіших понять і швидкому знаходженню відповідей на питання.

Таблиці висвітлюють такі розділи курсу як:1) Германські мови, їх класифікація і характеристика.2) Періодизація в історії давньогерманських мов. Племінні

і територіальні германські діалекти. Писемність. Пам’ятки писемності.

3) Фонетичні система давньогерманських мов, їх граматична будова.

4) Давньогерманський словниковий склад: індоєвропейська спадщина і власне германська лексика.

Окрім таблиць з основних питань, містяться таблиці, що нададуть відповіді на численні питання студентів, які виникають у процесі вивчення курсу. Зазвичай відповіді на такі питання не існують в готовому вигляді, чи їх пошук пов'язаний з опрацюванням багатьох чи важкодоступних джерел.

Зазначаються витоки писемності, джерела виникнення латинського, готського та рунічного алфавітів, назви, значення та інтерпретація рун. Наводяться ілюстрації рунічних пам’яток, зразки латинських шрифтів, список текстових та діакритичних знаків з їх назвами і значеннями у порівняльному мовознавстві, правила читання латинської, готської, давньоанглійської та давньоверхньонімецької мов.

Порівняльні таблиці тематичних груп слів, що є індоєвропейською спадщиною, та найтиповіших груп слів германського походження в англійській, німецькій, нідерландській, датській, швецькій, норвезькій мовах надають можливість студентам побачити і порівняти власноруч в чому виявляється схожість і розбіжності в наведеній лексиці сучасних германських мов. Окрім кращого засвоєння знань з теми «Давньогерманський словниковий склад» - знаходження лексем, що належать до різних етимологічних рівнів англійської

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мови, цей додаток можна використовувати і при виконанні вправ з порівняльної фонології германських мов (вправи на закони Гріма та Вернера, другий пересув приголосних, західно германське подовження приголосних).

TABLE 1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANCIENT

GERMANS

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Archeology and ethnography data Borrowings in the languages of the neighbouring nomadic tribes Written sourcesThe written sources are as follows:PYTHEASfrom Massilia,the Greek astronomer,traveller and geographer

IVcentury ВС

an account of a sea voyage to the Baltic Sea. Has not come down to us. Was used by Greek and Roman writers, historians, geographers

JULIUS CAESAR, the Roman general,writer and statesman

Icentury ВС

described some militant Germanic tribes who bordered on the Celts of Gaul in the North-East in his 'Commentaries on the War in Gaul' ("Записки про галльську війну")

PLINY THE ELDER,the Roman scientist and writer

Icentury AD

made a classified list of the Germanic tribes grouping them under six headings in 'Natural History' ("Природна історія")

CORNEOUS TACITUS, the Roman historian and senator

І-Пcentury AD

compiled a detailed description of the life and customs of the ancient Germans. Reproduced Pliny's classification of the Germanic tribes, characterized their social stucture. 'Germania' ("Германія"), 'Annales' ("Анали")

JORDAN,the Gothic historian

VI century his work 'On the Origin and History of the Goths' ("Про походження та історію готів" чи "Гетика") was written in Latin and comprised the description of historical events from Cassiodor's history (533) and legends of the Goths of those times. Cassiodor's history has not come down to us

BEDE the Venerable, the English scholar and monk

VIIIcentury

'Ecclesiastical History of the English People' ("Церковна історія народу англів")

SNORRI SIURLUSON, the Old Icelandic statesman, poet and historian

XIII century 'Younger Edda' ("Молодша Едда") - prose Edda

TABLE 2THE ORIGIN OF SOME PROPER NAMES AND NOTIONS

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VIKING The word 'viking' is controversial:1) ONorw vikingr - vikja 'to turn' - a man who left his home

and sailed far away2) vik 'bay', 'gulf - a person who is tied to bays with the further

meaning of attacking assing ships from the bays3)Vík - a province adjoining to Oslo-fiord4) vig 'battle', 'fight'

VARANGIAN ONorw várar 'oath', 'promise', 'vow' and ganga 'go'

SCANDINAVIA *skaðin 'harm', 'danger' and *aujo 'island'. The word must have denoted a dangerous islandSkone, a province in Southern Sweden, Cape Scagen, StraitSkagerrak comprise the same root

SWEDEN OSw Swearkie 'the Sweds' state'

NORWAY *Norðvegr ‘a northern way, northern place, locality’. At first it might have denoted the sea way along the coast. Later on it shifted and began to denote a country stretching along theway adjoining the coastal line

DENMARK Olcel Danmork ‘frontier land of the Danes’ was the name of the frontier provinces in the south of the Jutland Peninsula Dane Mark (Датська марка)

ZEALAND О Dan Selund. There must have lived the tribe of silingi (силінги) in the island

The long slim boats of the Vikings (20-50 m. in length, 5 m. in width) were pointed at both ends that allowed sailing in the opposite direction without turning the boat about. The front end had a carved figure of a snake or dragon on it. Such a figure aimed at frightening evil spirits and horrifying enemies.

A boat was moved either by a large square sail when the wind was right or by oars. At least twenty men sat at the oars of a Viking boat. While they were rowing, other men were resting. Boats could admit up to 150 persons and could be carried by men in case of necessity. By this method the Vikings could make long journeys over water.

TABLE 3THE NORWEGIANS

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The first raids of the Vikings began from Norway

793 The Vikings attacked the Lindisfarne monastery Established the bases in the Shetlands and Orkneys Discovered the Faeroe Islands

836 Founded Dublin as a trading post and military base for raids. Raided various coasts of the Irish Sea, the Isle of Man, the Hebrides (832-847)

872 Harold Fairhair united most of Norway874 The first settlement in Iceland891 Eric the Red discovered Greenland995-1000 Olaf Tryggvason Christianized the Norwegians1000 Eric's son Lief discovered and explored 'Viniland'1015-1030 Olaf Haraldsson completed the Christianization of the

country. He was canonized and became St. Olaf1030-1035 The Danish king Canute ruled the country after Olaf

Haraldsson's death1035-1047 Canute's rale proved unpopular and in 1035 the

Norwegians elected Olafs young son Magnus as king10421047

1066

After Hardecanute's death in 1042 Magnus also became king of Denmark Magnus died in battle and was succeeded in Norway by his uncle, Harald Hardrade with whom he shared the kingdom since 1046. He had to battle with Canute's nephew Sweyn Estridson, elected as Danish king Harald was killed in vain attempt to conquer England

TABLE 4 THE DANES

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The Danes came from Southern Sweden into Zealand and the Jutland Peninsula. The Eider River became the established southern frontier

834 The Danes attacked Dorestad in Frisia and Paris844 Raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula859-862 Attacked Provence and Toscana865 (870) Conquered East Anglia (Great Britain)874 Conquered Mercia876 Conquered Northumbria878 Aelfred the Great routed the Danes at Edington.

According to Wedmore peace a part of England was yielded to the invaders and recognized as Danisl territory - Danelaw

911 The valley of the Seine seized by the Danes in 895 became known as Normandy (Dukedom of Normandy)

940-960 Gorm became king of JutlandGorm's son, Harold Bluetooth completed the unification of Denmark, conquered Norway and Christianized the Danes. Sweyn Forkbeard conquered England and formed the Anglo-Danish Empire

1016-1035 Sweyn's son, Canute, reigned the empire uniting Denmark, England, part of Sweden and in 1028-1035 Norway

1042-1047 Norway elected a native king Magnus. He also ruled in Denmark from 1042 to 1047

1047 Denmark elected Canute's nephew Sweyn Estridson. He battled with theNorwegian king Harold Hardrade for reunification with the result mat eachrecognized the other's sovereignty

TABLE 5EVOLUTION OF WRITING

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PICTURES (No writing)

Creations resulting from an artistic-aesthetic urge + Writing had its origin in simple pictures - Pictures do not form part of a conventional system

FORERUNNERS OF WRITING

DESCRIPTIVE-REPRESENTATIONAL1

ANDDESCRIPTIVE-MNEMONIC DEVICES2 +Lack the embellishments that form part of an artistic picture -Lack of systematic correlation between the visual marks and linguistic elements

LOGO-SYLLABIC WRITING

The introduction of the strict order of the signs that corresponds to the order of the spoken words. The most important step in the history of logographic ideographic writing was phonetization.3 Has also applied word signs functioning as syllabic signs from the earliest timesSumerian Egyptian Hittite Chinese 3100 ВС- 3000 ВС- 1500 ВС- 1300 ВС - AD 71 - AD400 - ВС 700 -present Mesopotamia Egypt Anatolia China Syria

SYLLABIC WRITING

Used only syllabic signs omitting word signs entirely Some descendants of the Proto-Babylonian systems, etc.

ALPHABETIC WRITING

Throughout the 2nd millennium ВС several attempts were made to find a way to indicate vowels in syllabaries of the Egyptian-Semitic type The Greeks evolved a system of vowel signs, and thus for the first time created a full alphabetic system of writing The Semites in turn learned to use of vowel marks

1Contain the elements important for the transmission of communication. 2Are represented by the recordings of objects, persons, ceremonial songs.3Phonetization - attaching a phonetic value to a sign independent of the meaning that this sign has as a word.

TABLE 6THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST ALPHABET

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Pictography or picture writing was the first step toward true writing.

Ideographic writing extended the possibilities of pictography. The earliest fully developed system of writing was cuneiform (IV mil. ВС)

The second oldest developed script was the Egyptian hieroglyphic style

Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics Both cuneiform and hieroglyphic scripts comprised not less than 600 signs and were not convenient in practical usage.

The North Semitic alphabet, forming Early Hebrew, Phoenician and Aramic branches, appeared between 1700 and 1500 ВС.

The Phoenician alphabet comprised 22 consonants. It became the direct ancestor of all Western alphabets. The Phoenicians wrote from right to left.

The Greek alphabet was created early in the 1st millennium ВС. It comprised 24 letters, both consonants and vowels. Names of

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Greek letters are Phoenician words by origin which correspond to Egyptian hieroglyphics by meaning.

The system of writing in Old English was changed with the introduction of Christianity. Before that, the English used the runes – symbols that were very vague, that might at the same time denote a sound a syllable or a whole word.

Runes are the 24 letters (later 16 in Scandinavia and 30 or more in Anglo-Saxon England) of an ancient Germanic alphabet used from the 2rd or 3nd to the 16th century. Perhaps derived ultimately from the Etruscan alphabet, the runic alphabet was used mainly for charms and inscriptions, on stone, wood, metal, or bone. Each letter had a name, which was itself a meaningful word. The rune \ , for instance, could stand for either the sound “f” or the fehu, “cattle”, which was the name given to the rune.

TABLE 7THE LATIN ALPHABET

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Developed from the Etruscan alphabet in c. made in 7 ВС. The earliest inscriptions were made in boustrophedon style1 , but after c. 4 ВС the Latin writing reads from left to right. Only 20 letters at first: ABCDEFHIKLMNOPQRSTUX . The Latin alphabet became one of 23 symbols by с. I ВС when G,.Y and Z2 were added.

The signs for ‘U’ and ‘V’, for ‘I’ and ‘J’ were written interchangeably for vowels and consonants. They were conventionalized as ‘U’ and ‘I’ for vowels and ‘V’ and ‘J’ forconsonants in the Middle Ages4.

From c.VII AD the Latin alphabet was used by lots of West European 1-ges (West Germanic VII-XII, North Germanic XII - XIII)

The modern national alphabets are, strictly speaking, adaptations of the Latin to these 1-ges.There were added different diacritical marks ( ́ ,̀ ˙˙ , ~)5, ligatures (ǽ, œ, ŋ, β), rj, Я), transformed letters of the Latin alphabet (đ, 3 ). All of them reflect the specific features of different national sound systems appropriately

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1The boustrophedon style (meaning in Greek) ‘as the ox draws the plow’ – “письмо по борознах” or “поворот плуга” in which lines run alternately from right to left and left to right.

2The letter ‘G’ appeared in 230 ВС. It was made by adding a bar to the lower end of ‘C’. ‘Z’ and ‘Y’ appeared in с. I ВС after the conquest of Greece to transliterate Greek borrowings.

3Most of the Latin letter names, such as ‘be’, ‘ce’, ‘de’ for the Greek ‘alpha’, ‘beta’, ‘gamma’ and so on, were taken over from the Etruscans.

4W was introduced by the Norman scribes to differentiate the bilabial semivowel ‘W’ from ‘V’. ‘J’ appears at the at the Epoch of the Renaissance. The regular usage of ‘J’ and ‘W’ refers to the epoch of the Renaissance as well.

5See Table 11. App. for the names of diacritical marks.

TABLE 8PERIODIZATION OF PG

The separation and development of PG from PIE took a long period of time. This process can be divided into two main periods.

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IEarly PGXV/V BC – - I/ IV AD

Separation of PG from the West IE (Centum branch) to itsstabilization as a separate systemIt possessed a lot of linguistic features typical of PIE:• the existence of the fixed and movable stress types• there didn't exist any difference between a stressed and an unstressed syllable• the three-morphe structure of the word• the existence of two tense-aspect stems in the system of the verb: the Infect and Perfect stems

IILate PGIV/VII AD – - XI/ XVI AD

From stabilization of PG to its dispersal into separate groups of Germanic dialectsIt acquired a lot of specific features of its own:• the dynamic stress fixed on the first root syllable• the opposition between stressed and unstressed syllables• the three-morpheme structure of the word developed into the two-morpheme structure• PG tense forms developed from РШ tense-aspect stems

It is believed that certain dialectal peculiarities appeared in early PG. They deepened in late PG causing further division of the linguistic language areal. After the Age of Migrations there developed the territorial dialects from the former tribal Germanic dialects. The territorial Germanic dialects gave birth to the languages of different Germanic nationalities. Formation of Old Germanic languages is connected with formation of Germanic tribes and tribal units and their gradual consolidation.

TABLE 9THE FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT OR GRIMM'S LAW

IE and Germanic languages are compared

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Essence: the type of articulation changes while the place of articulation remains unchanged. As a result there appeared more fricatives in Germanic 1-ges than there were in IE l-ges. The correspondences were grouped under three categories or acts. Each of the acts covered quite a long period of time of 100 years and more

IACT

IE Germanic voiceless voiceless plosives fricativesp > f t > θк > hkw > hw

L pater > E father R три > E three R кепка > E hat L quod > Gt ha

I IACT

voiced voicelessplosives plosives

b > pd > tg > k

g w > kw

R болото > E pool R два > E two R иго > E yoke Gr qunē > OE cwene

I I ІACT

voiced voiced aspirated plosives plosives

bh > bdh > dgb > g gwh > gw

correspond to/were shifted to/

were reflected as/ developed in

Skr bhratar > E brother Skr madhu > OE medu Skr *gh > Gt gasts, L hostis IE seήg w h > Gt siggwan

Exceptions:1 The shifting didn't take place after fricatives:L stare - Gt standan s + p(≠f) = p t(≠θ) = t fric [f], [θ], [h] k(≠h) = k2 The second of the consonants didn't undergo shifting:L octo Gt ahtau 1 k>h 12 12 2 t=t

TABLE 10 VERNER'S LAW. RHOTACISM

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Soon another exception to the first act of Grimm's Law was noticed

TABLE 11

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THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE VOWEL SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION

TONGUE – POSITIONS OF VOWELS

THERE EXIST VARIOUS DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF VOWELS

Table of English Vowels Vowels Trapezium

Vowel Ellipse Vowel Triangle

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TABLE 12 DEMONSTRATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE

PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNSORIGIN IE stems *to- and *so-Grammatical CategoriesGENDER 3 Masculine, Neuter, FeminineNUMBER 2 Singular, PluralCASE 4/5 + Instrumental

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INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNSORIGIN IE steins *kwo-, *kwi > Germ xwa-, xwiCombine the interrogative and the relative functions in all IE languagesGrammatical CategoriesGENDER 3 Masculine, Neuter, FeminineNUMBER - Have only singular formsCASE 4/5 + Instrumental

TABLE 1321

WEAK VERBS

I II III IVPG -i-

Gt nasjan - nasida- nasiþsOE nerian- nerede- neredOE cēpan - cepte- cept2

OE tecan - tohte- toht3

OHG nerian - nerita- gi (nerit)

PG -O-Gt salbon- salboda- salboþs(PG –oja- > OE –i-)

OE macian - macode- macod

OHGmachôn - machôta- gimachot

Gt-ai- PreteritestemGt haban-habaide- habaiþs OE habban - hæfde- hæfd

OHG -e-OHG haben- habêta- gihabet

Gt -n- (-na-)-no –Preterite stemGt fullnan- fullnōda- -----

Origin & Meaning

FromAdj, N, V stems

Transitive verbs with causative

meaning

Origin & Meaning

FromN, Adj stems &

Verbs borrowed from other

languages (In)/ transitive

Origin & Meaning

FromAdj stems (OHG)

Verbs denoting passing to a new

state Are not numerous

Origin & Meaning

FromV (Sv), Adj stemsIntransitive verbs denoting an action

of a state

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1The suffix –d- originated from the preterite from of the Germanic verb ‘do’:-d- <PG* don < IE* dhē/dhō: Run dedun, OSk dādun, OHG tātun “робили”, Gt hausi-dēd-um “чули”. The suffix -t- < ІB to in PLL:L deletus “зруйнований”, L audips “почутий’, R paзбитый (F.Bopp). 2The stem-forming suffix -i- was weakened to -e- after a short root-syllable (OE nerian) and was dropped after a long one (OE cēpan). If the preceding consonant was voiceless, the dental suffix was devoiced to [t].3There were two subgroups in Class I of OE Weak verbs: the regular verbs a d the irregular verbs. All the forms of the regular verbs (OE cēpan) had a mutated vowel in the root; the irregular (OE tecan) had a mutated vowel in the form of the Infinitive while the other two forms retained the original non- mutated vowel. The Past and P II forms of the irregular verbs had no the stem-forming suffix -i-when the process of i-umlaut developed in OE (V-VII c. AD).

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TABLE 14ANOMALOUS (IRREGULAR) VERBS

IE PGAthematic > Anomalous Verbs Verbs

In all Germanic languages:Suppletive “6ymu” Mod E ‘BE’

IE root*es- (Present forms)

Gtwisan

JE root *ues- (Present forms)

OE beon/ wesan

lB root bhu (In West G)

OHG wesan

“хoтimu” Mod E ‘WILL’

Gt wiljan

OE willan

OHG wellen

In West Germanic languages:

“poбumu” ModE ‘DO’-------------------- OE

donOHG tuon

Suppletive “imu” ModE ‘GO’

-------------------- OE gan

OHG gān

In OHG, OSax: “cтояmu” ‘STAND’

-------------------- ------------------------ OHG OSax stān stān

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TABLE 15PARADIGMS OF GT, OE & OHG VERBS

STRONG VERBSACTIVE Present Indicative

WEAK VERBSACTIVE Present Indicative

Gt OE OHG Gt OE OHGI, III, IV II I II III

Sg 1 -a -e -u, -o -a, - ― - ― -e -u -ôm, -ôn

êm,ên

2 -is -st -is(t), -est

-is -ō-s -st -is(t) - ôs(t) -ês(t)

3 -iþ -ð -it, -et -iþ -ō-þ -ð -it -ôt -êtDL 1 ōs ― ― -ōs -ō-s ― ― ― ―2 -ats ― ― -ats -ō-t ― ― ― ―PL 1 -am -u/-a

/mês,-emês,-êm

-am -ō-m

-e/a/ mês,-êm

-ômês,- ô(ê)n

-êmês,-ê(ê)n

2 -iþ -að -et,-at,-ent

-iþ -ō-þ -að -et,-at -ôt -êt

3 -and -ant,-ent -and -ō-nd -ent,-ant -ônt -êntPresen Subjunctive Present Subjunctive

Sg 1 -au -e -au ― -e - ôe êe

2 -ais -e -ês(t) -ais -ō-s -e -ês(t) - ôs(t) -ês(t)3 -ai -e -ai ― -e - ôe -êeDL 1 -aiwa ― ― -aiwa -ō-wa ― ― ― ―2 -aist ― ― -aist -ō-ts ― ― ― ―PL 1 -aima -êm, -ên

-a/-e/-mês

-aima -ō-ma -êm, -ên-a/-e/-mês

-ôm(ês),- ôn,-ôêm

-êm(ês),-ên,-êêm

2 -aiþ -en -êt, -ênt -aiþ -ō-þ -en -êt -ôt,-ôêt -ê(ê)t3 -aina -ên -aina -ō-na -ên -ôn,

-ôên-ên,-êên

MEDIOPASSIVE Present Indicative

MEDIOPASSIVEPresent Indicative

Sg 1 -ada ― ― -ada - ōda ― ― ― ―2 -aza ― ― -aza - ōza ― ― ― ―

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3 -ada ― ― -ada - ōda ― ― ― ―PL -anda ― ― -anda - ōnda ― ― ― ―

Present Subjunctive Present SubjunctiveSg 1 -aidau ― ― -aidau -ōdau ― ― ― ―2 -aizau ― ― -aizau -ōzau ― ― ― ―3 -aidau ― ― -aidau -ōdau ― ― ― ―PL -aindau ― ― -aindau -ōndau ― ― ― ―

THE STEM SUFFIX OF CERTAIN GOTHIC WEAK VERBS BELONGING TO THE 2ND AND THE 3D CLASSES MERGES WITH THE VOWEL OF THE ENDING WHEN THEY COINCIDE.

STRONG VERBS ACTIVE Past Indicative

WEAK VERBSACTIVE Past Indicative

Gt OE OHG Gt OE OHGI-VT VII

Sg 1 x’1 -— R2 — x’— x’-— -d-a -d-e -t-a2 x 2 -t R-(t ↓)st x”-e x”- i -d-ēs -d-es(t) -t-os(t)3 x-— R- — x’- — x’- — -d-a -d-e -t-aDL 1 x”-u R-u — — -d-ēdu — —2 x”-uts R-uts — — -d-ēdu — —P1 1 x”-um R-um x”-um(ês),

-un,-en-d-ēdum -t-um(ēs),

-un

2 x”-uþ R-uþ x”-on x”-ut,-ent -d-ēduþ -d-on -t-ut3 x”-un R-un x”-un,-en -d-ēdun -t-un

Past Subjunctive Past SubjunctiveSg 1 x”-jau R-jau x”-i,-e -d-edjau -t-i

2 x”-eis R-eis -x”-e x”-is,-îs(t) -d-edeis -d-e —3 x”-i R-i x”-i,-e -d-edi -t-iDl 1 x”-

eiwaR-eiwa — — -d-ēdeiwa — —

2 x”-eits R-eits — — -d-ēdeits — —P1 1 x”-eima R-eima x”-îm(ês) -d-ēdeima -t-îm(ês)

2 x”-eiþ R-eiþ x”-en x”- ît, în -d-ēdeiþ -d-en -t-ît3 x”-eina R-eina x”-în -d-edēina -t-în

Imperative ImperativeSg2 3 — - — - — -ei-o-a-n — —

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3 -adau — — -adau4 — -iD12 -ats — — -ats — —P1 1 -am — -a/-e/mês,

-êm,-ên-am — -e/-a/mês,

-o(ê)n,- êên2 -iþ -að -êt,-at,

-ênt-iþ -að -et,-at,

-ôt,-êt3 -andau — — -andau — — 1x’ denotes that the past singular stem of the strong verb is used; x” denotes that the past plural stem of the strong verb is used.2R - the reduplication is used in form-building. 3The Imperative stem coincides with the Infinitive stem.4The stem suffixes vary from the 1 to the 4th classes. A completer table should be consulted for details.

PROTO-GERMANIC VOCABULARYTABLE 16

OLD GERMANIC VOCABULARY

ETYMOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGICAL LAYERS

COMMONINDO-EUROPEAN LAYER

Lexical isoglosses cover all the areals of the Indo-European language community. The areal of the isoglosses can be wider, narrower, or it can cover only two or three areals, as: Germanic-Baltic lexical isoglossesGermanic-Slavonic Germanic-Baltic-Slavonic

Gennanic-CelticGennanic-ItalicCeltic-Italic-Germanic

OE Зrindan, Lith gréndu OIcel borr, OR δоръ OIcel vax, Lith vaskas, OSlav воск OE rūm, Olr rún OE Зræs, L grāmen OIr cnū, L núx, OE hnutu

COMMON GERMANIC LAYER

These words do not have etymological parallels in other IE languages. These isoglosses do not

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cross the boundaries of the Germanic language communityGothic-Scandinavian lexical isoglosses(68) West Germanic lexical isoglosses (60)

Gt fraiw, Olcel fræ, frjo 'family'OE cninht, OHG kneht 'servant'

NATIONAL WORDS

Words which appeared in different Old Germanic languages after their separation from the Common Germanic language community

OE clipian 'to call' OE brid 'bird'OE hlafōrd 'lord'

STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION

NEUTRAL VOCABULARY

Commonly used words denoting productive activity of men, elementary notions and things

STYLISTICALLY COLOURED WORDS

Poetic words used in Old Germanic epic texts: metaphors, kennings, epithets, comparisons Words used in philosophical, law, religious texts - learned wordsTexts of runic inscriptions - stereotyped formulas, usage of specific sacred words, deliberate omission or addition of certain runes in inscriptions

OE swan-rad (way of swans) 'sea'

Alu, auja, erliaR, lau, laukaR

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIATIONDepending on the lexical meaning the words fell into different semantic spheres as natural phenomena, productive activity, names of men, animals, plants, main qualities, actions, etc.

OE vocabulary is believed to comprise from 30.000 to 100.000 words. Up to 70% of the Modern English vocabulary consist of the loan words, and only 30% of the words are native.

The Common IE word-stock and the Common Germanic words form the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech (no less than 80% of 50% of the most frequent words of Modem English).

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TABLE 17COMMON INDO-EUROPEAN VOCABULARY

NOUNSNatural phenomena and environment- meteorological phenomena snow, rain, cold- physical objects hill, dale, mar-- seasons, parts of the day Names of animals, birds, plants

Parts of the human bodyheart, ear, nose, tooth, head, foot Terms of kinshipfather, mother, daughter, sister Productive activity- stock-breeding, agriculture cattle, cow, sheep, milk, wool, com, barley, crops, plough-some metals and their processing copper, iron

cold: IE*gel-, Gt calds, OE ceald, OHG kalt

hill: OE hyll, L Collis, Lith calnas

crane: Gr geranos, L grьs, OE cranapple: OE appel, OHG apful, Lith obelis, R яблоко

heart: Gt hairto, OE heorte, Gr kardia, L cor

father: Gt fadar, OE fæder, OHG fater, L pater

cattle: Skr páçuh, L pecus, Gt faíhu, OE fēoh corn: Gt caúrn, OHG korn, OE corn, L grānum

copper: Gt aíz, OE ār, OHG êr, L aes, OInd ayas

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VERBS- denoting basic activities of men be, live, die, eat, sleep, hear, see, go, stand, sit, run, know- agricultural activity plough, till, sow, milk

know: Gr gignōskō, L cognōscō, Gt kunnanplough: Gr aróō, L arō, Gt arjan milk: Gr amélgein, L mulgeō, OE melcan, OHG melchan

ADJECTIVESbig, new, old, young, hot, red

red: Skr rudhiráh, L ruber, U рудий, Gt rauÞs

PRONOUNSPersonal, interrogative...

I: Skr ahám, L egō, OE icwho: Skr kah, L quis, Gt has, R кто

NUMERALS eight: Skr astā, Gr óctō, L óctoō, Gt ahtau hundred: Skr catám, Gr (he)catón, L centum, R сто, Avest satm

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS

of: Skr àра, Gr apó, L ab, OE offor: Skr pra-, L pro, Gt faúr, OE for, R про

TABLE 18COMMON GERMANIC VOCABULARY

NOUNSThe most important objects and natural phenomena- atmospheric phenomena- physical objects- seasons, timeNames of animals, birds, plantsNames of men and parts of a human bodyNames of different objects. clotheshouse, ship, bridge, cloth, shirt Abstract notions

frost: OE, OSax, Olcel frost, OHG vrost storm: OE storm, OHG sturm, Olcel stormr sea: Gt saiws, OE sæ, OHG sēo, OIcel sǽr time: OIcel tið, OE tīd, OHG zît horse: OE hor, OHG (h)ros, OIcel hross hand: OE hand, OHG hant, OIcel hend

bridge: OE ЬrусЗ, OHG brucka hope: OE пора, OHG hoffe, Sw hopp

VERBSbake, burn, buy, drive, hear, keep, like, send, drink, hold, speak

drink: Gt drigkan, OE drincan, OHG trinkan send: Gt sandjan, OE sendan, OHG senten

ADJECTIVESbroad, sick, own, little, high, green, blue own: OE аЗеn, OHG eigan, OIcel eiginn

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PRONOUNSsuch, they, their, them, some, both such: Gt swaleiks, OE swile, OHG solihADVERBS often: Gt ufta, OE, OHG, OIcel oft

LOAN WORDSCELTIC BORROWINGS

ironwhisky, Exe, EskAvon, Evan, Loch NessLondon < L Londiniun < Celt Llyndūn

Celt *isarno, Oh- iarann > Gt eisarn, OE isern,iren, OHG isarn, Olcel isarn, iarn Celt usige ‘water’, avon ‘river’, loch ‘lake’ Celt dūn ‘hill’

THE EARLIEST LAYER OF LATIN BORROWINGSRefer to material culture, trade, agriculture, cooking:port, -caster, -ehester (Lancaster, Man-chester, Portsmouth), wall, street, mile, ketue, dish, kitchen, cup, pound, inch, butter, cheese, cherry, pear, wine, mint, pepper, mill...

port < L portus ‘harbour’-caster < L castra ‘camp, fort’wall < L vallum ‘sheft, fencing’street < L strata via ‘paved road’mile < Lmilliapassum ‘one thousand steps’

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