1

Sustaining rural water supplies in Uganda through improved

water catchment protection

Dr Callist Tindimugaya and

Grace Katuramu

Introduction

• Water resources are under heavy pressure due to: high population growth rates, unsustainable land use practices, uncontrolled waste disposal, catchment degradation etc.

• Degradation of quality and quantity of water resources on the increase and expected to increase as the pressures on natural resources increase.

• Degraded water catchments mean that societies that depend on them have either limited access to a sustainable source of water or consume contaminated water.

• Providers of drinking water often resort to expensive water abstraction technologies or treatment processes to render the water safe but come at great cost to the societies and consumers of the water.

• Catchment protection can save money through lower costs for medication for water borne diseases and less sickness in the population.

2

Domestic water supply sources in good and poor environments in Uganda

3

How sustainable is rural water supply in these two environments?

Source: Nkhuwa 2006

Contamination sources not separate from water supply

Lusaka

How to supply potable water

here?

Lake

Catchment Boundary

Irrigation

Navigation

A Typical catchment…

…there is a need for integrated catchment

management in order to sustain the various activities

Industry

Urban WSS

Precipitation

Agriculture Department

Irrigation Department

Rural Water Supply Department

Urban Water Supply Department

Power Department

Livestock Department

Industry Department

Environment Department

Fisheries Department

Transport Department

Tourism Department

Groundwater Department

Surface Water Department

Reservoir

Recreation

Hydropower

Forest Department

Ocean Development/CZM Department

Fishing

Rainfed Agr

Livestock

Forest

Rural WSS

Irrigation

Groundwater

Infiltration / Recharge

Base Flow / Pumping

Groundwater Inflow

Groundwater Outflow

Runoff

Return Flow

Community Use

Wetlands / Environment

Trans-boundary Water Institutions

Why Catchment Management? In a catchment or basin: • Water uses are generally not independent • Their needs must be met from a common

resource – the SW and GW that occurs within the catchment from season to season

Rationale for protection of catchments for groundwater based rural water supplies

• Groundwater will continue to be the main source of rural water supply in Uganda

• Ongoing groundwater studies indicate that there is enough groundwater and of good quality to meet domestic water demands into the future but that there will be local water shortages.

• Shortages will result from local variations in groundwater potential, high population densities that lead to increase in demand, and heavy degradation of water catchments that affects the quality and quantity of groundwater resources.

• To address the various challenges and ensure sustainability of groundwater based rural water supply systems, there is a need to improve protection of water catchments.

6

Protection of catchments for groundwater based rural

water supplies

7

• Improved catchment protection should be based on a proper understanding of the availability and spatial distribution of groundwater in terms of quantity and quality

• This is achieved through undertaking groundwater mapping and assessment activities.

• This information is the basis of developing water catchment protection guidelines for protecting groundwater based rural water supply systems so that they can continue delivering adequate and good quality water to the communities.

Mapping of groundwater resources

Produces tools in form of maps and reports to guide planning and implementation of groundwater development activities at both the national and district levels.

6 different types of maps are produced:

(i) water supply coverage map (ii) hydrogeological characteristics map (iii) hydrochemical characteristics map (iv) water quality map (v) groundwater development technology

options map (vi) groundwater potential map

8

Groundwater maps

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DATA SOURCES

COPYRIGHT: Government of Uganda ,2009

First Edition: August, 2009.

PUBLISHER

Compiled and published by the Directorateof Water Resources Management. Funded by the Government of Ugandaand DANIDA.

NOTE

For any comment or error, please contactDirectorate of Water Resources Management:P.O. Box 19, Entebbe.Tel: (+256) 0414 321342, 320914Fax: (+256) 0414 321368Email: dwrmd@mwe.go.ug

Grid : UTM, Zone 36Projection : Transverse Mercator

Spheroid : Clark 1880 (modified)Meridian of Origin : 33 deg. East of GreenwichLatitude of Origin : Equator

Scale Factor at Origin : 0.9996False Eastings : 500,000False Northing :10,000,000

Datum : New Arc (1960)Unit : Metre

DISCLAIMER

Although great care was taken in the preparation of these maps, the authorscannot be held responsible for any loss or damage emanating from their use

Inferred Water Supply Technology options: Based on analysis of water source data from

Arua DWO, National Groundwater Database and District groundwater developers

Administrative boundary, infrastructure and land cover : Provided by the National Forestry

Authority (NFA).

Minor permanent river

LEGEND

"J District administrative town

Rivers

Major permanent river

1:188,1490 3 6 9 12 151.5

Kilometers

Directorate of Water Resources ManagementMinistry of Water and Environment

NEBBI

AMURU

ADJUMANI

MOYO

YUMBE

NYADRI

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This map is meant to act as a guide to planners in local government for the planning of

groundwater programmes and is, due to scale, not suitable for siting boreholes. The latter

should be based on much more detailed and site specific information.

This map should be used together with the District report.

NOTE

Location of Arua District

0 90 180 270 36045Kilometers

1:5,500,000

Administrative Boundaries

International boundary

District boundary

County boundary

Subcounty boundary

Parish boundary

Railway

Infrastructure

All weather tarmac road

All weather murram road

Dry weather murram road

Motorable track

Water Resources

Open water

Permanent wetlands (papyrus) in main valleys

Seasonal wetlands in secondary valleys

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Data Density

0 10 20 30 405Kilometers

1:750,000

0-15m, Shallow well

15-30m, Shallow well

> 30m, deep bore hole

Spring zone

Water Supply Technology Options MapARUA DISTRICT

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THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AN AUTHORITY ON DELIMITATION OF INTERNATIONAL AND OTHER BOUNDARIES

First Edition: April, 2009.

COPYRIGHT: Government of Uganda, 2009

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KITUNA

Inferred Overburden ThicknessInferred Static Water Level

Inferred Main Water StrikeInferred First Water StrikeLocation of Nebbi District

LEGEND

Although great care was taken in the preparation

of these maps, the authors cannot be held

responsible for any loss or damage emanating

from their use.

DISCLAIMERPUBLISHER

Compiled and published by the Directorate of Water Resources Management.

Funded by the Government of Ugandaand DANIDA.

Grid : UTM, Zone 36Projection : Transverse Mercator

Spheroid : Clark 1880 (modified)Meridian of Origin : 33 deg. East of GreenwichLatitude of Origin : Equator

Scale Factor at Origin : 0.9996False Eastings : 500,000

False Northing : 10,000,000Datum : New Arc (1960)Unit : Metre

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KITUNA Data Density

100 0 10050 Kilometers

1:3,000,000

± ±

± ±

±

# Data point

Water Resources

Wetlands

Open water

Permanent wetlands (papyrus) in main valleys

Seasonal wetlands in secondary valleys

Rivers

Major permanent river

Minor permanent river

Directorate of Water Resources Management Ministry of Water and Environment

First Water Strike: The depths at which the borehole encounters water ('Water Strike') were noted during the drilling process. The shallowest

depth at which water was encountered is designated the First Water Strike.

Main Water Strike : The depth at which the principal inflow into the borehole was noted is designated the Main Water Strike.This determines

the most suitable technological option for groundwater development in an area

The Static Water Level at a particular locality is the level at which the groundwater surface stabilizes under the influence

of natural hydrostatic pressure. The Static water level map helps to estimate the level at which to install a pump.Static Water Level :

The overburden thickness map gives an indication of the depth of weathering and hence thickness of the regolith aquifer.

The map helps to estimate the amount of casing.Overburden Thickness :

NOTE

For any comment or error, please contactDirectorate of Water Resources Management:P.O. Box 19, Entebbe.Tel: (+256) 0414 321342, 320914Fax: (+256) 0414 321368Email: dwrm@mweco.ug

NOTE

The maps are meant to act as a guide to planners

in local government for the planning of groundwater

programmes and are , due to scale, not suitable for

siting boreholes. The latter should be based on much

more detailed and site specific investigations carried

out by groundwater specialists.

The maps are based on regional interpretation

and therefore the local conditions may vary from locality

to locality. The maps focus on rural areas only and do

not address urban gazetted areas.

Due to size limitations, the scales of the various maps

may differ.

The data density (inset map) indicates the data points

used in the preparation of the hydrogeological

characteristics map. The map is more accurate

where data density is higher.

This map should be used together with the District report.

District Headquarters

"J

Adminstrative Boundaries

International bounderies

District boundary

County boundary

Subcounty boundary

Parish boundary

Infrastructure

All weather tarmac road

All weather murram road

Dry weather murram road

Motorable track

Railway

NEBBI DISTRICTHydrogeological Characteristics Map

DATA SOURCES

Hydrogeological characteristics: Based on analysis

of water source data from Nebbi District Water

Office, National Groundwater

Database and District groundwater developers

Administrative boundary, Infrastructure and land

cover : Provided by the National forestry Authority

(NFA).

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Data Density

# Data point

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Data Density

# Data point

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

ARUA

MASINDI

AMURU

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

ARUAAMURU

MASINDI

AMURU

MASINDI

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

ARUA

ARUA

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

MASINDI

AMURU

Inferred First Water Level (mbgl)

1-15

15-25

25-30

30-40

>40

Spring Area

Inferred Overburden Thickness (mbgl)

1-15

15-25

25-30

30-40

>40

Spring Area

Inferred Static Water Level (mbgl)

1-10

10-15

15-25

25-30

>30

Spring Area 0 10 20 30 405Kilometers

1:275,000

0 10 20 30 405Kilometers

1:275,0000 10 20 30 405

Kilometers

1:275,000

0 10 20 30 405Kilometers

1:275,000

%[

ALWI

BARO

RAGEM

RAMOGI

MUTIR

VURR

OSSI

POKWERO

OLAGO

ANGOL

ABAJI

MUKALE

MBARO

ANYOLA

KITUNA

PALEY

OTHEKO

ABIRA

KOCH PAKIA

NYAKAGEI

PATEK

ABAR

ATIAK

KALOWANG

GANDA

OWARO

ABEJU

PAMINYA

PAYERA

PAKIA

PASAI

ANGAR

OLIRI

AYAKA

GAMBA

PACEGO

PACAKA

OGUSI

PADUBA

LENDU

PAGEI

OMUA

JUPADINDO

PAMORA

CHANA

RERO

PAKWINYO

PAROKETO

JULOKA

JUPAMATHO

AMOR

OMOYO

PADEL

PAJUR

OYEYO

JUPANGIRA-PAWONG

PAPOGA

PADOLO

KASATU

OWEKOKAYA

PAMITU

PAKADHA

ABANGA

MURUSI

ABONGO

PULUM

PAMACH

PARWO

THANGA

POVUNGU

PANGERE

NYACARA

PARWO

JUKIA

OMUA

NAMRWODHO

DWONGA

LENDU FR

OTURGANG

FOREST ZONE

PAGWATA

CENTRAL

PAGWATA

CENTRAL

PAGWATA

PAGWATA

ANYOLA

KITUNA

Inferred Main Water Strike (mbgl)

1-15

15-25

25-30

30-40

>40

Spring Area

Groundwater maps are guiding district officials in selection of the most feasible water supply technology options and areas with low groundwater

potential , which require attention.

Assessing and quantifying groundwater resources

10

Assessing and quantifying groundwater resources

• Recently estimated renewable groundwater resources to far exceed projected water demand for domestic water supply of 326 mcm/yr in the year 2030.

• Sustainable groundwater utilization rate for domestic water supply is less than 15% of the available groundwater resources in most of the most districts in Uganda.

• Study concluded that there is enough groundwater to meet domestic water demands into the future.

• Water shortages may however arise at local scales as a result of local variations in groundwater potential, high population densities that lead to increase in demand and heavy degradation of water catchments that affects the quality and quantity of groundwater resources.

• Shortages may also occur as a result of poor water quality due to pollution from various sources in the catchment.

Need for water catchment protection guidelines

• Uganda has embarked on preparation of water catchment protection guidelines

• Process involves development of an overall framework for water catchment protection to provide guidance on how water resources should be protected for various purposes.

• Framework will define the need for specific guidelines depending on the source and use of water or whether more general guidelines should be developed.

• Specific catchment protection guidelines will be developed based on an overall framework.

• For domestic water supplies, guidelines with build on the current environmental template included in the District Implementation Manual

• The main outputs of the process include:

- Analysis of existing catchment protection approaches

- recommendation for a policy/ law related to catchment protection

- framework for catchment protection in Uganda

- overarching guideline (including checklists)

- generic protection guidelines (for about five specific water resources and use patterns)

- strategy for implementation of catchment protection approach

National

Regional

District

Local Government

Community

Households

Co

nti

nu

um

of

Pu

bli

c R

esp

on

se

Supporters

Observers

Opposers

13

Funding water catchment protection

• Substantial resources are needed for maintaining water resources and the general catchments and possible ways of obtaining these resources need to be explored

• Payment for Watershed Services approach (PWS) is one possible option

• PWS is an economic approach to improve management of environmental resources including water resources management within the context of Integrated Water Resources Management.

• PWS approach is based on resources which could have an economic value, such as the price of water or on ecosystem services that are provided by these environmental resources for human activities such as flood protection or water purification through wetlands.

• The economic approach uses the mechanisms of exchange between supplier of goods or services (“sellers”) and buyers of goods or services in order to achieve a certain target level of impact.

• This approach is being explored as part of the development and implementation of water catchment protection guidelines in Uganda.

Services = eg. sustainable

Landuse

Payment or compensation in kind

Seller of Services, eg. farmers planting forests

Buyer of environmental services, eg. hydro power company

positive impact on water related issue

Private user of common goods, eg. abstraction of water

Government

Classic approach: Payment of fee forabstraction

Conclusions • Groundwater will continue to be the main source of domestic

water supply in Uganda

• Ensuring sustainability of groundwater based rural water supply systems requires improved protection of water catchments.

• Understanding the availability and spatial distribution of groundwater is key in developing water catchment protection guidelines.

• Protection of water catchments should be given priority as part of operation and maintenance of rural water supply system if water supplies are to continue delivering adequate and good quality water to the communities.

• Sustainable ways of paying for such activities through the concept of Payment for Watershed Services needs further study before adoption.

16