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Composition of Matter

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Composition of Matter

all matter is composed of ELEMENTS elements cannot be decomposed or broken

down by ordinary chemical means 109 elements 90% occur naturally elements are given letter abbreviations 26 of the 92 naturally occurring elements

are present in your body

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Four Elements make up 96% of the Human Body

carbon (C) - 18.0% hydrogen (H) - 10.0% nitrogen (N) - 3.0% oxygen (O) - 65.0%

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Elements inThe Human Body 3.9 %

Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na)

Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe)

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Trace Elements in Human Body0.1%

Aluminum (Al) Boron (B) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluorine (F)

Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Selenium (Se) Silicon (Si) Tin (Sn) Vanadium (V) Zinc (Zn)

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Atoms

smallest part of an element capable of entering into chemical reactions

Consist of three major subatomic particles:

- protons

- neutrons

- electrons each element is unique (atoms differ)

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Major Subatomic Particles of Atoms:

protons - positive charge (p+) - located within the nucleus

neutrons - no charge or neutral (no) - located within the nucleus

electrons - negative charge (e-) - orbit the dense core of nucleus

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Electrical Charge of a Particle

the number of protons (p+) in an atom is equal to the number of electrons (e-)

therefore the atom is electrically neutral

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Electrical Charge of a Particle

a measure of its ability to attract or repel other charged particles

particles of same charge repel particles of unlike charge attract neutral particles do not attract or repel

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Atomic Number

the number of protons in an atom

therefore if the atom has two protons the atomic number is 2

2

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Atomic Weight

sum of the weight of the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus

2 protons

+ 2 neutrons

= 4 (atomic weight)

4

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atomic weight =

6 protons

+6 neutrons

12 (atomic weight)

atomic number = the number of protons

Carbon

12

6

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Hydrogen

atomic weight =

1 proton

+0 neutrons

1 (atomic weight)

atomic number = the number of protons

1

1

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Beryllium

atomic weight =

4 protons

+5 neutrons

9 (atomic weight)

atomic number =

the number of

protons

4

9

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Oxygen

atomic weight = 16

8 protons

+8 neutrons

16 (atomic weight)

atomic number = 8 the number of

protonselectron

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Isotopes

are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons

each atom of an element may be different depending on the # of neutrons

neutron variation makes an isotope radioactive are unstable (because of

increased mass of additional neutrons)

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Isotopes (cont.)

same # of electrons same # of protons different # of neutrons

thus - same atomic number -

different atomic weight or mass

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Radioactive Isotopes

nuclear structure decays becoming more stable atomic nuclei tend to weaken in heavier

isotopes spontaneous atomic decay in decaying they release particles or energy

i.e. radiation (alpha or beta particles or gamma rays)

damaging to living tissues

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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)

alpha particles - least damaging

beta particles - more damaging

gamma rays - most damaging

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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)

in the body they are used to tag (or attach to) biological molecules enabling them to be traced through the body

valuable for diagnosis PET scans use radioisotopes to diagnose radioisotope of iodine (I-131) can be used to

check circulation through lungs or to scan the thyroid glands

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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)

Thallium-201 is used to image the heart (thallium imaging) and to assess adequacy of blood flow to the heart muscle.

(bone scan) used to study bones (PET scan) used to study the brain (lung scan) used to study the lung (kidney scan) used to study the kidney radium - used to destroy localized cancers

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1Av

Row

1

2

3

5

6

7

55Cs

56Ba

57La

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

61Pm

62Sm

63Eu

64Gd

65Tb

66Dy

67Ho

68Er

69Tm

70Yb

71Lu

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Ti

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

37Rb

38Sr

11Na

12Mg

3Li

4Be

19K

20Ca

1H

2A

436Kr

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

2He

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

87Fr

88Ra

89Ac

90Th

91Pa

104Unq

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

97Bk

98Cl

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

103Lr

105Unp

106Unh

107Uns

109Une

Periodic Table

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THE NAMES, ATOMIC NUMBERS, AND SYMBOLS OF THE ELEMENTS

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536

HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr

HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminumSiliconPhosphorousSulfurChlorineArgonPotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

3738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071

RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRuthiumRhodiumPaladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetium

72737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107

HfTaTuReOsIrPtAuHgTiPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMvNoLwUnqUnpUnhUns

HafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumUnnilquadiumUnnilpentiumUnnilhexiumUnnilseptium