synchro studio 9 user guide

Synchro Studio 9 Synchro plus SimTraffic and 3D Viewer

Traffic Signal Optimization and Simulation Modeling Software User Guide

Synchro Studio 9 User Guide

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Synchro Studio 9 User Guide Copyright 1993 2014 Trafficware LLC. All rights reserved.

All rights reserved. This manual, as well as the software described in it, is furnished under license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. Except as permitted by such license, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This manual is designed to provide authoritative information and guidance in regard to the subject matter covered. It is provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering traffic planning, roadway design or transportation engineering services. If expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Printed in the United States of America.

First Printing: April 2014.

Trademarks

Trafficware, Synchro and SimTraffic are registered trademarks or trademarks of Trafficware LLC. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. HCS 2000, HCS 2010, and TRANSYT-7F are trademarks of University of Florida. PASSER is a trademark of Texas Transportation Institute (TTI).

Written By

Trafficware, LLC.

Published By

Trafficware, LLC. 522 Gillingham Sugar Land, TX 77487 www.trafficware.com (281) 240-7233


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Keeping Up to Date To keep this information up to date, Trafficware might issue new printings of this manual. New printings reflect minor changes and technical corrections. You can keep this information up to date by visiting and installing the latest revision of the Trafficware software since this User Guide is replicated in the Help Menu of the program. To find out if you have the latest revision or build of the software visit our website at www.trafficware.com.


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Acronyms and Abbreviations CBD Central Business District HCM Highway Capacity Manual ICU Intersection Capacity Utilization LOS Level of Service MOE Measure of Effectiveness MUTCD Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices PED - Pedestrian PHF Peak Hour Factor v/c Volume to Capacity Ratio


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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1-1 Helpful Documentation ..........................................................................................................................................1-2 Additional Resources ..............................................................................................................................................1-3

Chapter 2 Map View and Layout .......................................................................................... 2-1 Map View ...............................................................................................................................................................2-1 Map View Toolbar..................................................................................................................................................2-7 Templates (Tmplts) Toolbar ...................................................................................................................2-8 Node Toolbar ..........................................................................................................................................................2-8 Link Toolbar ...........................................................................................................................................................2-9 Lane/Movement (Ln/Mvt) Toolbar ........................................................................................................................2-9 HCM 2010 Toolbar ...........................................................................................................................................2-10 Toolbar Customization .........................................................................................................................2-11 MAP View Keyboard Commands ........................................................................................................................2-13

Chapter 3 Initial Synchro Model Set-Up .............................................................................. 3-1 File Units ................................................................................................................................................................3-1 Map Settings, Color, and Sizes ...............................................................................................................................3-1 Time Tracker in Synchro ........................................................................................................................................3-2 Scenario Manager ...................................................................................................................................................3-3 Network Settings ...................................................................................................................................3-4 Lane Settings ..........................................................................................................................................................3-5 Volume Settings .....................................................................................................................................................3-5 Timings Settings .....................................................................................................................................................3-6 Phases Settings .......................................................................................................................................................3-7 Simulation Settings .................................................................................................................................................3-8 Emissions Settings ..................................................................................................................................................3-8 Default Settings ......................................................................................................................................................3-9

Chapter 4 Adding Background Images ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Overview ................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Using Bing to Add a Background Image ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Chapter 5 Coding the Roadway Network ............................................................................. 5-1 Introduction to Links and Intersections ..................................................................................................................5-1 Mapping out Links and Intersections......................................................................................................................5-1 Select Intersection...................................................................................................................................................5-4 Rotate, Scale and Move the Map's Coordinate System ..........................................................................................5-8 Drawing Features ....................................................................................................................................................5-8

Chapter 6 Overview of Data Entry Settings ......................................................................... 6-1 Full View Data Entry ..............................................................................................................................................6-1 Side View Data Entry .............................................................................................................................................6-2 Lanes and Volumes Data Rows ..............................................................................................................................6-3 Changing the Name of the Approach Direction .....................................................................................................6-3

Chapter 7 Node Settings ....................................................................................................... 7-1 Signalized Intersection ...........................................................................................................................................7-1 Unsignalized Intersection .......................................................................................................................................7-1 Node Number .........................................................................................................................................................7-2 Zone ........................................................................................................................................................................7-2 Node Coordinates ...................................................................................................................................................7-3 Description .............................................................................................................................................................7-3


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Control Type ...........................................................................................................................................................7-3 Cycle Length ..........................................................................................................................................................7-4 Lock Timings ..........................................................................................................................................................7-4 Optimize Cycle Length ...........................................................................................................................................7-4 Optimize Splits .......................................................................................................................................................7-5 Actuated Cycle Length ...........................................................................................................................................7-5 Actuated Cycles by Percentile ................................................................................................................................7-5 Natural Cycle Length ..............................................................................................................................................7-5 Maximum v/c Ratio ................................................................................................................................................7-5 Intersection Delay ...................................................................................................................................................7-6 Intersection Level of Service ..................................................................................................................................7-6 Intersection Capacity Utilization ............................................................................................................................7-7 ICU Level of Service ..............................................................................................................................................7-7 Offset Settings ........................................................................................................................................................7-7 Mandatory Stop on Yellow ...................................................................................................................................7-11

Chapter 8 Lane Settings ........................................................................................................ 8-1 Lanes and Sharing ..................................................................................................................................................8-1 Street Name ............................................................................................................................................................8-2 Link Distance ..........................................................................................................................................................8-2 Link Speed ..............................................................................................................................................................8-2 Set Arterial Name and Speed ..................................................................................................................................8-3 Travel Time ............................................................................................................................................................8-3 Ideal Saturated Flow ...............................................................................................................................................8-3 Lane Width .............................................................................................................................................................8-3 Grade ......................................................................................................................................................................8-4 Area Type CBD ......................................................................................................................................................8-4 Storage Length ........................................................................................................................................................8-4 Storage Lanes .........................................................................................................................................................8-4 Right Turn Channelized ..........................................................................................................................................8-4 Curb Radius ............................................................................................................................................................8-5 Add Lanes ...............................................................................................................................................................8-5 Lane Utilization Factor ...........................................................................................................................................8-6 Right Turn Factors ..................................................................................................................................................8-6 Left Turn Factors ....................................................................................................................................................8-7 Saturated Flow Rates ..............................................................................................................................................8-7 Right Ped Bike Factor .............................................................................................................................................8-8 Left Ped Factor .......................................................................................................................................................8-8 Right Turn on Red (RTOR) ....................................................................................................................................8-8 Saturation Flow Rate (RTOR) ................................................................................................................................8-9 Link is Hidden ......................................................................................................................................................8-12 Hide Street Name in Node Title ...........................................................................................................................8-12

Chapter 9 Volume Settings ................................................................................................... 9-1 Traffic Volumes ......................................................................................................................................................9-1 Conflicting Pedestrians ...........................................................................................................................................9-1 Conflicting Bicycles ...............................................................................................................................................9-2 Peak Hour Factor ....................................................................................................................................................9-2 Growth Factor .........................................................................................................................................................9-3 Heavy Vehicles .......................................................................................................................................................9-3 Bus Blockages ........................................................................................................................................................9-3 Adjacent Parking Lane, Parking Maneuvers ..........................................................................................................9-4 Traffic from Mid-block ..........................................................................................................................................9-4 Link Origin Destination (O-D) Volumes ................................................................................................................9-5 Adjusted Flow ........................................................................................................................................................9-8 Traffic in Shared Lane ............................................................................................................................................9-8 Lane Group Flow ....................................................................................................................................................9-8


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Chapter 10 Timing/Signing Settings................................................................................... 10-1 Timing Settings ....................................................................................................................................................10-1 Layout ...................................................................................................................................................................10-1 Signing Settings ....................................................................................................................................................10-2 Phase Templates ...................................................................................................................................................10-2 Turn Type .............................................................................................................................................................10-2 Protected and Permitted Phases ............................................................................................................................10-3 Permitted Flashing Yellow ...................................................................................................................................10-5 Detector Phase ......................................................................................................................................................10-5 Switch Phase .........................................................................................................................................................10-5 Leading Detector ..................................................................................................................................................10-5 Trailing Detector...................................................................................................................................................10-5 Minimum Initial ....................................................................................................................................................10-6 Minimum Split ......................................................................................................................................................10-6 Total Split .............................................................................................................................................................10-7 Yellow Time .........................................................................................................................................................10-8 All-Red Time ........................................................................................................................................................10-8 Lost Time Adjustment ..........................................................................................................................................10-8 Lagging Phase? .....................................................................................................................................................10-8 Allow Lead/Lag Optimize? ..................................................................................................................................10-9 Recall Mode ........................................................................................................................................................ 10-10 Pedestrian and Hold Phases ................................................................................................................................ 10-11 Sign Control ........................................................................................................................................................ 10-11 Median Width and TWLTL Median ................................................................................................................... 10-12 Critical Gap ........................................................................................................................................................ 10-12 Follow Up Time ................................................................................................................................................. 10-13 Roundabout Settings ........................................................................................................................................... 10-13 Measures of Effectiveness .................................................................................................................................. 10-13 Actuated Effective Green ................................................................................................................................... 10-13 Volume to Capacity Ratio .................................................................................................................................. 10-15 Control Delay ..................................................................................................................................................... 10-15 Queue Delay ....................................................................................................................................................... 10-16 Total Delay ......................................................................................................................................................... 10-16 Level of Service .................................................................................................................................................. 10-16 Approach Delay .................................................................................................................................................. 10-16 Approach Level of Service ................................................................................................................................. 10-17 Queue Lengths .................................................................................................................................................... 10-17 Warning Indicators ............................................................................................................................................. 10-18 How to Code an Overlap .................................................................................................................................... 10-18 Timing Settings Quick Start ............................................................................................................................... 10-20

Chapter 11 Phasing Settings ............................................................................................... 11-1 Layout ...................................................................................................................................................................11-1 Percentile Scenarios ..............................................................................................................................................11-1 Ring and Barrier Designer ....................................................................................................................................11-2 Cluster Editor ........................................................................................................................................................11-3 Minimum Initial ....................................................................................................................................................11-4 Minimum Split ......................................................................................................................................................11-4 Maximum Split .....................................................................................................................................................11-4 Yellow Time .........................................................................................................................................................11-5 All-Red Time ........................................................................................................................................................11-5 Lagging Phase? .....................................................................................................................................................11-5 Allow Lead/Lag Optimize? ..................................................................................................................................11-5 Vehicle Extension .................................................................................................................................................11-6 Minimum Gap ......................................................................................................................................................11-6 Time Before Reduce .............................................................................................................................................11-6


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Time To Reduce ...................................................................................................................................................11-6 Recall Mode ..........................................................................................................................................................11-6 Pedestrian Phase ...................................................................................................................................................11-7 Walk Time ............................................................................................................................................................11-7 Flashing Dont Walk Time ...................................................................................................................................11-7 Pedestrian Calls ....................................................................................................................................................11-7 Dual Entry ............................................................................................................................................................11-7 Fixed Force Off? ...................................................................................................................................................11-8 Percentile Green Times ........................................................................................................................................11-8 Modeling Occasional Pedestrians with Actuated Signals .....................................................................................11-9

Chapter 12 Detector Settings .............................................................................................. 12-1 Number of Detectors ............................................................................................................................................12-1 Detector Phase ......................................................................................................................................................12-1 Switch Phase .........................................................................................................................................................12-1 Leading Detector, Trailing Detector .....................................................................................................................12-2 Detector Template ................................................................................................................................................12-2 Add Template .......................................................................................................................................................12-2 Detector n Position ...............................................................................................................................................12-3 Detector n Size .....................................................................................................................................................12-4 Detector n Type ....................................................................................................................................................12-4 Detector n Channel ...............................................................................................................................................12-4 Detector n Extend .................................................................................................................................................12-4 Detector 1 Queue ..................................................................................................................................................12-4 Detector 1 Delay ...................................................................................................................................................12-4

Chapter 13 Simulation Settings .......................................................................................... 13-1 Storage Length ......................................................................................................................................................13-1 Storage Lanes .......................................................................................................................................................13-1 Taper length ..........................................................................................................................................................13-2 Lane Alignment ....................................................................................................................................................13-2 Lane Width ...........................................................................................................................................................13-3 Enter Blocked Intersection ...................................................................................................................................13-3 Median Width .......................................................................................................................................................13-3 Link Offset............................................................................................................................................................13-4 Crosswalk Width ..................................................................................................................................................13-4 TWLTL Median ...................................................................................................................................................13-4 Headway Factor ....................................................................................................................................................13-5 Turning Speed ......................................................................................................................................................13-5 Lane Change Distances ........................................................................................................................................13-5

Chapter 14 HCM 2010 Settings .......................................................................................... 14-1 HCM 2010 Settings ..............................................................................................................................................14-1 Signalized Intersection - Automobile Mode .........................................................................................................14-1 Signalized Intersection - Pedestrian Mode ...........................................................................................................14-9 Signalized Intersection - Bicycle Mode .............................................................................................................. 14-12 TWSC Intersection - Automobile Mode ............................................................................................................. 14-18 TWSC Intersection - Pedestrian Mode ............................................................................................................... 14-22 HCM 2010 Roundabout Mode ........................................................................................................................... 14-25

Chapter 15 Time-Space Diagram ....................................................................................... 15-1 Parts of a Time-Space Diagram ............................................................................................................................15-2 Time-Space Diagram Features .............................................................................................................................15-3 Time-Space Diagram Options ..............................................................................................................................15-5 Interacting with the Time-Space Diagram ............................................................................................................15-6 Relating the Time-Space Display to Delays and Queues .....................................................................................15-8

Chapter 16 Signal Optimization Routine ............................................................................ 16-1


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Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................16-1 Overview of Optimizations...................................................................................................................................16-1 Optimize-Intersection Splits .................................................................................................................................16-2 Optimize-Intersection Cycle Length .....................................................................................................................16-4 Optimize-Network Cycle Lengths ........................................................................................................16-9 Optimize - Intersection Offsets ........................................................................................................................... 16-15 Optimize - Network Offsets ............................................................................................................... 16-16 Coordinatability Factor ....................................................................................................................................... 16-18

Chapter 17 Percentile Delay Method .................................................................................. 17-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................17-1 Delay Calculations ................................................................................................................................................17-1 Queue Length Calculation .................................................................................................................................. 17-21 Stop Calculations ................................................................................................................................................ 17-24 Fuel and Emissions Calculation .......................................................................................................................... 17-25 Unserved Vehicles Calculation ........................................................................................................................... 17-25 Dilemma Zone Vehicles and Safety ................................................................................................................... 17-26 Intersection Capacity (ICU) Calculations ........................................................................................................... 17-28 Stopped Delay vs. Signal Delay ......................................................................................................................... 17-31 Comparison of Analysis Methods ...................................................................................................................... 17-31

Chapter 18 File and Project Management ........................................................................... 18-1 File and Project Management Overview ..............................................................................................................18-1 Save As .................................................................................................................................................18-1 Merge Files ...........................................................................................................................................................18-1 Save Part of a File .................................................................................................................................................18-3 Using Synchro with SimTraffic and CORSIM .....................................................................................................18-3 File Extensions .....................................................................................................................................................18-4

Chapter 19 Reports and Printing ......................................................................................... 19-1 Printing Views ......................................................................................................................................................19-1 Select Reports Dialog ...........................................................................................................................................19-1 Viewing and Printing Reports ..............................................................................................................................19-2 Intersection Queue Report ....................................................................................................................................19-6 Intersection Capacity (ICU) Report ......................................................................................................................19-7 HCM 2000 Signals Report.................................................................................................................................. 19-10 HCM 2000 Unsignalized Report ........................................................................................................................ 19-12 Arterial Level of Service Report ......................................................................................................................... 19-14 Network Measures of Effectiveness Reports ...................................................................................................... 19-15 Multi-File Comparison Report ........................................................................................................................... 19-17 Timing Report - Sorted by Phase Number .......................................................................................................... 19-19 Actuated Green Times Summary ........................................................................................................................ 19-20 Actuated Start and Green Times Summary ........................................................................................................ 19-21 Actuated Phase Details ....................................................................................................................................... 19-23 Permitted Left Turn Factors Report .................................................................................................................... 19-24 Coordinatability Analysis Report ....................................................................................................................... 19-25 Time Tracker Report .......................................................................................................................................... 19-26

Chapter 20 UTDF 2006 Edition.......................................................................................... 20-1 Data Format Support ............................................................................................................................................20-1 Planning a Network for UTDF .............................................................................................................................20-2 Reading and Writing UTDF Data .........................................................................................................................20-3 Editing UTDF Data with Other Software .............................................................................................................20-4 Using TMC Files ..................................................................................................................................................20-4 UTDF Specifications ............................................................................................................................................20-4 Minimum Data Necessary to build a Synchro file .............................................................................................. 20-14


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Chapter 21 Errors and Warnings ........................................................................................ 21-1 Coding Error Messages ........................................................................................................................................21-1 General Coding Errors ..........................................................................................................................................21-1 Synchro Errors and Warnings ...............................................................................................................................21-1 SimTraffic Errors and Warnings ..........................................................................................................................21-6

Chapter 22 SimTraffic Operation ....................................................................................... 22-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................22-1 SimTraffic Operation ............................................................................................................................................22-1 Map Settings .........................................................................................................................................................22-5 Map Zooming and Scrolling .................................................................................................................................22-6 Signal status ..........................................................................................................................................................22-6 Vehicle Status .......................................................................................................................................................22-7 Create a Video in SimTraffic ................................................................................................................................22-8 SimTraffic Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................................................................................................22-9

Chapter 23 SimTraffic Input Data ...................................................................................... 23-1 Input Data .............................................................................................................................................................23-1 Map View Data .....................................................................................................................................................23-1 Node Settings ........................................................................................................................................................23-2 Lane Settings Data ................................................................................................................................................23-3 Volume Settings Data ...........................................................................................................................................23-4 Timing and Signing Settings Data ........................................................................................................................23-5 Phasing Settings Data ...........................................................................................................................................23-6 Simulation Settings ...............................................................................................................................................23-7 Detector Settings...................................................................................................................................................23-8 Bends ....................................................................................................................................................................23-9 Coding Pedestrians ...............................................................................................................................................23-9

Chapter 24 SimTraffic Advanced Parameters .................................................................... 24-1 Advanced Parameters ...........................................................................................................................................24-1 Intervals and Volume Adjustments.......................................................................................................................24-1 Database Access ...................................................................................................................................................24-4 Vehicle Parameters ...............................................................................................................................................24-5 Driver Parameters .................................................................................................................................................24-6 Calibrating Speeds and Headways ........................................................................................................................24-9 Fuel and Emissions Parameters .......................................................................................................................... 24-11 Controller Interface (CI) Options ....................................................................................................................... 24-12

Chapter 25 SimTraffic Reports, Graphics and MOEs ........................................................ 25-1 Reports, Graphics, and MOEs ..............................................................................................................................25-1 Print Settings ........................................................................................................................................................25-2 Viewing and Printing Reports ..............................................................................................................................25-3 Simulation Summary Report ................................................................................................................................25-3 Measures of Effectiveness ....................................................................................................................................25-4 Queuing and Blocking Report ..............................................................................................................................25-7 Actuated Signals, Observed Splits Report ............................................................................................................25-9 Static Graphics .................................................................................................................................................... 25-10

Chapter 26 The SimTraffic Model...................................................................................... 26-1 The SimTraffic Model ..........................................................................................................................................26-1 Traffic Generation and Assignment ......................................................................................................................26-1 Car Following and Speed Selection ......................................................................................................................26-2 Lane Choice and Lane Changes............................................................................................................................26-5 Lane Change Applications ....................................................................................................................................26-9 Unsignalized Operation ...................................................................................................................................... 26-15 Pre-Timed Signal Operation ............................................................................................................................... 26-18 Actuated Signal Operation .................................................................................................................................. 26-19


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Delay, Fuel and Emissions Considerations ......................................................................................................... 26-24 Chapter 27 3D Viewer ........................................................................................................ 27-1

Getting Around 3D Viewer ..................................................................................................................................27-1 Using 3D Viewer ..................................................................................................................................................27-5

Chapter 28 SimTraffic CI ................................................................................................... 28-1 Setup .....................................................................................................................................................................28-1 I/O Mapping .........................................................................................................................................................28-2 Input Data .............................................................................................................................................................28-3 Operation ..............................................................................................................................................................28-3 Using Overlaps .....................................................................................................................................................28-4 Modeling a Diamond Interchange ........................................................................................................................28-5

Chapter 29 CORSIM Analysis ........................................................................................... 29-1 Fixing Common CORSIM Errors .........................................................................................................................29-3 Notes on How Synchro Creates a CORSIM Data File .........................................................................................29-4

Index ............................................................................................................................................1


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Figures FIGURE 1-1 SYNCHRO MANUAL FLOWCHART ............................................................................................................... 1-4 FIGURE 2-1 MAP VIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 2-1 FIGURE 2-2 HIDE/DISPLAY TOOLBAR ........................................................................................................................ 2-11 FIGURE 2-3 CUSTOMIZE MENU SCREENS ................................................................................................................... 2-12 FIGURE 3-1 SYNCHRO MAP SETTINGS ......................................................................................................................... 3-1 FIGURE 3-2 TIME TRACKER DIALOG ............................................................................................................................ 3-2 FIGURE 3-3 SCENARIO MANAGER .............................................................................................................................. 3-3 FIGURE 3-4 NETWORK SETTINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 FIGURE 3-5 DEFAULT EMISSIONS SETTINGS .................................................................................................................. 3-9 FIGURE 3-6 LOAD DEFAULTS DIALOG .......................................................................................................................... 3-9 FIGURE 4-1 SELECT BACKGROUNDS SETTINGS ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4-2 SET BITMAP SCALE AND OFFSET SETTINGS ......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4-3 GET MAP DIALOG ......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4-4 SET SYNCHRO REFERENCE POINT DIALOG .......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4-5 BACKGROUND VISIBLE IN MAP SETTINGS ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 5-1 SELECT INTERSECTION SETTINGS ................................................................................................................. 5-4 FIGURE 5-2 LINK MENU OPTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 5-6 FIGURE 5-3 VIEW PORTS .......................................................................................................................................... 5-7 FIGURE 5-4 FREEWAY MERGE ................................................................................................................................... 5-9 FIGURE 5-5 FREEWAY DIVERGE .................................................................................................................................. 5-9 FIGURE 6-1 DATA ENTRY SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................ 6-1 FIGURE 6-2 FULL VIEW DATA ENTRY, LANES SETTINGS ................................................................................................. 6-2 FIGURE 6-3 SIDE VIEW DATA ENTRY, LANES SETTINGS ................................................................................................. 6-3 FIGURE 6-4 WARNING SCREEN .................................................................................................................................. 6-4 FIGURE 6-5 APPROACH MOVEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 6-4 FIGURE 7-1 NODE SETTINGS .................................................................................................................................... 7-1 FIGURE 7-2 OFFSET REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................. 7-8 FIGURE 7-3 SINGLE YIELD POINT .............................................................................................................................. 7-10 FIGURE 7-4 YIELD POINT BY PHASE ........................................................................................................................... 7-10 FIGURE 8-1 LANE SETTINGS, FULL VIEW ..................................................................................................................... 8-1 FIGURE 9-1 VOLUME SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................... 9-1 FIGURE 9-2 LINK ORIGIN-DESTINATION VOLUMES SETTINGS.................................................................................. 9-6 FIGURE 10-1 TIMING SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................... 10-1 FIGURE 10-2 PHASE TEMPLATE SETTINGS ............................................................................................................... 10-2 FIGURE 10-3 MULTIPLE PHASING (OVERLAPS).............................................................................................................. 10-4 FIGURE 10-4 SPLITS AND PHASING DIAGRAM EXAMPLE ................................................................................................ 10-10 FIGURE 10-5 GROUP CONTROL EXAMPLE .................................................................................................................. 10-11 FIGURE 10-6 USE OF OVERLAPS AT A DIAMOND INTERCHANGE ...................................................................................... 10-19 FIGURE 10-7 CODING OVERLAPS IN SYNCHRO ............................................................................................................ 10-19 FIGURE 10-8 PHASE TEMPLATE ............................................................................................................................... 10-20 FIGURE 11-1 PHASING SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................. 11-1 FIGURE 11-2 RING AND BARRIER DESIGNER ......................................................................................................... 11-2 FIGURE 11-3 DEFAULT PHASE ASSIGNMENTS IN RING AND BARRIER DESIGNER ................................................................... 11-2 FIGURE 11-4 INTERSECTION DIAGRAM WITH RING STRUCTURE ........................................................................................ 11-3 FIGURE 11-5 CLUSTER EDITOR .............................................................................................................................. 11-3 FIGURE 11-6 EXAMPLE OF FIXED FORCE OFF ................................................................................................................ 11-8 FIGURE 12-1 DETECTOR SETTINGS ........................................................................................................................... 12-1 FIGURE 12-2 DETECTOR TEMPLATE SETTINGS ......................................................................................................... 12-3 FIGURE 12-3 DETECTOR POSITION ............................................................................................................................. 12-3 FIGURE 13-1 SIMULATION OPTIONS SETTINGS ....................................................................................................... 13-1 FIGURE 13-2 LANE ALIGNMENT OPTIONS .................................................................................................................... 13-2


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FIGURE 13-3 LANE ALIGNMENT EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................. 13-2 FIGURE 13-4 MEDIAN WIDTH EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................... 13-3 FIGURE 13-5 LINK OFFSET EXAMPLES ......................................................................................................................... 13-4 FIGURE 13-6 CROSS WALK WIDTH ............................................................................................................................. 13-4 FIGURE 14-1 HCM 2010 AUTO MODE TAB ................................................................................................................ 14-1 FIGURE 14-2 HCM 2010 AUTO MODE FULL SCREEN .................................................................................................... 14-2 FIGURE 14-3 HCM 2010 PEDESTRIAN SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION MODE TAB ................................................................... 14-9 FIGURE 14-4 HCM 2010 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION PEDESTRIAN MODE SCREEN .............................................................. 14-9 FIGURE 14-5 HCM 2010 PEDESTRIAN MODE CROSSING DIAGRAM ............................................................................... 14-11 FIGURE 14-6 HCM 2010 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION BICYCLE MODE TAB ....................................................................... 14-12 FIGURE 14-7 HCM 2010 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION BICYCLE MODE SCREEN .................................................................. 14-12 FIGURE 14-8 HCM 2010 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AUTOMOBILE MODE SCREEN........................................................... 14-15 FIGURE 14-9 HCM 2010 TWSC AUTO MODE TAB .................................................................................................... 14-18 FIGURE 14-10 HCM 2010 TWSC AUTO MODE SCREEN ............................................................................................... 14-18 FIGURE 14-11 HCM 2010 TWSC PEDESTRIAN MODE TAB ............................................................................................ 14-22 FIGURE 14-12 HCM 2010 TWSC PEDESTRIAN MODE FULL SCREEN................................................................................ 14-22 FIGURE 14-13 HCM 2010 ROUNDABOUT MODE FULL SCREEN ....................................................................................... 14-25 FIGURE 15-1 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................................... 15-1 FIGURE 15-2 PARTS OF A TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM .................................................................................................... 15-2 FIGURE 15-3 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM OPTIONS ........................................................................................................ 15-6 FIGURE 16-1 OPTIMIZATION STEPS ............................................................................................................................ 16-1 FIGURE 16-2 PARTITION NETWORK SETTINGS ......................................................................................................... 16-6 FIGURE 16-3 SELECT CYCLE LENGTHS SUMMARY TABLE ........................................................................................... 16-7 FIGURE 16-4 OPTIMIZE CYCLE LENGTHS SETTINGS .................................................................................................. 16-9 FIGURE 16-6 SELECT CYCLE LENGTHS SUMMARY TABLE ................................................................................................ 16-11 FIGURE 16-7 OPTIMIZE PHASE WEIGHTING OPTION WITHIN PHASING SETTINGS ............................................................... 16-12 FIGURE 16-8 TIMING SUMMARY TABLE ..................................................................................................................... 16-13 FIGURE 16-9 DETAILED SUMMARY TABLE .................................................................................................................. 16-13 FIGURE 16-10 DETAILED SUMMARY TABLE .................................................................................................................. 16-14 FIGURE 16-11 APPEND TO FILES SCREEN ..................................................................................................................... 16-15 FIGURE 16-12 OPTIMIZE NETWORK OFFSETS SETTINGS .................................................................................................. 16-16 FIGURE 17-1 VEHICLES QUEUED AT RED LIGHT .............................................................................................................. 17-3 FIGURE 17-2 SPILLBACK .......................................................................................................................................... 17-11 FIGURE 17-3 STARVATION ....................................................................................................................................... 17-11 FIGURE 17-4 STARVATION IN TIME SPACE VIEW .......................................................................................................... 17-13 FIGURE 17-5 STARVATION CAPACITY REDUCTION ........................................................................................................ 17-14 FIGURE 17-6 REDUCED STARVATION CAPACITY ........................................................................................................... 17-15 FIGURE 17-7 SPILLBACK IN TIME SPACE VIEW .............................................................................................................. 17-15 FIGURE 17-8 STORAGE BLOCKING IN TIME SPACE VIEW (THROUGH TRAFFIC) .................................................................... 17-16 FIGURE 17-9 STORAGE BLOCKING IN TIME SPACE VIEW (LEFT TURN TRAFFIC) ................................................................... 17-17 FIGURE 17-10 STORAGE BLOCKING CAPACITY REDUCTION .............................................................................................. 17-18 FIGURE 17-11 TWO-WAY BANDWIDTH ....................................................................................................................... 17-20 FIGURE 17-12 FLOW LINE DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................................... 17-20 FIGURE 17-13 ARRIVAL DEPARTURE GRAPH ................................................................................................................. 17-21 FIGURE 17-14 ARRIVAL DEPARTURE GRAPH ................................................................................................................. 17-24 FIGURE 17-15 DILEMMA ZONE GAP-OUT SHADOW ....................................................................................................... 17-27 FIGURE 17-16 DELAY VS. VOLUME ............................................................................................................................. 17-35 FIGURE 18-1 MERGE OPTIONS SETTINGS ................................................................................................................ 18-2 FIGURE 19-1 PRINT WINDOW SETTINGS .................................................................................................................... 19-1 FIGURE 19-2 SELECT REPORTS DIALOG ................................................................................................................... 19-1 FIGURE 19-3 REPORT PREVIEW ZOOM CONTROL .......................................................................................................... 19-2 FIGURE 19-4 QUEUES .............................................................................................................................................. 19-7 FIGURE 19-5 SAMPLE ARTERIAL LEVEL OF SERVICE REPORT ........................................................................................... 19-15


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FIGURE 19-6 NETWORK REPORT OPTIONS ................................................................................................................. 19-15 FIGURE 19-7 DETAILED MOE REPORT EXAMPLE ......................................................................................................... 19-16 FIGURE 19-8 DETAILED ALTERNATIVE COMPARISONS ................................................................................................... 19-18 FIGURE 19-9 DETAILED ALTERNATIVE COMPARISONS EXAMPLE ..................................................................................... 19-18 FIGURE 19-10 SAMPLE TIMING REPORT, SORTED BY PHASE ............................................................................................ 19-20 FIGURE 19-11 SAMPLE ACTUATED GREEN TIMES REPORT ............................................................................................... 19-21 FIGURE 19-12 SAMPLE ACTUATED START AND GREEN TIMES REPORT ............................................................................... 19-22 FIGURE 19-13 SAMPLE ACTUATED PHASE DETAILS REPORT ............................................................................................. 19-24 FIGURE 19-14 SAMPLE SUPPLEMENTAL WORKSHEET FOR PERMITTED LEFT TURNS REPORT .................................................. 19-25 FIGURE 19-15 COORDINATABILITY FACTORS REPORT SAMPLE ....................................................................................... 19-26 FIGURE 19-16 TIME TRACKER REPORT SAMPLE .......................................................................................................... 19-26 FIGURE 22-1 SIMTRAFFIC MAP VIEW ....................................................................................................................... 22-2 FIGURE 22-2 SIMTRAFFIC MAP VIEW SETTINGS.......................................................................................................... 22-5 FIGURE 22-3 SIMTRAFFIC VIDEO RECORDER PARAMETERS SCREEN ................................................................................... 22-8 FIGURE 22-4 SIMTRAFFIC VIDEO RECORDER ICON AND DIALOGUE BOX ............................................................................. 22-8 FIGURE 23-1 MAP DATA .......................................................................................................................................... 23-1 FIGURE 23-2 TWO LANE EXIT CODING ........................................................................................................................ 23-6 FIGURE 23-3 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ASSOCIATED WITH THROUGH PHASE .............................................................................. 23-9 FIGURE 23-4 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT PHASE ................................................................................... 23-10 FIGURE 23-5 PEDESTRIAN PHASE AT A FIVE-LEG INTERSECTION ..................................................................................... 23-10 FIGURE 23-6 PROTECTED PEDESTRIAN PHASE ............................................................................................................. 23-11 FIGURE 23-7 PEDESTRIAN PHASE WITH PERMITTED LEFT TURN PHASE ............................................................................ 23-11 FIGURE 23-8 PEDESTRIAN PHASES FOR ONE WAY STREETS ........................................................................................... 23-11 FIGURE 24-1 INTERVAL PARAMETERS PAGE ................................................................................................................. 24-1 FIGURE 24-2 DATA OPTIONS PAGE ............................................................................................................................ 24-4 FIGURE 24-3 VEHICLE OPTIONS PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 24-5 FIGURE 24-4 DRIVER PARAMETERS PAGE .................................................................................................................... 24-7 FIGURE 25-1 SIMTRAFFIC SELECT REPORTS DIALOG ................................................................................................... 25-1 FIGURE 25-2 SIMULATION SUMMARY REPORT.............................................................................................................. 25-3 FIGURE 25-3 PERFORMANCE REPORT ......................................................................................................................... 25-4 FIGURE 25-4 ARTERIAL TRAVEL REPORT MOVEMENTS ................................................................................................... 25-6 FIGURE 25-5 QUEUE REPORT .................................................................................................................................... 25-7 FIGURE 25-6 ACTUATED SIGNAL REPORT ..................................................................................................................... 25-9 FIGURE 26-1 VEHICLE TURNING RIGHT FROM LEFT LANE ................................................................................................ 26-5 FIGURE 26-2 VEHICLE TURNING RIGHT MAKING TWO LANE CHANGES .............................................................................. 26-6 FIGURE 26-3 VEHICLE MAKING TWO LANE CHANGES .................................................................................................... 26-7 FIGURE 26-4 FREEWAY OFF-RAMP LANE CHANGE DISTANCES ......................................................................................... 26-9 FIGURE 26-5 VEHICLE MAKING LATE LANE CHANGES ................................................................................................... 26-10 FIGURE 26-6 FREEWAY OFF-RAMP LANE CHANGE DISTANCES (THREE-LANE FREEWAY) ..................................................... 26-10 FIGURE 26-7 LANE DROP AFTER SIGNAL .................................................................................................................... 26-11 FIGURE 26-8 CONTROLLING LANE UTILIZATION ........................................................................................................... 26-12 FIGURE 26-9 LONG TURNING BAY EXAMPLE .............................................................................................................. 26-14 FIGURE 26-10 LANE CHANGE THROUGH MULTIPLE INTERSECTIONS ................................................................................... 26-14 FIGURE 26-11 LANE POSITIONING EXAMPLE ................................................................................................................. 26-15 FIGURE 26-12 CORNER POINTS .................................................................................................................................. 26-21 FIGURE 26-13 STOP BAR POINTS ............................................................................................................................... 26-22 FIGURE 26-14 RIGHT TURN ISLAND ............................................................................................................................ 26-23 FIGURE 26-15 ROUNDABOUT .................................................................................................................................... 26-24 FIGURE 28-1 CI OPTIONS DIALOG .............................................................................................................................. 28-1 FIGURE 28-2 MAP BUILDER DIALOG ........................................................................................................................... 28-3 FIGURE 29-1 ILLUSTRATES THE CORSIM ANALYSIS DIALOG. ............................................................................................ 29-2 FIGURE 29-2 CORSIM ANALYSIS DIALOG ................................................................................................................... 29-2


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Tables TABLE 2-1 FILE COMMANDS ........................................................................................................................................ 2-2 TABLE 2-2 EDIT COMMANDS ....................................................................................................................................... 2-2 TABLE 2-3 TRANSFER COMMANDS ................................................................................................................................ 2-3 TABLE 2-4 OPTION COMMANDS ................................................................................................................................... 2-3 TABLE 2-5 OPTIMIZE COMMANDS ................................................................................................................................ 2-4 TABLE 2-6 VIEW PORTS .............................................................................................................................................. 2-4 TABLE 2-7 HELP COMMANDS ...................................................................................................................................... 2-4 TABLE 7-1 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (HCM 2010) ............................................................................... 7-6 TABLE 7-2 TWSC, AWSC AND ROUNDABOUT LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA (HCM 2010) ...................................................... 7-7 TABLE 7-3 LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA FOR ICU ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 7-7 TABLE 7-4 REFERENCE POINT WITH MULTIPLE REFERENCE PHASES ..................................................................................... 7-9 TABLE 8-1 ADJUSTMENT FOR LANE WIDTH ..................................................................................................................... 8-3 TABLE 8-2 LANE UTILIZATION FACTORS.......................................................................................................................... 8-6 TABLE 8-3 SELECTING A RIGHT TURN TREATMENT ........................................................................................................... 8-9 TABLE 9-1 SUGGESTED PEAK HOUR VALUES ................................................................................................................... 9-3 TABLE 9-2 PARKING MANEUVER CODING EXAMPLES ........................................................................................................ 9-4 TABLE 10-1 WHAT MAKES A LANE GROUP "PHASE-ABLE" ................................................................................................ 10-4 TABLE 11-1 PHASE TERMINATION CODES ....................................................................................................................... 11-9 TABLE 14-1 UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (HCM 2010) ....................................................................... 14-14 TABLE 14-2 GEOMETRY GROUP CONVERSION ............................................................................................................... 14-17 TABLE 14-3 TOTAL NUMBER OF LANES VS. NUMBER OF THROUGH LANES ALONG MAJOR ROADWAY ...................................... 14-21 TABLE 14-4 AVERAGE EFFECT OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING TREATMENTS ON MOTORIST YIELD RATES ........................................ 14-23 TABLE 14-5 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL PEDESTRIAN LEVEL OF SERVICE (HCM 2010) ......................................................... 14-24 TABLE 14-6 ROUNDABOUT INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (HCM 2010)........................................................................ 14-26 TABLE 14-7 ROUNDABOUT LANE UTILIZATION (HCM 2010) .......................................................................................... 14-27 TABLE 14-8 ENTRY HV ADJUSTMENT FACTOR (HCM 2010) ........................................................................................... 14-27 TABLE 15-1 TIME-SPACE VEHICLES PER LINE ................................................................................................................... 15-4 TABLE 16-1 OPTIMIZATION COMMANDS ........................................................................................................................ 16-2 TABLE 16-2 ACCEPTABLE CRITICAL PERCENTILE TRAFFIC FOR CYCLE LENGTH ......................................................................... 16-4 TABLE 16-3 OFFSET OPTIMIZATION OPTIONS ................................................................................................................ 16-10 TABLE 17-1 STOP ADJUSTMENT ................................................................................................................................. 17-25 TABLE 17-2 COMPARISON ANALYSIS METHOD SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 17-32 TABLE 17-3 DATA REQUIREMENT BY ANALYSIS METHOD ................................................................................................ 17-32 TABLE 17-4 COMPOUNDING INACCURACIES IN ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 17-33 TABLE 17-5 UNCERTAINTIES EFFECT ON ICU................................................................................................................. 17-33 TABLE 17-6 UNCERTAINTIES EFFECT ON DELAY ............................................................................................................. 17-34 TABLE 17-7 UNCERTAINTIES SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 17-34 TABLE 18-1 FEATURES OF THE MAJOR TRAFFIC MODELS ................................................................................................... 18-3 TABLE 19-1 HEADER/FOOTER OPTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 19-4 TABLE 19-2 SYNCHRO HCM VS. HCM & HCS DIFFERENCES ........................................................................................... 19-12 TABLE 19-3 ARTERIAL CLASS ...................................................................................................................................... 19-14 TABLE 20-1 UTDF SUPPORTED FORMATS ...................................................................................................................... 20-2 TABLE 21-1 SYNCHRO WARNINGS ................................................................................................................................ 21-1 TABLE 21-2 SYNCHRO ERRORS ..................................................................................................................................... 21-4 TABLE 21-3 SIMTRAFFIC WARNINGS ............................................................................................................................. 21-7 TABLE 21-4 SIMTRAFFIC ERRORS .................................................................................................................................. 21-7 TABLE 21-5 SIMTRAFFIC FATAL ERRORS ......................................................................................................................... 21-8 TABLE 21-6 SIMTRAFFIC DATA ACCESS ERRORS .............................................................................................................. 21-8 TABLE 22-1 SIGNAL STATUS DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 22-6 TABLE 22-2 VEHICLE STATUS DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................... 22-7


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TABLE 22-3 KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS .......................................................................................................................... 22-9 TABLE 24-1 Z FACTOR TABLE ................................................................................................................................... 24-3 TABLE 24-2 YELLOW DECEL RATES BY DRIVER TYPE ..................................................................................................... 24-7 TABLE 24-3 YELLOW REACTION RATES BY DRIVER TYPE ................................................................................................ 24-7 TABLE 24-4 DEFAULT MANDATORY DISTANCE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ............................................................................ 24-8 TABLE 24-5 DEFAULT POSITIONING DISTANCE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ............................................................................. 24-8 TABLE 24-6 SATURATION FLOW AND HEADWAYS FOR GIVEN SPEEDS ............................................................................ 24-10 TABLE 24-7 FUEL AND EMISSIONS DATA FILENAMES .................................................................................................. 24-11 TABLE 25-1 HEADER AND FOOTER OPTIONS ............................................................................................................... 25-1 TABLE 26-1 DECEL RATE TABLE ................................................................................................................................ 26-3 TABLE 26-2 LANE CHANGE DISTANCES ......................................

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