sustainability analysis - denver, co

SUSTAINABILITYFIVE POINTS, DENVER, COLORADO

assignment one – sustainability

2

3

five points, denver, colorado

sustainability

“sustainability will be a major component of the studio. this team should present to the studio an overview of current sustainability practices as they relate to the site and the program.

the team should educate the studio to the specific sustainability issues that apply to kitchens/garages. daylighting strategies, energy intensive equipment, sustainable systems/materials should be addressed. Pay particular attention to sustainability strategies employed by architects in the region and climate.”


4

Tier One.Basic Building Design

Tier Two.Passive Systems

Tier Three.Mechanical Equipment

5


Tier Three. Heat Pump (Geoexchange) - Furnace - Boiler - Spot Electrical Heating - Active Solar Heatiing - Heat Pump - Air Conditioners - Evaporative Coolers - Fans

Task Ambient Lighting - High Intensity Discharge - Fluorescent Photovoltaics Wind Turbines Active Solar Domestic Hot Water

Active Solar Swimming Pool Water

Tier Two.* Heating. - Direct Gain - Trombe Wall - Sunspace Cooling. - Comfort Ventilation - Night Flush Cooling - Earth Coupling - Cooling Tower

Daylighting. - Light Shelves - Clearstories

Tier One.* Location. - Site Design - Landscaping - Form - Orientation - Color - Insulation - Exterior Shading - Construction Materials - Air Tightness

Windows. - Orientation - Size - Glazing Type - Insulation - Shading

Efficient Lighting.

Efficient Appliances.

Heat Retention / Avoidance

*Architect can have direct affect on design decisions in Tiers One and Two. Tier Three is largely made up of systems necessary due to neglectful design decisions.


6

SITE

7


the program

public spaces.

- ‘think tank’ food lab (2,500sf)- commissary for food trucks and vendors (1,500sf)- small café and small kitchen / shop (1,500sf)- tool lending library (500sf)- wood and bike shop (500sf)

private spaces.

- commercial kitchen (4,000sf)- business incubator (1,200sf)- seed bank- food bank and canning storage (500sf)- greenhouse

service and circulation

- circulation / elevator and stairs- dumbwaiter- public restrooms / employee breakroom- Maintenance staff / janitorial support- Mechanical / electrical / plumbing- covered truck loading area and dumpster- circulation, storage and other support spaces

site.

- demonstration gardens and food production gardens- outdoor ‘ think tank’ event space- private garden- composting area- public and private entrances- covered truck and vendor area


8

temperature - 50° avg. radiation (0° tilt) - 145 Btu / sq.ft / hr

sky cover - 48% avg. wind velocity - 9 mph. avg.

9


Denver Temperature Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

Avg. Temperature 29.7 33.4 39.0 48.2 57.2 66.9 73.5 71.4 62.3 51.4 39.0 31.0 50.3

Avg. Max Temperature 43.2 46.6 52.2 61.8 70.8 81.4 88.2 85.8 76.9 66.3 52.5 44.5 64.2

Avg. Min Temperature 16.1 20.2 25.8 34.5 43.6 52.4 58.6 56.9 47.6 36.4 25.4 17.4 36.2

Days w/ Max Temperature > 90°

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 15.0 10.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.0

Days w/ Min Temperature < 32°

30.0 26.0 24.0 11.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 8.0 24.0 29.0 156.0

Relative Humidity 54 49 49 46 54 49 41 51 42 47 62 58 50

Denver Heating / Cooling Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

Heating Degree Days* 1094 885 806 504 253 71 0 0 144 429 780 1054 6020

Cooling Degree Days* 0 0 0 0 11 128 267 203 63 7 0 0 679

Denver Precipitation Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

Precipitation (inches) 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.6 15.4

Days w/ Precipitation 0.01 inches or more

6 6 9 9 11 9 9 9 6 5 6 5 89

Snowfall (inches) 8.1 7.5 12.5 8.9 1.6 0 0 0 1.6 3.7 9.1 7.3 60.3

*HDD/CDD – A degree day is a unit of measurement equal to a difference of one degree between the mean outdoor temperature

and a reference temperature (65°F). Degree Days are used in estimating the energy needs for heating or cooling a building

**To calculate HDD, take the average of a day’s high and low temperatures and subtract from 65°F (for Denver, CO)


N

JUN21

DEC21

280

730

DEC21

JUN21

80°

30°

11


15° annual avg. - 165 Btu / sq.ft / hr 30° annual avg. - 180 Btu / sq.ft / hr



radiation range(s)

*Note: Measures taken assuming tilt at due-south orientation.


12

08:00 11:00

14:00 17:00

march 21 shadow

13


08:00 11:00

14:00 17:00

june 21 shadow


14

08:00 11:00

14:00 17:00

september 21 shadow

15


08:00 11:00

14:00 17:00

december 21 shadow


16

Direct Solar GainDirect gain attempts to control the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the inhabited space.

Indirect Solar GainHeat enters the building through windows and is captured and stored in thermal mass and slowly transmitted indirectly to the building through conduction and convection.

Isolated Solar GainIsolated gain involves utilizing solar energy to passively move heat to (or from) the living space using a fluid such as water or air by natural convection or forced convection. Heat gain can occur through a sunspace, solarium, or solar closet.

Heat StorageHeat storage, or thermal mass, keeps the building warm when the sun can’t heat it.

Conservation LevelsHigher than ‘normal’ levels of insulation and air-tightness reduces unwanted leakage of heat.

OrientationOptimum within 5 degrees of true south

Glazing SystemIdeal is perpendicular to sun angle in winter, although vertical orientation may be efficient where lots of reflective snow cover is present

passive solar heating guidelines

17


isolated solar gain

indirect solar gain

direct solar gain


18

19


Denver County, Denver, Colorado Climate Zone Requirements (IECC)

SuperInsulation**

Ceiling R-value 38 80

Wood Frame Wall R-value 20 or 13+5 a 40

Mass Wall R-value b 13 / 17

Floor R-value 30 c

Basement Wall R-value d 10 / 13 30

Slab R-value e, Depth 10 / 2 ft 20

Craw lspace Wall R-value d 10 / 13

Fenestration U-factor f 0.35

Skylight U-factor f 0.60

Glazed Fenestration SHGC f, g NR

a. 13+5 means R-13 cavity insulation plus R-5 insulated sheathing. If structural sheathing covers 25 percent or less of the exterior, insulating sheathing is not required where structural sheathing is used. If structural sheathing covers more than 25 percent of exterior, structural sheathing shall be supplemented with insulated sheathing of at least R-2.

b. The second R-value applies when more than half the insulation is on the interior of the wall.

c. Or insulation sufficient to fill the framing cavity. R-19 is minimum.

d. “ 10 / 13 “ means R-10 continuous insulated sheathing on the interior or exterior of the structure or R-13 cavity insulation at the interior of the basement wall.

e. R-5 shall be added to the required slab edge R-values for heated slabs. Insulation depth shall be the depth of the footing or 2 feet, whichever is less in zones 1 through 3 for heated slabs. *Note: Denver County is under Zone 4 & 5 Marine regulations.

f. The fenestration U-factor column excludes skylights. The SHGC column applies to all glazed fenestration.

g. There are no SHGC requirements in the Marine zone(s).

*Note: The state of Colorado currently observes the 2003 IECC (International

Energy Conservation Code) requirements

** Ventilation and air leakage represent a significant portion of building heat

loss, therefore a heat recovery ventilation system should be used with super

insulated buildings.


20

Material R/Inchhr-ft2-°F/Btu

R/Thicknesshr-ft2-°F/Btu

Insulation Materials

Fiberglass Batts 3.14 - 4.30

3 1/2” Fiberglass Batt 11.00


3 1/2” Fiberglass Batt (high density) 15.00


5 1/4” Fiberglass Batt (high density) 21.00

8” Fiberglass Batt 25.00

8” Fiberglass Batt (high density) 30.00


12” Fiberglass Batt 38.00

Fiberglass Blown (attic) 2.20 - 4.30

Fiberglass Blown (wall) 3.70 - 4.30

Rock Wool Batt 3.14 - 4.00

Rock Wool Blown (attic) 3.10 - 4.00

Rock Wool Blown (wall) 3.10 - 4.00

Cellulose Blown (attic) 3.60 - 3.70

Cellulose Blown (wall) 3.80 - 3.90

Vermiculite 2.13

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete 1.05

Urea Terpolymer Foam 4.48

Rigid Fiberglass (> 4lb/ft3) 4.00

Expanded Polystyrene (beadboard) 4.00

Extruded Polystyrene 5.00

Polyurethane (foamed-in-place) 6.25

Polyisocyanurate (foil-faced) 7.20

Construction Materials

Concrete Block 4” 0.80



21




Construction Materials cont.

Brick 4” common 0.80

Brick 4” face 0.44

Poured Concrete 0.08

Soft Wood Lumber 1.25

2” nominal (1 1/2”) 1.88

2x4 (3 1/2”) 4.38

2x6 (5 1/2”) 6.88

Cedar Logs and Lumber 1.33

Sheathing Materials

Plywood 1.25

1/4” 0.31

3/8” 0.47

1/2” 0.63

5/8” 0.77

3/4” 0.94

Fiberboard 2.64

1/2” 1.32

25/32” 2.06

Fiberglass (3/4”) 3.00

1” 4.00

1 1/2” 6.00

Extruded Polystyrene (3/4”) 3.75

1” 5.00

1 1/2” 7.50

Foil-faced Polyisocyanurate (3/4”) 5.40

1” 7.20

1 1/2” 10.80

Siding Materials


22



Siding Materials

Hardboard (1/2” 0.34

Plywood (5/8”) 0.77

(3/4”) 0.93

Wood Bevel Lapped 0.80

Aluminum, Steel, Vinyl (hollow backed) 0.61

(w/ 1/2” Insulating board) 1.80

Brick 4” 0.44

Interior Finish Materials

Gypsum Board (drywall 1/2”) 0.45

(5/8”) 0.56

Paneling (3/8”) 0.47

Flooring Materials

Plywood 1.25

(3/4”) 0.93

Particle Board (underlayment) 1.31

(5/8”) 0.82

Hardwood Flooring 0.91

(3/4”) 0.68

Tile, Linoleum 0.05

Carpet (fibrous pad) 2.08

(rubber pad) 1.23

Roofing Materials

Asphalt Shingles 0.44

Wood Shingles 0.97

Windows*

Single Glass 0.91

23




Windows cont.

w/ storm 2.00

Double Insulating Glass (3/16” air space) 1.61

(1/4” air space) 1.69

(1/2” air space) 2.04

(3/4” air space) 2.38

(1/2” w/ Low-E 0.20) 3.13

(w/ suspended film) 2.77

(w/ 2 suspended films) 3.85

(w/ suspended film and Low-E) 4.05

Triple Insulating Glass (1/4” air space) 2.56

(1/2” air space) 3.23

Addition of tight fitting drapes or shades, or closed blinds

0.29

Doors

Wood Hollow Core Flush (1 3/4”) 2.17

Solid Core Flush (1 3/4”) 3.03

Solid Core Flush (2 1/4”) 3.70

Panel Door w/ 7/16” Panels (1 3/4”) 1.85

Storm Door (wood 50% glass) 1.25

(metal) 1.00

Metal Insulating (2” w/ urethane) 15.00

Air Films

Interior Ceiling 0.61

Interior Wall 0.68

Exterior 0.17

Air Spaces

1/2” to 4” approximately 1.00

* U-values can be calculated by taking the inverse of the listed R-value. For example, a ‘single glass’ window with an R-value of 0.91 would have a U-value of 1.10.


24

25


U-FactorThe rate of heat loss is indicated in terms of the U-factor (U-value). This rate of non-solar heat loss or gain through a whole window assembly is measured in Btu/hr-sf-°F. The lower the U-factor, the greater a window’s resistance to heat flow and the better its insulating value.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)The SHGC is the fraction of solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted and absorbed and subsequently released inward. SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The lower a window’s SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits. The recognized rating method by the NFRC is for the whole window, including the frame.

Visible Transmittance (VT)The visible transmittance is an optical property that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted. The NFRC’s VT is a whole window rating, including the frame. While VT theoretically varies between 0 and 1, most values among double- and triple-pane windows are between 0.30 and 0.70. The higher the VT, the more light is transmitted.

Air Leakage (AL)Heat loss and gain occur by infiltration through cracks in the window assembly. It is indicated by an air leakage rating (AL) expressed as the equivalent cubic feet of air passing through a square foot of window area. The lower the AL, the less air will pass through cracks in the window assembly.

Condensation Resistance (CR)CR measures how well a window resists the formation of condensation on the inside surface. CR is expressed as a number between 1 and 100. The higher the number, the better a product is able to resist condensation.


26

single glazed - clear glass single glazed - tinted glass

double glazed - clear glass double glazed - tinted glass

double glazed - high performance - tinted glass double glazed - high solar gain - low-e glass

glazing characteristics

27


* Note: Numbers represent frame-less glass. Frame choice can drastically affect overall performance.

* Note: To compare average simulated energy costs for Denver, CO based on various window types, visit http://www.efficientwindows.org/selection.cfm

double glazed - medium solar gain - low-e glass double glazed - low solar gain - low-e glass

triple glazed - medium solar gain - low-e glass triple glazed - low solar gain - low-e glass


28

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

Religious

Warehouse

Retail

Service

Education

Office

Public Assembly

Lodging

Public Order

Health Care

Food Sales

Food Service

typical building energy consumption per square foot (thousand BTUs)

29


Office Equipment

1%

Ventilation 5%

Cooking 23%

Water Heating 19%

Space Heating 19%

Lighting 11%

Cooling 8%

Other 8%

Refridgeration 6%

*Note: It is estimated that the average restaurant uses between 6 and 29 gallons of water to produce each meal it serves (Source: Massachusetts Regional Water Authority)

typical commercial kitchen energy usage

sustainability analysis - denver, co

Documents

sf wood

sf commissary

sf greenhouseservice

coloradodenver temperature

sf small caf

sf seed bank food bank

sf business incubator

sustainability23five