t12 pmanp 2005 12 system of indicators for sustainable port management
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7664111
Development of a sstem of indicators forsustainable port management
ARTICLE in !"#$%& '())*+$(% *))&+$% - "%*"# 06
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5 AUTHORS, $%)*D$%8:
&duardo peris mora
*niversitat 'olit9cnica de al9ncia
49 '*)$"+$(%S 919 $+"+$(%S
S&& '#(2$)&
"ll in;te
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05;>06?/@ ; see front matter A 05 &lsevier )td. "ll rights reserved.
&;mail address: eperisBcst.upv.es C&. 'eris;!ora.
E orresponding author. +el.: F>4 60 36 675 6G fa4 36 >7 75
(ver recent decades maritime incidents have featured among
the environmental disasters that have caused most social alarm.
+hese disasters have included spills involving hdrocarbons, to
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!arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166
www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul
Development of a sstem
ofindicators forsustaina ble portmanagement
&. 'eris;!oraa,E
, .!.
DieL (reas b
, ".
Subirats b
, S. $baMnNeL b
,
'. "lvareLa
a alencia
'oltechnic*niversit,amino deera, s/n,4600,alencia,Spain
b 2&'(#+S C$nstituto 'ortuario de
&studios ooperacioMn de laomunidad alenciana, /'aL 0.46> alencia, Spain
"bstract
+he 133 proect &('(#+, JJ+owards" Sustainable +ransport %etwor=KK,developed b the alencia 'ort "uthoritC'", established the bases for implementing an &nvironmental!anagement Sstem C&!S in industrialharbours. +he use of data and informationshall alwas be reOuired to develop an
e cient &!S. +he obective of the presentffi
research C$%D"'(#+ stud is to propose asstem of sustainable environmentalmanagement indicators to be used b an port authorities. "ll activities performedwithin a port area are analsed for an potential environmental impacts and ris=s.
"n environmental analsis of portactivities has been carried out with theobective of designing the indicators sstem.+went;one corresponding activities have been identified for large industrial ports.SubseOuentl, the same methodologdeveloped to date will be later applied toother Spanish and &uropean ports. +hestud has been developed b using anoriginal sstem and a meth;odolog, whichsimultaneousl use stage diagrams andsstemic models Cmaterial and energ flowcharts. !ulti;criteria analsis techniOues
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were used to evaluate potential impactsCidentification of factors and evaluation of impacts. A 05 &lsevier )td. "ll rights reserved.
Pewords: &nvironmental indicatorsG&nvironmental management sstemG 'ortmanagementG $S( 141G &!"SG &nvironmental
impact
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"Q"#D Sstem with the same obectiveC8reen "ward, 01. Since 1337, thealencia 'ort "uthorit C'" in Spainhas been developing the proect &(;'(#+ C&('(#+ alencia, 0 with aview to establishing procedures toimplement the &co;"udit &uropeanregulation 1>6/13> in &uropean
harbours. +he initiative was supported bthe &uropean ommis;sion )$2& proects.$%D"'(#+ C$'&, 05 has since beeninitiated C00H04 to establish sstemsof indica;tors in order to implement asustainable environmental portsmanagement. +he &('(#+S2(*%D"+$(% finall started itsactivitties in 0>. $n September 0>,&S'( published the new ode of 'racticerecom;mending specific environmental
practices to improve the environmental ports performance CDarbra et al., 04.
+he &uropean *nion #egulation1>6/13> was en;acted in 133>.$ndustrial sector companies were invited toimplement an &!S based on eco;auditingC&nviron;mental !anagement "uditingScheme, &!"S to be included in one&uropean registr. 'ort installations weree6/13>, which was then inforce. $ts obective was to create the basicconditions for sustainable &uropean portdevelopment and management inaccordance with this #egulation. "fter the&!S had been implemented in the portenvironment itself, it was necessar toestab;lish the environmental performancecontrol mechanisms which would in turndetermine the status and changes of the
port environment.
+he obective of the proect$%D"'(#+, which manages the researchdescribed in the present document, was todesign a sstem of sustainable
environmental management indicators for the port authorities to aid
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the assessment and minimisation of environmental ris=s. +he stud, proposaland implementation were carried out busing the 'ort of alencia as a base in thefirst place, with the intention to them
being subseOuentl eG Stanle, 0>G $S( 14>1.2rom the di erent definitionsff regardingthe concept of $ndicator that scientificliterature provides, we have selected thatfrom (&D C133>:
$ndicators: $nstruments which evaluate the
positive or negative state of the environmentand the conseOuences of applied measures.
"n environmental indicator is a parameter or
value resulting from a group of parameters
which provides information regarding a
phenomenon with a broader significance
than that directl associated with the
configuration of the parameter.
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$ndicators are JJsignals which allowdata to become available for decision;ma=ingKK. Since decision;ma=ing is anintellectual process, the decision;ma=er should have the opportunit to consider allthe available and necessar information.Qhat is the necessar informa;tionR Iowmuch information is necessarR +heanswer to these Ouestions is the obect of
the research line car;ried out b our teamin the present stud. 2or instance, in anactivit as simple as driving a car, theJJindicatorsKK helping us drive come frominside the car Cspeed, fuel consumption,lights, as well as from outside Cnumber
plates, painted road lines, signals fromother cars, . . ., and the allow us to ma=eimmediate decisions.
$f we were to consider port activitfrom a compre;hensive panoramic point of view, we could identif sev;eral tpes of management;decision levels where eachone would not onl correspond to di erentff responsibilities, but would also needdi erent tpes of indicators. Severalff responsibilit levels e thatneeds special indicators Cterritorial, socialwhere port management can be consideredas part of the coastal Lone comple<sstem.
Shipping and ports Cmaritime industris usuall iso;lated from contemporarintegrated coastal and ocean discussionand practice, despite their impact oncoastal and ocean activit C!connell,00. +he JJecological footprintKK conceptC&2 CQac=ernagel and ount,
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0G Qac=ernagel, 01G "lba, 0> hasalso been pro;posed as a strategicindicator. +his evaluates ports b their surface area siLe, providing resources for sustain;able activit. +his port indicator isstill not widel used. &2 can be useful tocompare environmental behaviour among
ports, or to evaluate the temporarevolution of port behaviour. "pparentlwe are dealing with a ver useful sstem,
particularl when it is necessar to com; pare the global impact of di erentff transport sstems in order to decide anddefine a particular transport polic.
2ig. 1 depicts a diagram devised b our team to estab;lish this as a starting;pointmodel in order to decide the scale of our analsis. 'orts and industrial par=s sharesimilar, common characteristicsG ports alsohave similar;ities with specific populationsor particular urban dis;tricts. +he sstemof indicators for port environmentalmanagement at a '" level strives to beuseful for large industrial portsG it should
bring together a series of char;acteristicsderived from di erent sources which areff com;mon to the maorit of indicatorsC(&D, 133>G &&", 01G &SSD, 1333.
+hese characteristics are compiled as asummar in +able 1.
>. ase stud and methodolog
"lthough our research is limited to the'ort of alencia as a JJcase studKK in afirst instance, it is to be e +&*, of which 71.1T has been han;dled in the'ublic ontainer +erminal. +he annual
vol;ume of tra c in the 'ort of alenciaffihas reached >4.36 million ton C0>.!ore than ports from the fivecontinents regularl connect through the'ort of alen;cia, with more than 16transport lines o ering services to andff from the 'ort of alencia. +his port coversan area of appro
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&. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166 165>
+able 1
8eneral characteristics of port indicators
#epresentativeness +he indicators should represent environmental behaviour as accuratel as possible
onciseness +he indicator should allow for the simplification of the number of variables, which characterises a
phenomenon of condensing the information with the least possible loss of information
'urpose +he indicator should allow an activit to be evaluated in such a wa that goals are accomplished
*sefulness +he indicator should be a useful tool for the activit
#elevance Qithin the environmental awareness framewor=
"daptabilit eing adapted or easil adapted to other indicators, models and prediction sstems C&&", (D&, &, etc.
omparabilit (ver time Cthe development of a phenomenon, and with in regional, national and international framewor=s
Sensitivit +he indicator should be sensitive to environmental changes with fast, adaptable and appropriate responses
to them. +hus, the should have variable values according to the changes in the phenomenon
larit +he sstem should be coherent and focus on essential data. +he indicators should be concise, accurate,
simple and eas to interpret
#eliabilit and obectivit $n obtaining and developing the data
&as to obtain 2rom the phenomenon being evaluated
ontinuit +he collecting data criteria should be constant over time in order to compare results
#egularit +he indicators should be determined at appropriatel short intervals for the purpose of having the
opportunit to activel pursue and influence the desired data
Scientific verification +he indicator should be preferabl Ouantitative. $f this were not possible, it should be hierarchicall
categorised
Qell;defined limits +he indicator should provide information about its own limitations
ost;e ectivenessff +he indicator should be administrativel e cient in terms of the costs involved in obtaining the dataffi
and use of the information
companies, ships and other suppliers andclients compl with the law C&spanNa,0>, )e de 'uertos. "lthough thelicensed companies are obliged to providethe '" with environmental informationin accordance with their activit, asreOuired b the legal regulations, this hasnot become an eH4H5 in the e
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1654 &. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166
+able 0'ort activities
1. Sea tra cffi0. )and tra cffi>. Storage, loading and unloading of oil products4. Storage, loading and unloading of bul= liOuids5. Storage, loading and unloading of bul= solids6. Storage, loading and unloading of general container
merchandise7. Storage, loading and unloading of non;container
merchandise. 2ishing act ivi t3. Iandling and converting perishable bul= solids
1. 'ort services'ilotage+owing!ooring)oc= conditioningQaste disposal'reservation of $nstallations and $nfrastructureSecurit'rovisioning of vessels
11. "dministrative services10. onstruction and repair of vessels1>. Sanitation services14. &mergenc operations
2ir e protectionsste
mSearescue
&mergenc energ generators!aintenance and cleaning ofthe port area
15. !aintenance operationsuildings, gardens, wor=shops, roads, doc=s,reflecting pool
16. Dredging17. !
"# '()
wastetr eatment!"#
'()
$:oil
!"#'() $$: no
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correlation among di erent impactsG thus,ff allowing the magnitude of the problem to
be reduced and the sstem to besimplified. $n general, even though thefactors have been identified, noOuantitative information e identifiesthe variables and groups. " total of 6>aspects were considered to detail the 10groups.
" cross matri< C6> aspects - 01
activities, where the activities;process are
shown in the columns and the as;pects are
shown in the rows, permits the
identification of the most relevant impacts
from activities with a sig;nificant impact.
+his large matri< is not represented in this
paper. +he measurement of significance is
carried out b Ouantifing the impacts
produced on each envi;ronmental aspect.
+he evaluation was carried out b an
e
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2uel consumption &nergconsumption
#aw materials C$ consumption1
2uel consumption Qaterconsumption &nergconsumption #aw
materials C$0
2uel consumption
Qater consumption&nerg consumption
#aw materials C$>Dconsumption
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&mission of 7(, %(
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( v e r t a = i n g
" b n o r m a l i t
& m e r g e n c i e s
"
e c t o n
ff
# e n e w a b l e
# e v e r s i b i l i t
o f
2 r a g i l i t o f
2 r e O u e n c
! a g n i t u d e
i m p a c t s
: a r i a b l e s
D a n g e r /
+ a b l
e >
& v a l
u a t i o n v a r i a b l e s f o r
" s p e c t s / i m p a c t s g r o u p s
<
<
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&. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166 1657
+able 4
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'otential environmental impactsVenvironmental indicators
'otential environment impacts &nvironmental indicators
"ir pollution&mission of particles from storage, loading and unloading of bul=solids &mission of combustible gasses (, %(
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165 &. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166
+able 4 Ccontinued
'otential environment impacts &nvironmental indicators
ontaminated sludge from dredging 1. reation of sludge from dredging
Sludge with hdrocarbons from !"#'() waste treatment
#esource consumption
onsumption of processed water in the manipulation and transformation 11. & cient water consumptionffi
of perishable bul= solidsQater consumption in cleaning and maintaining green areas
Qater consumption in watering carbon heaps when handling bul= solids
Qater consumption in cleaning and maintaining crafts in marinas
2uel consumption in land tra cffi 10. & cient fuel consumptionffi
2uel consumption in machiner used for the storage, loading and unloading
of containerised merchandise
2uel consumption in machiner used for building and repairing vessels
&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading 1>. & cient electric energ consumptionffi
of containerised bul= solids
&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading
of non;containerised bul= solids
&lectric energ consumption in the storage, loading and unloading of
non;containerised merchandise
&lectric energ consumption the handling and pumping of oil;basedderived products
&lectric energ consumption in the handling and pumping of bul= liOuids
(ther
"lteration of water currents due to the e. &nvironmental obective
4. D
escr i ption
of
th
e
indicator
De
f inition
*nitsof measurement2r
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eOuenc
Scope
5. !ethodologof calculation'ar ameter sto bemeas
ur ed" p plica blelegislation!easur ingtools
od responsible for ta=ingmeasurements 'lace for obtaining data
2reOuenc of measurements6. #eferences
commercial ports have man elements incommon, and that the e
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&. 'eris;!ora et al. / !arine 'ollution ulletin 5 C05 1643H166 1653
analsis techniOues were used to evaluate potential impacts Cidentification of factorsand evaluation of impacts.
'ort activit is susceptible to di erentff scale descrip;tions, from operation tas= scales to strategic State port polic. +hisstud has focused on the need to deviseinstruments to aid decision;ma=ing b the'" at an environmental management level.
+he tas= descriptions have allowed usto identif the number of potential formsof environmental impact which should begiven preferential treatment in portmanagement in order to establish action
plans." total of 6> forms of potential
environmental im;pact found in di erentff port activities have been identi;fied. $t isnecessar to appl and improve the controlover these activities. (bective criteriamust be applied to them in order to reducethe magnitude of the prob;lem. " total of 17 pressure/state indicators, some of which are multi;dimensional, have beenchosen for port environmental polic.
"c=nowledgement
Qe would li=e to than= the following people for their collaboration in thesuccess of the $%D"'(#+ 'roect: D."ndreMs 8uerra, 'uertos del &stado, D.2ederico +or;res and D. oseM SaMeL,"utoridad 'ortuaria de alencia, D. uan)uis DomeMnech, "utoridad 'ortuaria de8ioMn, D. oseM "lba, *niversidad de(viedo.
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