t aramaki, c j hailey, j jou, j e koglin, h t yu columbia astrophysics laboratory
DESCRIPTION
Indirect Dark Matter Search with Antideuterons: Progress and Future Prospects for General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS). T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T Yu Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory W W Craig, L Fabris, N Madden, K P Ziock Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 1
Indirect Dark Matter Search with Antideuterons: Progress and Future Prospects for General Antiparticle
Spectrometer (GAPS) T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T Yu
Columbia Astrophysics LaboratoryW W Craig, L Fabris, N Madden, K P Ziock
Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryF Gahbauer
University of Latvia/Columbia UniversityK Mori
CITA/Toronto
• Thanks to J Collins and LLNL electronics shop, T Decker, R Hill, G Tajiri, M Ieiri and the KEK staff
• Support in part by a NASA SR&T grant, NAG5-5393
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 2
How Does Cold Dark Matter Generate Antideuterons?
HadronizationMonte Carlo
_p
_n
X
Dark MatterModel
q,h,W…
CoalescenceModel
_D
• Pair annihilating WIMPS produce:
, , e+…
• Donato et al. (2000) suggest antideuteron signal
Baer & Profumo 2005
Uncertainties in Primary Antideuteron Flux
_p…
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 3
Low energy, neutralino-neutralino produced
antideuterons are near background free• Primary component:
neutralino annihilation _
X+X → D • Secondary component:
spallation _
p+H → p+H+D+D _ p+He → p+He+D+D
• Clean signature @ low E, but see Baret et al. 2003
• However, sensitivity demand is daunting
Antideuteron flux at the earth (with propagation and solar modulation)
Primary
Secondary
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 4
GAPS is based on radiative emission ofantiparticles captured into exotic atoms
TOF_D
Target
Segmented Detector
Degrader
LadderDeexcitationsn=1, l=1
NuclearAnnihilation
Exotic Atom
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=nK~15
no,lo
Atomic Transitions19 keV
75 keV
35 keV *
*
*
Anti-protonic atoms (in addition to Muonic, Pionic, Kaonic atoms) extensively studied and atomic transitions well understood.
22
11
ifH
*
nnRMzZE 2
Auger e-
Refilling e-
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 5
Comparison of Direct & Indirect Antideuteron Detection Sensitivities for
SUSY DMThere are ~20 current or planned
direct detection experimentsIndirect Antideuteron search offers
a complementary methodCDMS (Soudan) 2005 Si (7 keV threshold) CDMS (Soudan) 2004 + 2005 Ge (7 keV threshold) CDMS Soudan 2004+2005 Ge/Si SD-neutron/protonCDMSII (Projected) Development ZBG SuperCDMS (Projected) Phase C CDMSII (Soudan) projected CUORICINO projected exclusion limit COSME 2001 Exclusion Limit, 72.7 kg-days CRESST-I projection limit, Al2O3 CRESST-II projected limit, CaWO4 CRESST I SD-neutron/protonCRESST II SD-neutron/protonDAMA 2000 58k kg-days NaIDAMA 2003 NaI SD-neutron/protonDAMA Xe129 DMRC projection for 100kg CsI, 1cpd ELEGANT V NaI SI/SD limit, OTO COSMO Observatory Edelweiss I final limit, 62 kg-days Ge 2000+2002+2003 limit Edelweiss SD-neutron/protonEdelweiss Ge, projected GEDEON projection Genius Test Facility projected limit, 2001, energy threshold 2 keV Genino projected exclusion limit, DM2000 Heidelberg - Genius, projected IGEX projected exclusion limit (for 1kgyr) IGEX 2002 Nov limit NAIAD 2005 final result SI/SDPICASSO SD-neutron/proton (2005)SIMPLE SD-neutron/protonZEPLIN I First Limit (2005) NAIAD spin indep. projected limit, 12 p.e./keV with 100 kg-yrs exposure XENON100 (100 kg) projected sensitivity XENON10 (10 kg) projected sensitivity XENON1T (1 tonne) projected sensitivity ZEPLIN I SD-neutron/proton(preliminary) ZEPLIN 2 projection ZEPLIN 4/MAX projected (2004) SuperK indirect SD-proton
Baer & Profumo 2005
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 6
Detector approach was dictated by trade between performance and shoe string
budget• 16 NaI(Tl) detector modules covering 40 cm long x 12 cm diameter target cell
• Each modular 4x2 arrays of 25mm diameter x of 5 mm thick crystals (128 total)
• Solid angle coverage ~ 0.3
2004 KEK Experiment
GAPS Detector
C2F6 (gas)C (Aerogel)
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 7
KEK Accelerator Tests to Demonstrate Fast-timing, Multi-X-ray Spectroscopy
Approach
TOF [ns]
E [keV]
TOF & ShowerBeam Counters
NaI Detector [keV]Charged
Veto [MeV]
-0.3 -0.2
2.3 2.7 3.3 3.9
0.1
4.5
-0.1
5.7
5092
198
0.2
0.4
0.2
*
*
*
TOF Trigger Counters Degrader ShowerCounters
Exotic Atom
Atomic Transitions
Nuclear Annihilation
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 8
2004 KEK GAPS ResultsWe clearly get X-rays when we dump Antiprotons into our gas target
50 100 150 200 250 300NaI Energy Deposit [keV]
No Target
C2F6 Target
00
400
600
800
200
1000
More importantly, we see X-ray transitions in events with multiple signatures!!!
33
*
86
BeamDirection
NaI Energy [keV]
38
3 X-ray + 1 * EventHailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 9
Solid and Liquid Targets Tested in 2005
CCl4Al
CBr4
(liquid)
S
Targets chosen based on known, high Kaonic yields Goal to measure Antiprotonic atom yields
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 10
CBr4 – KEK 2005
50 100 150 200 250 300X-ray Energy [keV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30b) NaI Energy [keV]
0.7 0.7 0.8 0.33.1 3.8 5.8 7.6 5.4 7.6
Time [ns]E [MeV]
P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P3 P4 P5
a)
223
145
99
71
52
31,40
99
74
248 153 BeamDirection
ChargedVeto [MeV]
Target
Cut: 2 X-ray & 4 total signals
50 100 150 200 250 300X-ray Energy [keV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30b) NaI Energy [keV]
0.7 0.7 0.8 0.33.1 3.8 5.8 7.6 5.4 7.6
Time [ns]E [MeV]
P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P3 P4 P5
a)
223
145
99
71
52
31,40
99
74
248 153 BeamDirection
ChargedVeto [MeV]
Target
Multi-X-ray Spectrum 4 X-ray Transition Event
Hailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 11
Sulfur – KEK 2005
Cut: 2 X-ray & 4 total signals
50 100 150 200 250 300X-ray Energy [keV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30b) NaI Energy [keV]
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.22.5 2.9 2.7 3.2 5.2 5.2
Time [ns]E [MeV]
P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P3 P4 P5
a)
139
76
4630
83
*
147
BeamDirection
ChargedVeto [MeV]
Target
1.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
*
*
Multi-X-ray Spectrum 2 X-ray + 3 * Event
50 100 150 200 250 300X-ray Energy [keV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30b) NaI Energy [keV]
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.22.5 2.9 2.7 3.2 5.2 5.2
Time [ns]E [MeV]
P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P3 P4 P5
a)
139
76
4630
83
*
147
BeamDirection
ChargedVeto [MeV]
Target
1.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
*
*
Hailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 12
Preliminary results from KEK experiments • Solid targets have been successfully utilized:
simplification over initial gas concept is enormous Gaseous Antiparticle Spectrometer
General Antiparticle Spectrometer • Pion stars provide substantial additional antiparticle
identification • Preliminary results on X-ray yields per capture are
consistent with those used in original sensitivity calculations
• Non-antiparticle background is cleanly identified and rejected
Conclusion: GAPS is probably more promising than originally anticipated
Jason Koglin – KAVLI Symposium – Dec 11, 2005 13
Goal is to conduct balloon-based GAPS antideuteron search by 2009-2010
• Investigate flight detectors (e.g., CZT, LaCl, NaI), readout geometries (PMT, APD, fiber-coupled scintillator bars) and low cost electronics. 2006-2007
• Detailed design and simulation of flight geometry, extending on original work. 2006-2007
• Design and construction of gondola and first flight module. 2007-2008
• Flight test of prototype GAPS – possibly from Sanriku in Iwate, Japan. 2008 (T Yoshida & H Fuke have recently joined GAPS collaboration)
• LDB flight from Antarctica or ULDB flight from Australia (if available). 2009-2010