sustainable building design lecture: technical aspects 2015, aalto university architecture school
TRANSCRIPT
Technical Aspects and Sustainability
Aalto University
23.2.2015
• Real Estate Consulting
• Energy and Environment
• HVAC & Plumbing
• Building Controls
• Electrical
Granlund 500+ people
Leading building services expert in Finland
Offices
• Helsinki • Riihimäki • Lahti • Tampere • Vaasa • Seinäjoki • Kuopio • Joensuu • St Petersburg • Espoo • Lappeenranta
Macroview Sustainability
When we think of the technicalities of sustainability we should focus on more than just energy……………..
Social Economic Environmental
Inspiring architecture
Company image / Brand
Transport emissions
Natural light Attracting employees
Embodied energy of materials
Outdoor connection
Reduced maintenance
Waste generation
Increased fresh air Building value Water
Acoustics Vacancy rates Light pollution
Safety Energy savings Noise pollution
Art Material cost Energy use
One thought to consider….
Who / what is driving innovation in the sustainable built environment today?
Cities or municipalities who own land or who give planning permissions and want to reduce environmental impact
Corporate clients / developers who want to create a green image
Corporate clients / developers who want to save money
Corporate clients who want a long lasting durable product
Consumers who demand green products
Others
Social Sustainabiliy: Inspiration and Interaction
Inspirational Architecture
Guggenheim Museum, in Bilbao
First 3 years, almost 4 million tourists visited, estimated they generated approximately €500 million in economic activity
Community Interaction
Commonwealth Bank Place (1)
Mixed-use complex in downtown Sydney, Australia
Aimed to maximise use by the local community
Children's Theatre:
Picnic park
Retail Terrace: bars, restaurants, cafes and stores
Artistic lighting with nighttime playground with low energy lighting
Community Interaction
Commonwealth Bank Place (2)
Western façade is a interactive digital canvas with low energy lights and solar power
Visitors can turn on lights from the park
Large number of return visitors
Retail terrace is now open at night
Link: http://tinyurl.com/cgoj23r
Maximise Use
Make use of the built environment outside of conventional hours
Community enterprises
Car parks that become sports facilities
Office spaces that become teaching spaces
Office restaurants that become study halls
Inspirational Architecture
Green Roofs
High efficiency roof u-value
Increases site green area and biodiversity
Absorbs rainwater
Reduce roof heat gain in warm countries
Simulation Technology: Optimising Design
Passive & Social Sustainable Design
Should daylighting be promoted in Finland?
Standard depth of a wing in Finnish offices is 18m
18m 18m 15m In Germany a depth of 12m is maximum by law
Daylight reduces electricity but increases heat loss
Daylit buildings also provide a strong connection to the outside
Passive & Social Sustainable Design
Daylighting
Pie chart: Rehva estimation of primary energy consumption in European buildings in 2020
Does this mean that in the long term reducing electricity is more important than heating?
Social Sustainable Design
Benefits of daylit buildings
© World GBC: The business
case for green buildings
Social Sustainable Design
Daylighting
Daylight factor for Helsinki, south facing, variable window widths, room depth = 6m
Passive & Social Sustainable Design
Natural Ventilation
Should we use natural ventilation to cool our buildings in summer?
This is done in many countries such as Germany which does not have a hotter summer than Finland
The building would be heated as normal in winter but instead of adding cooling in summer we would provide openings
Problem occurs due to cold air leakage into the building in winter
Passive & Social Sustainable Design
Natural ventilation
Temperature analysis for an external temperature of 22oC
Passive & Social Sustainable Design
Natural ventilation
Age of air analysis for an external temperature of 22oC
GSW, Berlin: Daylighting & Natural Ventilation
Design software
CFD
Amount of air suplied can be reduced to a minimum
BIM
Dramatically reducing waste and errors during the construction process
CFD – Validation against measurements
Water Efficient: Technologies
Water Efficiency
Reducing water consumption
Not a Finnish priority (187, 888 lakes)
Low water using fittings
Difficult with building regulations D1
Water recycling
Rainwater harvesting
Greywater recycling
Blackwater recycling
1 Bligh Street, Sydney
Approx. 100,000 litres of water will be saved per day
Water Efficiency
Water recycling
For every 1 litre of rainwater / greywater used:
Mains water reduced by 1 litre
Waste water reduced by 1 litre
Service Innovations For Environmental Impact Reduction
x
x
Service Innovations…….Smartups…………
We already have enough constructed area, how do we use it better?
- avoiding urban sprawl
- reducing peoples commuting time
- reducing the environmental impact of new construction
How can we use sharing to reduce to….?
- save money for consumers
- reduce environmental impact of using goods
- enable more efficient goods to be affordable for consumers
Gamification: how can games be used to educate of to change peoples behaviour ?
Service Innovations…….Smartups…………
Sharing and built environment - AirBnB spare room - AirBnB short-term work space rentals - Residential downsizing service
Sharing and mobility - car sharing / car clubs - ride sharing Community hubs - Local co-working spaces (reducing transport emissions) - Low carbon community lunch restaurants - Product as a service viable model for long life consumer products Gamification - feedback loops, educational aids, user behaviour change
x
x
Bundles.nl Greenely.com Citycarclub.fi
Car sharing facts
x
x
Innovations: Built Environment
Service Industry CSR
Microsoft
Business units pay a penalty charge for all carbon emissions from offices and data centers
Majority of emissions from electricity and air travel
Assuming an estimated price of renewable energy certificates and carbon offsets per tonne = €16
Total cost per year to offset the carbon emissions = €24 million based on 2011 emissions
© Microsoft
Systemic Change
Balfour Beatty
Construction of a new highway near Bedford, UK
Aim: Use local materials
Alternative materials used
o 400,000 recycled tyres
o 375,000 tonnes of power station ash
Substantial cost savings and approx. 50,000 tonnes of CO2
€57 million saved and diverted nearly 8 million tonnes of waste material
Technical Aspects: For Energy Reduction
Energy Reduction
nZEB: nearly Zero Energy Buildings
European Performance of Buildings Directive (EBPD)
European Union member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings
In Finland this is expected to be fully defined in 2015 but an educated guess is that it will be approximately 30 – 50% of the average consumption of today’s new buildings.
It is also expected that renewable energy generation will not strictly need to be on the site of the nZEB. It can be a community / municipal energy generation system.
Energy Reduction
Finnish nZEB case study
Helsinki University, Ympäristötalo
Energy efficient building fabric
Energy efficient equipment selection
Renewable energy from solar and wind
Demand management
Extra construction costs of 3–4%
Electricity Generation
Traditional Electricity Grid
Customers consume electricity and electricity companies generate electricity to match the demand
© Fortum
Electricity Generation
Smart Grid
Electricity companies shall try to influence WHEN and HOW MUCH consumers use electricity
© Fortum
Electricity Generation
3 Important Elements
Electricity generators will operate more efficiently
Energy consumers will have a new method of pricing
Private energy generators can sell back to the grid more easily
© Fortum
Electricity Generation: Inefficient Load
American example of electricty generation for 1 day
© Data from NIST
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
No
rm
alized
ele
ctr
ic s
yste
m lo
ad
Hour of day
Energy Energy Energy
Time Time Time
Energy Reduction Load shifting Peak Shaving
• Renewable energy
• Energy reduction measures
• Smart appliances
• Task scheduling
• React to energy prices by turning systems on or off
• Reduce internal conditions
• Advanced presence detection
Options: Options: Options:
Reducing Energy Consumption
Energy Energy
Time Time
Load shifting Peak Shaving
• Smart appliances
• Task scheduling
• React to energy prices by turning systems on or off
• Reduce internal conditions
• Advanced presence detection
Options: Options:
Demand Management
Smart Buildings for a Smart Grid
Load shifting
Electric car charging at night
Smart appliances: dishwashing machine, clothes washing machine
Peak shaving
Winter peak: turn off night-time lighting or to dim advertisement lighting when prices are particularly high
Summer peak: less cooling, target temperature rises from 21oC to 24oC
High supply
Plenty of wind, take advantage of low energy prices:
industrial processes that require large amounts of electricity may be automatically performed
cheaper to use expensive home systems such as sauna
©Zumawire
Energy consumption patterns
How to
reduce
consumption
by demand
managemet
What solutions
are needed to
reduce
consumption
Automatic off
of systems
RAU – sensors
and building
management
system
Auto
mation
Consumption
information
feedback
systems Be
ha
viu
or
Change
behaviour
Demand Management Concept
“the wind is blowing in Denmark so maybe we will have a sauna”
Smart Buildings
VTT test apartment in Oulu
Opened 2012
Electric car
Electricity storage
5.5 kW wind power plant
20 m2 of solar cells generating 4 kW
Graphical displays to monitor the electricity consumption
© VTT
© VTT © VTT
Smart Buildings
Adjutantti
Apartment building Energy class A
136 m2 solar panles
Building energy feedback system
Apartment specific measurement, monitoring and adjustment system Feedback based on the users
actions
Smart Buildings
Airut, Jätkäsaari, Helsinki
To open 2015
Solar power, geothermal heating
Dashboard:
smart appliances
showing energy consumption
comparing energy consumption with the building average
booking system for shared cars
booking system for community sauna
public transport timetables
© Sitra
© Sitra
© Sitra
Airut, Jätkäsaari
Locking system: - Turns energy systems off - Heating reduced - Non-essential circuit off - Lighting off - Kitchen stove off - Sauna off - Ventilation off
Heating system: - Radiators with remote controlers - Pay the heating you use not per m2
© Sitra
Low2No Smart Systems Selections
Showers: - Water meter per apartment - Pay the heating you use not per m2
Information and control dashboard - Laptop / ipad / phone - Link to smart software - Feedback from meters - Control heating and ventilation - Link to community information
Additional metering: - Electrical (per circuit) - Heating (space / water)
Smart Buildings
San Francisco Public Utility Commission (SFPUC)
Opened 2011
26 000 m2
450 dashboards providing all building users with:
• energy consumption
• water consumption
• carbon footprint
© SFPUC
©Smart Buildings, LLC
Smart Buildings
NASA Ames Research Center
Opened 2012
4 750 m2
5 000 wireless sensors:
temperature
carbon dioxide levels
natural lighting
air flow
Construction costs were only 6% more than a traditional building
also includes solar panels and geothermal cooling
© io9.com
Smart Buildings
Bridesburg Metalworks, Pennsylvania
• Operate 0700 – 1500
• US electricity peak is in summer
• The are paid to turn off metal melting machines
• Melting employees move to the packaging department
• They are earning an extra $25 000 per year
© opower
Life Cycle: Analysis and Cost Analysis
Sustainable Design
LCC: Life Cycle Cost Analysis to promote long term investments
LCA: Life Cycle Analysis for embodied environmental impact
Embodied energy (J)
Embodied carbon (kg CO2)
Sustainable Design
LCA Stages:
Cradle to Gate
Raw materials extraction
Manufacturing
Cradle to Site
Cradle to gate PLUS
Transport to building site
Cradle to Grave
Cradle to Site PLUS
Building Operations
Demolition & Disposal
xx
xx
LCA of Beer
LCA Comparison
The following shows the comparison of two similar buildings
Kauppakeskus ABC
Steel structure building
Reference Kauppakeskus
Concrete structure
The steel structure allowed for more environmentally friendly materials selections to be made in this case compared to standard concrete construction
LCA: Embodied Elemental Breakdown
ABC
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Demand Based Beam System (DBEAM)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Variable Air Volume System (VAV)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Fancoil System (FANCOIL)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Chilled Beam System (CBEAM)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
CAV IAQ Based System (CAV)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
CAV with Minimum Air Flows (CAV min)
Lower indoor air quality
Life Cycle Cost for Stockholm
System Net Present Value Cost Difference
DBEAM 177 €/m²
± 0 %
VAV 228 €/m²
29 %
FANCOIL 189 €/m²
7 %
CBEAM 187 €/m²
6 %
CAV 220 €/m²
24 %
CAV min 115 €/m²
(- 35 %)
Life Cycle Cost for Stockholm
System Net Present Value Cost Difference
DBEAM 177 €/m²
± 0 %
VAV 228 €/m²
29 %
FANCOIL 189 €/m²
7 %
CBEAM 187 €/m²
6 %
CAV 220 €/m²
24 %
CAV min 115 €/m²
(- 35 %)
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
DBEAM VAV FANCOIL CBEAM CAV CAV MIN
€/m
²,a
Annual Cost
Investment costs Energy costs Maintenance costs
Economical and immeasurable effects
Feature DBEAM VAV FCOIL CBEAM CAV CAV min
Construction - Investment Costs + - + + +/- (+)
Energy - Costs and environmental effects + + - + -- (+)
Life Cycle - Costs + + - + + (+)
Life Cycle - Maintenance requirements + -- - + -- (+)
Operational behaviour - Failure risks + - +/- + + (+)
Operational behaviour - Sound level + - +/- + - (+)
Operational behaviour - Draught + - + + - (-)
Operational behaviour - Heating & cooling + +/- + ++ + (-)
Operational behaviour - Air Quality + +/- + ++ +/- (-)
Other effects