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edrock democrat ,P U B L IS H E D E V E R Y W E D N E S D A Y ,

BY

J- M. S H E P H E R D .Office in Pierce’s Hall.

Terms or Subscription :One year...... « .*ix Months,.. . \

f m E » O I U - A CO., 10 State Iand 7m ? T Ujn- 37 P « k Row, New York, «Sr Ï Ï e m i r«.W 8treet- Rblladelphia, are for th l Bed» ^ ¿ >lVCDr,ng *«D «rt>seinent* cltle« HrÎiDEoClt « “ OCKAT, lu tlie ubove advertuPn^ ttull»orDed to contract for erasing at our lowest rates. naif *

JOlte\?ím£üw PrcParcd «io all kinds of Ï , ’ short notice and at rcasona-nie rates.lrnw ÄT̂i1 Job Work MUST PAID* ° R ON d e l iv e r y .

Democrat.VOL. 4. BAKER CITY, BAKER COUNTY, OREGON, WEDNESDAY, AUG. 13, 1873. NO. 14.

.HATES O F ADVFHTISIV»H ^

One square or less, one insertion,.......Each additional insertion,............... •• vJOne sqnare three months,.............: . . . i u w

Busine*» Advertisement* by the month—Quarter column....................... ? * * ' * • } , * AnHalf colum n,...........................• • • ••', * 7?One column,................................. *# 00

Ten per cent, additional on advertisements to which a special position is guaranteed.

(X7"The space of one Inch, up and down the column, constitutes a square.

X. B.—All debts due this office are payable in Coin, unless otherwise expressly agreed.

BUSINESS NOTICES.

J • P - A t w o o d , M. D.(Graduate of the Medical Department ot

the Willamette UniTeraity,) PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON,n23] BAKER CITY, OREGON. Iti

K LLIG IO I H X O T U E S .

Reuoiovs.—The Bev. Mr. Newton, of the , • r 1 D’huroh, South. will preach at the fol­lowing tunes and places: lstBuuday in each month, at Eagle Greek, at 11 a. it., and ¡Sat­urday night pievious; night at Gem City; Monday night loliowing, Main Powder ltiver, kt Mr. Sander*’ ; Saturday night and 2d bun —J V> iugr file; Tuesday night following,North Powder, at Riggs’ school house; Weu- nesday at VN oil creek; Thursday uight, Uuion- town; Iriday night, Iowa scsool house; Sat­urday night anu 3d buuday, 11 a . m., Rus­sell » school house: uight, La Grande; Tues­day night alter, Liberty school house; Wed­nesday night, Forest Cove, Dixie school house; Thursday night, Kindull» school house; Friday night, Indian Valley; Saturday night and 4tu buuday at 11 a. K., Dry creea achoolhouse; night, Uummervitle; Monday night following, Uni^utowu; Tuesday night, Big creek.

Religious.—Rev, A. J. Joslyu will fill ap­pointments as follows, until lurtber notice: 1st buuday each mouth at Uuion, at 11 a. it,

“ “ The Cove, at 3 r. u.2d Sunday Summerville morning and eve’ng. 3d buuday, Cove at 11 a . m.; Lmou 3 1 . u. 4th buuday. Focahoutas at 11 a. m.; James’

behool House at 3 r. m., and Raker City at 3 v. it.

Mondsy evening following, llye Valley; Tues­day and Wednesday evening, Mormon Rabin; Thursday evening at Eldorado. Religious.- -Rev. G. W. Clancy, of the

Baptist Church at Wiugville, will preach at the District bcliool House, lu Baser City, the second buuday of each mouth at 11 o ’clock, A. M.

Episcopal Chnrcli, Rev. Dr. Ne- ▼ius, Missionary in C harge:

July 27th, at the C ove; Aug. 3rd, at La Grande; Aug. lUth, at Baker City, at 11 A. M. aud S 1J. M.; Aug. 17th, at Union, at 11 A. M.

P R O F E S S I O N A L C A R D S .

L. O. B TB RN 8, T. C. IIY D E ,N o t a r y P u b l ic .

S t e r n s & H y d e ,A t t o r n e y s a n d C o u n s e lo r s A l - I . a u ,

BAKER CITY, OREGON.L. 0 . Sterns will attend the Court* of the

Fifth judicial District, and o f Idaho andWashington Territories.

Water Rights and Mining Litigation a Specialty.

Collections promptly attended to.June 18, 1873.nGy *

\ LAWRENCE & D IG IN ,A t t o r n e y s - a t - L a w ,

B A H EH C I T Y , O R E G O N .

W ILL P R A C T IC E IN A L L C O U R T Sof the State. Mr. Lawrence, the resi­

dent partner, will attend to the business in Baker and Union Counties. n50y

I. D. HAINES,TTORNEY AND COUNSELOR AT

L Law, Baker city, Oregon* [n ltf

L A A V .m . A s m m m ,

BAKER...........................................OREGON.Advances made on good mortgages, bonds,

Botes and accounts, left for collection, when desired. I nltf

J. M. S H E P H E R D , A t to r n e y -a t -L a w ,

BAKER C IT Y , OREGON.

R

LIUS. MICE & .NEWSOM,

JAS. H. SLATER,Attorney and Conmelor at Law,

Will practice in the Courts of the Fifth Judicial District.

Particular attention paid to Collections. April 2, 1878.-n47y.

S . V . KNOX,A tto rn ey at L a w ,

(And Notary Public,) W E S T O N , O R E G O N .

Will practice in the Court* of this State and Washington Territjry.

SPECIAL AITENTION PAID TO LAND Business, and Collections. nl3tf

J O S E P H H. S H I N N ,Notary Public

A N D

C o n v e y a n c e r ,Will attend to Conveyancing and making

ABSTRACTS OF TITLE.Baker City, Sept. 11,1872. nlStf

D r . E c IP. T i e r n e y ,PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON,

BAKER CITY, OREGON,ESFECTFULLY INFORMS 1HE CIT-

___izens of Eastern Oregon that he has lo­cated in Baker City, aud gives strict attention to his Profession.

Q^Ollice at J. W. Wisdom’s Drug Ptore.C7” Residence at the end of the street

north of the Catholic Church./Baker City, Nov. 5, 1872.-u26tf.

K E V N ". S n o w , M . 1_). Physician and Surgeon,

BAKER CITY, OREGON.| Office—At the City Drug Store.

m e d ic a l e x a m i n e r* * the New York Life .Insurance Co

mar

l a Æ ^L Ì I l f n £D E N T I S T S ,

Having permanently located in B A U E R C I T Y , O R E G O N ,

And are prepared to operate in all branchesof the

DENTAL PROFESSION.All work Warranted. Office at the

n7tf BAKER HOTEL.

. Ü, I). STEFRe s p e c t f u l l y in f o r m s t h e c i t i -

zeiu of Raker City and vicinity that he will soon be with them again prepared to do all kind* of

Dental Work,in the most substantial manner.

Baker City, March 12,1873.n44tf.

j. B. GARDNER,

© r-Hc©

W'h0

ÈWATCHMAKER AND JEWELER,

ESTABLISHED IN BAKER CITY IN 1867, Keeps constantly on hand a well assorted

Stock of

WATCHES, CLOCKS i JEWELRY,and is prepared to do all kinds of work in

his lice of business.Waltham and Elgin Watches at Factory

n31 Prices [tf.

’W e s t e r n H o t e l .X AIN STREET,........................................... BAKER CITY.

REID & FLETCHER, Propr.

T HIS HOUSE has been enlarged and re­fitted, and is now the beet Hotel on the

Umatilla and Idaho stage route.Stages leave this House for above and be­

low, and also for Clark’s Creek Eldorado, Geui City and Sparta.

Connected with the Hotel will bo found a first class

S A L O O N !Liquors, Wines and Cigars of the best

quality. Phelan’s Improved Billisrd Tables all in good order.

N. B.—Those indebted to either tlie Hotel or Saloon are requested to appear at the Captain’s office and settle. no5v3tf.

BAKER CITY BREWERY, KASTNER & LACHNER, Proprietors,

BAKER CITY, OREGON,

Re s p e c t f u l l y in f o r m t h e c i t i -zens of Daker City, and the surround­

ing Towns and Mining Camps, that they are now prepared to till all orders with the very best quality of

H a g e r B e e r ,At reasonable rates. The public are invited ta call and look at our est&lishment.Baker City, Jan. 8, 1873.-n35tf

GEORGE SALLY, PROPRIEIOR.OF T H E

B a n k E x c h a n g e ,West Side of Main Street,

Baker City, Oregon.

Ti m s s a l o o n is s u p p ie d w i t hthe very best of

BRANDIES,W H IS K Y S ,

WINES,CIGARS, Ac., <tc.

The Proprietor of this New Establish­ment will be pleased to see his Friends and the Public give him a call, and he will try to make them feel AT HOME.

Baker City, Jone 12. 18T2.-no5v3tf

T H E N D E R S O NB A K E R C IT Y , OREGON,

MANUFACTURER AND DEALER I a

Harness, Collars, Hobbles,W H I P S ,

S A D D L E R Y ,Etc., Etc., Etc.

Prices reasonable. Repairing done at short notice. n!7tf

STONE MASONS & STONE COTTERS W A N T E D .

THE UNDERSIGNED W ILL PAYtlie Best of Wages for 10 or IS Stone

Masons. Work will last about three months.ROBERTS & NELSON.

Baker City, April 28, 1873.n51tf

(ftp m n fl»AA Per day! Agents wanted tPW 1 U V u U All classes of working peo­ple, ot eitner sex, young or old, make moie money at work for us iu their spare moments, or ill'the time, than at anvtlnng else. Par­ticulars free. Address, G. Stinson A Co., Portland, Maine- v®n!9y

For th e R e d b o c k D e m o c r a t .

COM P U L S A R Y E D U C A T IO N .

BY L. B . WELLS.

In the discussion of qneationa concerning which there is much conflict of sentiment and difference of opinion, an immense quantity of data must Recollected and chaotic mass of facts must be grouped to­gether and reduced to order and sys­tem, ere we can approximate to an unbiased conclusion. There has been in Ibe United States, and also in the various nations of the Euro­pean Continent, much debate in the question of Compulsory Education; the rostrum and the pulpit have flamed with pervered eloquence and glowing rhetoric and thundered forth; and the silent, bnt powerful, influence of tlie pen, has contribut­ed toward and moulded the popular opinion in favor of tbe universal ed­ucation and reformation of the hu­man races. We shall attempt no ex­tended review of past arguments and facts already advanced by others,— but we will examine the most impor­tant bearings of the subject by means of the light of reason, com­mencing our investigation by first considering the

Hl|fht* a n d D u ties o f P aren t* .

Parents too little appreciate or comprehend the great responsibili­ties of parentage; for this reason, in particular, do so much moral degra­dation and ignorance prevail and permeate ull human society. Par­ents very often consider that they have the same authority over their children as they have over their ox­en or horses; and in accordance with this view of the matter they frequen­tly control their offspring. Parents certainly have no such right accord­ed them by nature, there is a limita­tion to their authority beyond which no wise and judicious parent will go or even venture to pass. Itisavery good and truthful saying, that “ if you want your boys to remain at borne don’t bear too bard on tbe grindstone when they arc turning.” Now, if parents insist and persist in “ bearing too hard on the grindstone” —and refuse their children that proper culture and education so req­uisite to successful life, and turn them adrift in the world with noth­ing upon which to rely bnt their in­capacity and inexperience to sustain and support them, we ask in the name of reason, justice and humani­ty, can we not, as freemen, enact laws that will compel the parents to provide for, and see to it, that their children are educated? If not, where is the boasted intelligence of the 19h century? What plausible argument* can be offered against a measure, or the enactment of a law, that is to compel parents to perform their du­ty to their offspring and to humani­ty? No intelligent individual will affirm for a moment that parents have any right to prevent their chil­dren from enjoying the grand and glorious privilege of education,while the rich intellectual gems lie scat­tered all around our pathway. In­deed, can prevent, by the simple ex­ercise of their rightful authority, keep their children from gathering up these gems? Their old fogy ideas and oft mooted theories must give place to the thoughts and ideas o f the 19th century. The great era of universal progress rolls rapidly on the grand destiny, bearing its pon­derous load of grand, pulsating and profound thought and intelligence, crushing beneath its mighty wheels all obstacles and opposition. We must mount the chariot and glide on with the swelling tide of humanity. Education our children m ust an d w il l Lave,—and if parents refuse to perform their natural duty to their offspring, THET MUST BE COMPELLed b t l a w so to d o . It certainly can be no infringement upon parental authority to exact tbe strict compli­ance with, and performance of doty. There can be no other alternative in tbe end, and this is the only true method whereby we can keep pace with tbe rapid strides of modern progress and civilization. Parents mast no longer be allowed to drive their children as they would horse or oxen. We counsel nothing but what humanity dictates and reason and jastioe fully sustain We want oor

legislators to enact snch laws as will compel parents simply to do their duty, and nothing more or less.— Bat enough has been said on this di­vision of the subject, consequently let ns pass to the consideration of the second, and probably, tbe main division of the subject under consid­eration.

L ib e rty a n d Freedom .

Inate in the American heart are the principles of Liberty and Free­dom, and whatever has a tendency to subvert the legitimate ends and practical application of theso princi­ples, (liberty and freedom) receives the unqualified condemnation of tbe American people. The same may be also said in an individual sense personal liberty is guarded with the same jealous care as national liberty. The opponents of Compulsory Edu­cation use this as their strongest ar­gument, but it has no bearing what­ever in the question, and every at­tempt to make capital out of it has only resulted in proving clearly its misapplication and sophistry. Upon what principles of right do the civil authorities deprive the criminal of his liberty or even bis life? Is that an infringement npon human liberty? No sane individual will say tbe civil authorities have no right to punish crime. Note clearly the logical ap­plication of this particular point. If then, the law has the right tc punish crime or depriving the offender of his liberty, or even his life, as the case may be, cannot the same power that is exercised in punishing crime be wielded in tbe prevention and rooting out of crime? There can be no logical difference between a law that punishes crime and that wLich, by coersave means, prevents the ex­istence and extension of crime. The only plausible distinction that can be made is,that tbe former cuts away tbe branches while the latter strikes at the root of the evil. Now which is the more desirable, the latter,— most assuredly. It is evident that in either case there is no infringe­ment or encroachment upon personal freedom in the least particular. We will now proceed to the considera­tion ofH ow E d u ca tio n p rev en t* the E x te n ­

sion a n d Existence o f C r im e ; a n d w h y C om p u lsory E d u ca tio n w o u ld str ik e

th e R oot o f C rim e.

The education of the yonthfnl mind moulds the future character and destiny of any young man, be that education moral or immoral.— There are but few, if any, exceptions to this rule. It is in this proposi­tion that all the argument and facts concerning Compulsory Education are embraced and herein it will stand or fall in the future discussion of the qaestion. If universal edu­cation will not contract the further extension of crime, then Compulso­ry Education cannot be of any value whatever; if, on the contrary, educa­tion has a tendency to root oat crime then Compulsory Education is the only effectual method that can be adopted, whereby the object can be obtained. There cannot be the least shadow of a donbt, or question, that universal education would root out crime, pauperism, vagabondage and beggarism in the human family, now so widely prevalent. If parents would simply do their imperative duty the necessity of a Compulsory Law would be dispaired of entirely; but parents, generally speaking, will not do their duty, hence the necessi­ty-

The formation of character has all to do with success in life. Charac­ter, in a great measure, depends up­on the education which the individ­ual receives in the early period of life. If, however, no education is received at all, character will form and shape itself according to outside influences, consequently, 9 cases out of every 10 form dissolute and reck­less characters as the ontside influ­ences are nearly in every instance,— conducive of the last named result. This cannot be successfully confut­ed by any known logic or reason,— based, as it is, wholly on the princi­ple that universal education has a strong tendency to prevent crime.— Indeed, this argument of itself is very strong, if none other could be advanced, to confute successfully all the argument« offered against

Compulsory Education. Our prisons Sedan, by King William, some of theasylums, <kc., are crowded to suffo­cation iu all our great metropolitan cities, and pauperism and human degradation extends over the whole commonwealth of America.

Our highways and public thor­oughfares are thronged with an im­mense army of thievish vagabonds, pickpockets aod beggars—tbe prime result of ignorance and no education —who prey npon the innocent and inexperienced traveler. There is no personal security in any of our great commercial emporiums, and even life is constantly in danger. This army has been constantly augment­ing, and will continue so to do, so long ss the banner of ignorauce flut­ters in the breeze, and that of en­lightenment is trampled in the dust by the cohorts of vice and legions of ignorance. Where is our boasted intelligence, our progress, and our Christian civilization? Our muni­cipalities, our legislatures, and even our Congress, tainted and blackened by the hand of corruption; aud pub­lic purity is now scarcely known, or even understood by aspirants for emoluments. How long will it be, if this state of affairs continue, until we, as a nation, will be transformed into a nation of thieves? Indeed, not long—let the present degeneracy continue 30 years hence, and the Un­ited States, which has been honored as the most powerful and enlighten­ed nation of the modern period, will sink so low that noi a bubble will rise to the surface to mark the place of its descent; the great and grand pillar of American freedom will crnmble and mingle with the dust; and the social elements, which con* stitutes, in a great measure, Ameri­can happiness, will be of the things of the past. We are no sensational alarmist—but merely speak from the light of reason and from the principle of cause and effect. How can this national result be radiated, and what means can be adopted that will be effectual in tbe matter? If we accord in the fact that education is a potent remedy of crime (and it cer-

officers were unable to sign their names to articles of capitnlation .ow­ing to the fact that they conld not pen their names. And is it aston­ishing when we reflect npon the ra­pidity with which the Prussians consummated their victories over the French? not in tbe least. The supe­riority of the education of the Prus­sians was manifested in every point where the intelligence of one was contested against another. Wo think that we now have sufficiently answered this last objection, namely —that the “ Stato has no right to in­terfere with family relations,” and hence leaving this division of the subject we will examine thoU n i v e r s a l A c c e p t a n c e o f t h e S y s t e m .

as the opinions of great men aud influential journals on questions o f public interest are consulted we may hero with profitgive utterances made by such accepted authority.

The following is the opinion of Henry Ward Beoclier:

Mr. Beecher goes to the very root of the matter when he says:

“ The groat argument of compulso­ry education is the educating volun­tarily of a majority of tho State’s children; but the peoplo say: 'I ftho schools aro good, may you not safely leave these children to paren­tal affection?’ No, no. There is a vast number of uneducated foreign­ers and they don’t understand the necessity and advantages of educa­tion until after they have been here a short time, and then they catch the spirit of the thing at once.

“ There are a great many bad char­acters and criminals, peoplo that have no care for the education of their children, for tho State can do much for herself in the care of them. There aro a great many more of yonr careless parents, who do not appre­ciate the necessity of education, and look more to themselves than to the intelligence of tKo child. When this is the case the State lfivs a right to step in and take care of the children.

“ If the parent sacrifices the child’ intelligence, then the State is invest-

tainly is) we must conclude, in the ed with a parent’s right, for though light of reason and logic, that Com- ! all parents havo tho liberty of doing pulsory Education is the effectual j right, no parent has the right to dopreventative of crime, hence admit­ting tho great utility and necessity of its speedy adoption in America.— There are many other questions un­der this division which would nat-

wrong; and in this respect the great parent, the State, will not let pass unheard the inarticulato cry of the army of ltttle children thataro grow­ing up aronnd ns; the State has no

urally come np for investigation but right to pamper tho feelings of sol-we now pass to the consideration ofYI h at R ig h t h a* the Ntate to Interfere

in F a m ily M atter*!

We hold that Compulsory Educa­tion in any sense has but little if anything to do with family relations. The State has the right to coerce its citizens into quiet and law abiding citizens; and it certainly has the right to educate them in a manner that will enable them to be useful members of society, and if parents refuse to give their children an edu­cation it is no unjust interference in family relations for the State to com­pel all such parents to do their duty. Furthermore, the government has the right to adopt snch means and end as will be condncive to the grea­test good and welfare of the nation. Education promotes industry and economy among the people, and hence increase the wealth and pros­perity. Writers on political econo­my have arrived at the jast conclus-

fishness in this question of educat­ing tho minds of the young or to stint the privileges of a full man­hood.”

We aro glad to reo that Mr. Begch- er is not afraid to advance his opin­ion so boldly and comprehensively in a matter of so great importance to the American people. He thinka rapidly, decisively and boldly, and hesitates not in expressing his views. The others who coincide with him, and whose utterances are equally decisive, but too numerous to men­tion.

The Pennsylvania School Journal argues this:

“ To us it seems very inconsistent to maintain that a State may force a good citizen from his family, and march him into the jaws of death, in the defenoe of liberty, and yet may □ot lead a child to school for tho sake of serving the purpose of good government. This talk about tyran-

ion that^the most speedy and sure ny and Prussia, and nations ruledway to enlarge national prosperity is by educating the people. The as­sumption and cry that Compulsory Education is a despotic measure, an are borrowed from a despotic nation, ■macks too much of old fogjism. If indeed, it is a measure which had its origin in a foreign nation, governed by kings, this does not detract from its utility in the least, on tbe contra­ry tho country wherein an educa­tional measure originates has noth­ing whatever to do with the final success of such measure. We do not say Compulsory Education had its origin in Prussia, but we do say that that nation owes all its power and influence to the measure. It has hero been tested and its great utility fully demonstrated. Frauca today is in a stateof anarchy and confusion in consequence of the widely extend­ing ignorance of the common people. To tore illustrate. at the capture o f

I

by kings, emperors and monarchs when a compulsory school law is mentioned, as though it were incon­sistent with Republican liberty,— seems more the language of preju­dice than reason. Every good citi­zen relinquishes a portion of his property and freedom for the public good, and may not parents be requir­ed to place their children, for a lim­ited period, under the control of a teacher for the same great object.”

This journal is not alone in thia matter, bnt other jonrnala have giv­en tbeir opinions strongly in favor of Compulsory Education.

Here are some of the arguments that may with profit be advanced in favor of Compulsory Education, this this has not been our exhaustive treaties on tho subject, bat merely a condensed run of the leading points, Now the merits of the qaestion are fairly plaoed before you for yoor de-

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