survey report of livelihood assessment in kradas ka, tan … assessent on community... ·...

Survey Report of Livelihood Assessment in Kradas Ka, Tan Krasaing

commune and Roung Damrei, Trab commune of Batheay district,

Kampong Cham province, Cambodia

Prepared by:

Mr. Chey Tech

Mr. Proeung Sopheap

30 October 2010

Survey report of livelihood assessment in Batheay district, Kampong Cham province

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Dynamic Alliance Consulting (DAC)

Acknowledgment

On behalf of the writer, we would gratefully acknowledge following persons for helping this

livelihood assessment survey possible:

Mr. Dom Sahim, pastor and also a community teacher helps to invite participants in

the target villages, arrangement the venue for group discussion, snack preparation, and

also lunch for research team.

Mr. Sorn San, pastor helps guide to meeting plan/village and spend time to provide

many important information.

Mr. Loch Sok, farmer helps and assists to Mr. Dom Sahim for all arrangement in the

Krakas Ka village.

People in Kradas Kor and Roung Damrei village who devote their times for discussion

and provide a lot of important information.


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Table of Contents

Page

1. Purpose of the survey ........................................................................................................ 3

2. Method of Information Collection ................................................................................... 3

3. Key Findings of the survey ............................................................................................... 5

3.1. General Information in the target villages .............................................................. 5

3.2. Village Income Activities ........................................................................................... 5

3.3. Problems Assessed ..................................................................................................... 8

3.4. Vulnerability Situation ............................................................................................ 10

3.5. Trend Analysis ......................................................................................................... 10

4. Civil Society Organizations active in the target villages.............................................. 11

5. Primary requirement in each village ............................................................................. 12

6. Recommendation ............................................................................................................. 12

7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 17

Appendix1: Profile of participant attended ......................................................................... 18

Appendix2: General information of Batheay district ......................................................... 19

Appendix3: Survey tools ........................................................................................................ 21

Appendix4: References .......................................................................................................... 25


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1. Purpose of the survey

The Survey was preceded with two Villages: Kradas Kor in Tang Krasaing commune and

Ruong Damrey in Trab commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham province of Cambodia.

The main purposes of the study were mentioned as follows:

To assessment the current socio-economic conditions which mainly focus on the

villagers‟ daily livelihood activities and their facing challenges.

To seek the perception on the livelihood activities and graphical seasonal

calendar to illustrate villagers‟ certain busy times in the whole year.

To discover the perception of the community people, local authorities and other

local stakeholders to find out their priority needs to improve their living

conditions.

Provide appropriate recommendations

2. Method of Information Collection

A quantitative and qualitative research and analysis will be conducted to address the above

stated purpose of the assessment survey. The survey methodology and activities comprise of

three distinct phases as following:

a) The survey team has reached and reviewed some related documents was researched and

reviewed. Two types of information gathering instruments have been drafted and

submitted to donor for review and comments. Inputs from the donor have been used to

finalize these information collection instruments are; Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

and Key Formant Interview (KII) guide question.

b) Field information collection conducted by two different methods which is Focus Group

Discussion (FGD) and Key Formant Internview (KII) in two villages are; Kradas ka

village, Tang Krasaing commune and Roung Damrei village, Trab commune of

Batheay districgt, Kampong Cham province.

FGDs: There are 30 participants attended in the FGD in both villages; they are pastor,

village‟s chiefs, village development committees (VDC), village veterinary

surgeons, farmer, commune council member, businessman, village health

agent, and school teachers. FGD take place in the whole morning at church in

Kradas Ka village and at Kampot primary school in Roung Damrei village.

The FGD will be facilitated by a researcher and note taker for recording the

responses. The FGD facilitators have no part of the decision making. These

FGDs look at the general perception of the communities with regards to the

livelihood activities in supporting their daily lives, the root cause of problems

faced by community and their priority needs to improve the livelihood.

(Please see the list of participants in the appendix1).


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KIIs: Interviewed about 6 key informants in each village such village‟s chief, village

development committee, pastor, commune council, school teacher, and deputy

of village‟s chief. The topics have brought up in the interview are relate to

family demography, livelihood activities, food security and its coping

mechanism and the proposed solutions for further improvement regarding

family living condition.

Table1: villages’ population and participants attended

No Village Village‟s

population

Date of Data

Collection

Participants

Total Female

1 Kradas Ka 884* 25 October 2010 16 1

2 Roung Damrei 763* 26 October 2010 14 1

Note: (*) SEILA Commune Database 2005

Picture1: Map of target communes


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c) Data Analysis and Report Writing Phase: Information obtained from the focus group

discussion and the key informant interviews has been classified and analyzed. The

analysis focused on responding to the objectives of the survey.

A week after completing the field work, the draft report including the recommendations

has been submitted to donor for comments and suggestions for improvement.

3. Key Findings of the survey

3.1. General Information in the target villages

According to the Seila commune data 2005, there are about 52% of population are

female is both target villages. Female who are head of family has 24% for Kradas Ka

village and 17% for Roung Damrei village (please see the below table2).

Table2: Population in the target villages

Village # of HH # of population # Female HH

headed Total Female

Kradas Ka 153 884 461 37

Roung Damrei 156 763 397 28

There is a 100% of family are using the chemical fertilizer in Kradas Ka village and

more than 52.5% in Roung Damrei village. More than 98.5% of family in Krakas Ka is

using the chemical pesticide and 41% in Roung Damei village. A 100% of family has

access to irrigation for rice farming in Kradas Ka village and 68% in Roung Damrei

village (please see the below table3).

Table3: Key data related to agriculture farming

Village

Land size (ha)* # HH use agriculture

chemical materials

# family who

have some

irrigated rice

land

Resident

land

Wet season

rice land

Dry season

rice land Pesticide Fertilizer

Kradas Ka 56.97 355.3 202 151 153 153

Roung Damrei 31.19 131.16 99.97 64 82 106

Note: (*) These data received from both villages’ chief

3.2. Village Income Activities

The assessments found that there are common nineteen different kinds of income activities

performed by the villagers in supporting their living conditions. The performance of these

income activities vary depend on its necessity, season, and resource available. The most

important and most common income activities in the villages fall in to six categories which

are wet season rice growing, dry season rice farming, animal raising, laboring, fishing, and

vegetable growing.


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Table4: Villagers’ livelihood activities and its important ranks

Income Activities Kradas Ka village Roung Damrei village

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Wet season rice

Dry season rice

Fishing

Laborer

Animal raising

Vegetable planting

Fruit tree planting

Fish raising

Farming

Grocery shop

Rice mille operator

Rice thresh operator

Motor taxi driver

Government Servant

Bamboo planting

Veterinary surgeons

Palm juice collector

Factory worker

Construction worker

Note: Rank 1 is for the most important activity

Rank 5 is for the least important activity

- Wet and dry season rice growing: There is more than 90 percent of villagers are growing

the wet season rice which start from May to December and about 75 percent of villagers

are growing the dry season rice which start from January to May. Both wet and dry

season rice growing has been done one to two times per year heavily depended on

natural rain and type of rice seeds. Varieties of rice seeds, most of them are ordinary rice

seeds, were used on family size rice fields. The production yields depend on good

season, soil fertility, and pest. Rice products are sold for cash in market through middle

businessperson who come to collect them every village. Villagers are reluctant to bring

their products to market because of transport and other overhead cost. The selling price is

low around 700 Riels per kilogram. Rice for sale is part of family daily consumption.

The rice growing is using a lot of external inputs such as; chemical fertilizer about 4 sack

of chemical fertilizer per hectare (1 sack of chemical fertilizer is equal 50 kilograms and

its cost about 135,000 riel or around 13.5 USD), and using about 3 to 4 liters of chemical

pesticide, hire external labor or machines, and etc.


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- Vegetable planting: Vegetable growing is done as early as June to December when the

rain started. There are main crops has been planed such as cucumber, bean, tomato,

eggplant, chili, lemongrass, etc. Roung Damrei village has more farmers than Kradas Ka

village has been growing the vegetable. Almost all farmers grow vegetable for family

consumption, but there only few families has the surplus products for sale for cash in the

villages or to neighbors.

- Fish is one of the main sources of protein in the villagers‟ daily diet. In Cambodia, the

rate of fish consumption is one of the highest rates in the world (Baran, 2005). Since the

introduction of fishing law in 2006 (CMAFF 2007), information relate to fishing practice

become more sensitive. There are about more than 40 families from Roung Damrei are

fisher. The fishing activity is done as yearly, but the busy fishing season is start from

May to November when has more water. According to information obtained, fish

become scarcer than the last five years because of using the illegal fishing materials,

some fishing plot has been sold to business person or company, less water, and the using

a lot of agricultural chemical fertilizer and pesticide, thus, time to catch fish is getting

longer. Their fishing is for family consumption, but some other surplus products for sale

for cash in the neighbors or to middle trader with low price.

- Animal husbandry is practiced in the villages in a very small size stock. Animals are

usually left free to wonder without any cage or containment to keep them. There was no

special animal food are used to feed their animals, except normal rice for chickens and

ducks, and rice dust or left over foods from their household kitchens use especially to

feed pigs. Villagers raise animal as their saving piggy bank. Whenever they need extra

cash, they can bring their chickens to sell at the district market of Sambo, which can only

be accessed by motor boat. At the time of interview, selling price for live chicken was

between 20,000 to 25,000 Riels per kilogram as the time was close to the annual Chinese

New Year. Normally, live chicken is sold between 10,000 Riels to 15,000 Riels per

kilogram at the market. Sometimes, middle trader can come to their villages to buy their

animals, especially pig. Animal diseases were hard hit in most villages and some

villagers had their entire stocks vanished by the diseases. There was no report found of

any involvement from relevant government department to prevent the animal disease

outbreak. Some villagers used different kind of herbal medicines to treat their stock and

to prevent further contagion.

- Laborer: labor work was found to be performed by villagers who have not enough

cultivated land or no land to work on, to support their living. This labor work, sometimes

have done by teenagers who are growing up in village without other employment

prospective choices. There are varieties of labor work such as work in the rice fields for


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other villager in the rice growing or harvesting season, work in the farming for other

villagers in the cassava or other planting and harvesting season.

There are many teenagers travel as far as Thai border or other provinces to do laboring

work to support their family.

Table5. Seasonal Calendar

Income Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wet season rice

growing

Dry season rice

growing

Fishing

Laborer

Animal raising

Vegetable planting

Legend: ( ) Indicates patchy activity, ( ) Indicates full activity

3.3. Problems Assessed

a- Agricultural Practices

The result of the assessments indicates that agricultural practices in all two villages are facing

many problems including availability of arable lands, farming materials, seeds, pest control,

and agricultural techniques to help improving production. In Kradas Ka village, it was found

that many organizations such as CEDAC (Cambodian Center for Study and Development in

Agriculture), NAS (Neak Aphivat Sahakum) and PSA (Phnom Srei Association) has involved

in the rice production technique to villagers. However, the program seems not have been

followed through after the organization‟s involvement finished. In the past five years rice

productions in the villages have stable or slightly increased. In 2009 harvesting year, number

of productions dropped. The causes of the rice production decreasing found to be related to

lack of water, soil fertility and pests. There are several small and big lakes which could


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irrigate about 900 hectares of rice fields, but the water use is inequality and transparency

(some farmers not paid and some farmers has been paid for water use fee of 15,000 riel per

hectare).

The outbreak of pests across the two villages destroyed growing rice without substantial

measures. It was found that there was no modern pest control mechanism available to

farmers. However, some farmers in two villages managed to use traditional herbs in dealing

with the pest problems. The result of those practices was minimal. In the recent year,

livestock disease also hit hard in those villages. In August 2006, Batheay district was the site

of an outbreak of the deadly H5N1 virus commonly known as "avian influenza" or "bird flu".

The outbreak was detected in live and dead ducks taken from a farm in the district and the

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) culled 700 birds to prevent further

outbreaks.

Larger sizes of vegetable farms are not found to be widely practiced in these two villages,

even though vegetables were classified by the meeting participants as one of the villagers‟

important income activities. Most villagers only grow vegetables to supplement their family

daily diets. Lacking of interest in growing vegetable found to be related to animal

containment and seeding. Livestock containments are problematic in all villages. As rice

harvesting season finished, the livestock owners traditionally let their animals go wild into

harvested rice fields during the day. These practices create many problems to other villagers

as the livestock usually wandering into other villager‟s properties and destroy their crops.

b- Health Issue

There is a village health volunteer in the village to only identify any outbreak diseases and

other health related issues in the villages back to district hospital or district government

health authority. They have limitation in knowledge to identify the nature of the diseases. It

was found that most villagers have no confident on the village health volunteer, therefore,

related diseases‟ information were not passed on. They tended to use their traditional

treatments first before rushing patients to health center or district hospital or to private doctor.

Safe drinking water and sanitation in those two villages are one of the main contributing

causes of health issue. The assessments found that majority of villagers do not boil their daily

drinking water and there are only few toilets for their daily sanitations in each village. In

rainy season, the excreta pollutes in water and flow into canal, pond, rice field or other water

drinking sources. There had been worldwide understanding that water vector born diseases

that are widespread and most significant relate to drinking water quality that contaminated

directly or indirectly by excreta and micro-organism contained in human or animal faeces. In

the past, there are few organization has run sanitation program in these villages. Eleven

toilets were constructed in these target villages (5 toilets in Kradas Ka and 6 toilets in Roung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H5N1_virus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_influenza

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries,_Cambodia


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Damrei village). There is a very limited number of households in these two villages have

access to drinking water filters. There is only one open well Roung Damrei villages and three

in Kradas Ka villages, but the water from underground could be used for only washing,

clearing, and farming, but could not use for drinking because this water is has bad test.

3.4. Vulnerability Situation

The assessments in these two villages found that there are; first is the edge of vulnerable is

150 HHs (48.5%), second is the most vulnerable is 87 HHs (28%), third is the vulnerable is

48 HHs (15.5%), fourth is the non vulnerable is only 24 HHs (8%) (Please see the table 6).

Table6: Vulnerability situation in target villages

Village

Non

vulnerable HH

On the Edge‟

HH

Vulnerable

HH

Most

vulnerable HH

# HH % # HH % # HH % # HH %

Krakas Ka (153 HHs) 9 6 90 59 26 17 28 18

Roung Damrei (156 HHs) 15 10 60 38 22 14 59 38

Total 24 16 150 97 48 31 87 56

Average Percentage 8% 48.5% 15.5% 28%

Noted: this assessment based on some indicators are; the number of months of access to

adequate food, dietary diversity, household income, and household asset.

3.5. Trend Analysis

Declining of household income and health issue are the most significant element to drive in

poverty. If there is no intervention by any development agencies, there will be a worst

scenario for the next 5, 10 and 20 years as show in the graphic 1 and 2.

The number of vulnerable household and most vulnerable households will be increase

significantly. There are some factors to cause these negative changes such as, lower

agriculture productivities because of poorer soil fertility, lack of water, and poor agriculture

techniques, poorer health, highly cost for agriculture external inputs (chemical fertilizer and

pesticide, etc), lower selling price for agricultural product, decline of fish yield, and increase

on the environmental exploitation.


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Graphic1: Trend analysis for Krakas Ka village

Graphic2: Trend analysis for Roung Damrei village

4. Civil Society Organizations active in the target villages

There are some Civil Society Organization (CSO) are actively working in the both villages as

following table.


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Table6: List of CSO and its intervention

No Name of CSO Intervention activities Status

1

Cambodian Center for Study

and Development in

Agriculture (CEDAC)

Ecological agriculture techniques,

Farmer organization, Saving,

Agriculture marketing.

Finished

2 Neak Aphiwat Sahakum (NAS) Build house for the poor, agriculture

techniques, and rice seed and rice bank

Finished

3

Reproductive Health

Association of Cambodia

(RHAC)

Bird Spacing, awareness raising on the

reproductive health, access to health

service for the poor

On going

4 Farmer Association (FA) which

facilitated by CEDAC

Saving group, and community shop On going

5 Adventist Development and

Relief Agency (ADRA)

Educate on reproductive health and

HIV/AID

Finished

6 Phnom Srei Development

Associate (PSDA)

Animal bank On going

7 Christian Church Non-Formal Education (NFE) On going

5. Primary requirement in each village

Through group discussions and key informant interviews, villager‟s needs in improving their

living standards mainly on low inputs agriculture techniques, sanitation, safe drinking water,

vegetable seeding, animal raising technique and strengthening the community water user

group on management process.

6. Recommendation

As a result of the assessment, it is strongly recommended that the project intervention should

be targeted with 135 households (90 H.H are vulnerable and 45 H.H are the most vulnerable)

within both villages especially for the people who resident along the mountain hill with the

following activities:

1. Toilet should be provided to poor families who have a strong commitment and willing

to contribute to build the toilet and use it. Water is consumed in raw manner without

filtering or boiling. It‟s not that people do not realize the value of boiling and/or

filtering water but they think that it is not necessary because of its cost and time

consumption. The lower or no-cost related technological solutions are available to

cleanse water. For example, if water in PET containers (polyethylene terephthalate –

ordinary cola bottles) is kept in sunlight for 24 hours (48 on cloudy days), it


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decontaminates the water through solar radiation; ultraviolet rays kill all harmful

micro-organisms1.

2. Open well may not be possible to construct in most places in villages. According to

villagers‟ knowledge, there are many huge underground rocks that make the digging

impossible. Also the level of land on this side is too higher to the water level.

Therefore, it may require digging very deep hole to be able to access underground

water. Alternative is to collect rainwater (water jars and water tanks) may be

advisable.

3. System of rice intensification (SRI)2 should be introduced to the suitable villagers

who are willing to try new rice growing technique. This SRI may require agricultural

expert from development agent to guide villagers what to do, how to produce and use

natural fertilizer or how to control pest. It may be more helpful if agricultural expert

from other area be invited as guest speaker to educate villagers of the new growing

technique. Also, follow up program on should be implemented to regularly check the

progress.

4. The integrated farming system approach may be advisable. This approach wherein a

combination of different perennial (including tree) and seasonal crops, along with

livestock and even fisheries in farm ponds or flooded agricultural lands, are jointly

planned at the farm/household level. This approach seems appealing in Cambodian

conditions, even for small farmers; it yields more income, protects the ecology and

shields farmers against natural disasters or price fluctuations. A farming systems

approach also works well in small farms.

5. The chemical fertilizer and chemical pesticide are serious problem to Cambodian

natural resources, environment, health of farmer and consumer. The prices of

chemical fertilizer and pesticide and fuel have risen continuously at unprecedented

rates in recent years, but the prices of farm produce have not kept pace and this

deteriorating input-to-output price ratio for all crops. The awareness raising program

on the negative impact of chemical materials should be developed, instead of using

those chemical products and spend a lot of local money, a intensive training on how to

produce the effective natural fertilizer, natural pesticide, and other ecological

agriculture techniques should be provided.

1SODIS “clean water” approach is demonstrated as effective and free water purification technology. SODIS is

implemented and promoted by Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), for more detail:

www.adracambodia.org 2 SRI has been disseminated by CEDAC. More detail www.cedac.org.kh or www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri

http://www.adracambodia.org/

http://www.cedac.org.kh/

http://www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri


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6. The impact of illegal fishing to decrease of fish product from year to year. The rule of

law must be enforced in each village and form a community fishery committee to

protect the interest of community. Community fishery committee should be

encouraged and provided wider role to report or apprehend any none compliant

villagers.

7. Individual farmers have no control over prices; farmer organization should be

seriously advisable. Farmer association could provide for establishment of collective

grain storage facilities so that farmers is borrow against their grain rather than sell it

in distress, and the grain is sale only when the prices are at the most remunerative.

8. The community has no confident to rely on the water user group committee in

management the water schedule and its collection of water fee due some personal

conflict of interest in the committee. The existing irrigation was well renovated and

maintaining, therefore it is strongly recommended to strengthen the existing the water

user group of two villages related with the whole cycle of management process and

bookkeeping ensure the acceptable accountability and transparency.


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Table7: Proposed activities for future project intervention

Expected results Activities Necessities Timeline

Jan 2011 – Dec 2012

Budget

(Euro)

135 of vulnerable and most

vulnerable households successfully

transform from traditional rice

planting to ecological rice planting

(SRI).

Set-up and conduct 4 on-farm

experimentation/demonstration

plots

Technical designers and agricultural

trainers

April - May 2011

April - May 2012

2,000

Seeds and agricultural materials

500

Brochures, village workshops, per

diems for village representatives

1,000

All households have formal and

durable access to irrigation (water)

Strengthening the water user

management process carried out in

2 villages

Provide orientation and guideline for

water user committee on management

and bookkeeping process. On-going

2,000

Conduct regular follow up meeting to

make sure the water user committee

run smoothly and transparency

1,500

Raise level of house hold Income to

be improved by 30% within 135 of

vulnerable and most vulnerable

households with acceptable living

standard.

Facilitation, training and coaching

of target families regarding

appropriate combinations of natural

fertilizer, natural pesticide and low

input agriculture techniques.

Training materials, seminars,

workshops

December to March

2,000

Natural Fertilizer and pesticide, basic

tools

1,000

Training and coaching of target

families regarding vegetable and

perennial cropping.

Training on home gardening and

vegetable growing

May to December

2,000

Seeds, seedlings, basic agricultural

equipment

500

Exchange visit

1,000

Training and coaching of target

families regarding the animal

husbandry.

Training on animal raising and fish

raising On-going

2,000

Animal breeds, material and

equipment

1,000


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Exchange visit 1,000

To decrease household health

expenditure by 40% within 135 of

vulnerable and most vulnerable

households.

Awareness raising and education on

the value of clean water, latrine use,

and hygiene.


workshops

On-going

2,000

Provide water filter, wells and water

jars

5,000

Toilet construction 5,000

Provide training on the technological

solutions to cleanse water (SODIS)

2,000

The use of illegal and harmful agro-

chemicals is reduced with 30%

among the target groups.

Awareness building and training on

the use of agro-chemicals


workshops On-going

2,000

Brochures, leaflet and posters

500

Subtotal Direct activities 34,000

NGO implementer transport costs

3,000

NGO implementer administration, salary, communication and office costs

12,000

Contingencies 3,5%

1,000

Total budget (Euro) 50,000

.


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7. Conclusion

The assessment on current situation of villagers‟ livelihood activities found that

socioeconomic developments in the two villages are inevitable. Subsistence farming is their

main family income and consumptions. Villagers grow rice one or two times per year heavily

depend on natural rain and natural soil. Their livelihoods are also depended on other activities

such as laboring, animal raising, small crop farming, and fishing. Poor sanitation and lack of

safe drinking water also cause villagers‟ health deteriorations. Animal husbandry is practiced,

but in family size with no technical or animal care system to protect their livestock.

Therefore, the impact of any diseases outbreak on villagers or animals could add more

hardships to family lives, with concomitant other supporting mechanism of their livelihood.

The living standard of villagers could be improved through socioeconomic development

programs. Assessment result and villagers‟ appeals strongly indicate that the area such as;

low inputs agriculture techniques, sanitation, safe drinking water, vegetable seeding, animal

raising technique.

The development activities are required from both institutions; government and non

government organizations, with full participations from villagers. Development activities in

agriculture and agriculture practices will help to generate villagers‟ income and secure their

foods security. Development in sanitation, safe drinking water could improve villagers‟

health from most water born diseases and contaminated water. These programs will also help

to safeguard their incomes from very high cost on medicines and cost on doctor fees,

concomitantly happy life. Livestock wastes could be recycled into cooking gas through

biodigesters program in substituting to fire woods which cause environment problems.

Subsequently, this program is to conserve villages‟ natural resources from being over

harvested.


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Appendix1: Profile of participant attended

Table1: Roung Damrei village, Trab commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham province

No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed

school

Occupation

1 Oun Loeum 39 Male 9 Deputy of school director

2 Dong Deng 41 Male Study at pagoda Deputy of village chief

3 Sam Ath 41 Male 5 VDC* Agent

4 Kuth Souy 50 Female None Village Health Volunteer

5 Or Seak 51 Male None Village chief

6 Moeun Sok 53 Male 5 Farmer

7 Seim Song 42 Male None Labourer

8 Im Sea 37 Male Study at pagoda Farmer

9 Neat Sinath 41 Male 5 Farmer

10 Seng Sol 30 Male 5 Farmer

11 Roth Rin 53 Male 2 Farmer

12 Kath Seu 45 Male None Farmer

13 Lok Sek 51 Male 5 Village Veteran

14 Chea Thoeurn 36 Male None Fishery man

Note: VDC is Village Development Committee

Table2: Kradas Ka village, Tang Krasaing commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham

province

No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed school Occupation

1 Ngor Sothy 32 Female 12 Deputy of school director

2 Leung Laing 53 Male Study at pagoda Deputy of village chief

3 Em Ain 39 Male 4 Seller

4 Thurn Thoch 53 Male Study at pagoda Member of Commune

Council

5 Yon Phlong 51 Male Study at pagoda VDC Agent

6 Dom Sahim 68 Male 4 Teacher/Pastor

7 Loch Sok 25 Male 10 Farmer

8 Gnim Cheng 46 Male Study at pagoda Village Chief of Kradas Ka

9 Ean Yong 54 Male Study at pagoda Farmer

10 Kroy Sok 51 Male Study at pagoda Farmer

11 Ream Raing 56 Male 2 Farmer

12 Phy Phain 35 Male 5 Farmer

13 Oun Earn 36 Male 4 Farmer

14 Dy Eang 70 Male Study at pagoda Farmer

15 Dong Hov 51 Male Village Chief of Kradas Kha

16 Sorn San 55 Male 6 Pastor


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Appendix2: General information of Batheay district

Batheay district is a district of Kampong Cham province, Cambodia. The district capital is

Ph'av town. The town is located on National Highway 6 around 64 kilometres east of the

provincial capital at Kampong Cham city and 60 kilometres north of the Cambodian capital

Phnom Penh. The district lies at the junction between two major waterways, the Mekong

River and the Tonle Sap.

Batheay district is the eastern most district of Kampong Cham province and borders on two

other provinces. Reading from the north clockwise, Batheay shares a border with Kampong

Thom province to the north and the districts of Cheung Prey and Kang Meas to the east. To

the south of Batheay are Ksach Kandal, Mukh Kampuol and Ponhea Leu districts of Kandal

Province. Batheay shares its western border with Kampong Tralach and Chol Kiri districts of

Kampong Chhnang province.

The district is subdivided into 12 communes and 80 villages. According to the 1998 Census,

the population of the district was 90,920 persons in 17,541 households in 1998. With a

population of over 90,000 people, Batheay is one of the less populous districts in Kampong

Cham province. The average household size in Batheay is 5.1 persons per household, the

same as the rural average for Cambodia. The sex ratio in the district is 91.3%, with more

females than males.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%27av_%28town%29&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_6_%28Cambodia%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_%28city%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonle_Sap

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Prey_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Meas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksach_Kandal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukh_Kampuol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Leu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandal_Province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandal_Province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Tralach_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chol_Kiri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_province

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio


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Table: Communes and villages of Batheay district

No Communes Villages

1 Batheay Svay Pok, Batheay, Srah Pring, Chreaek, Tuol, Ou Mal

2 Chbar Ampov Chbar Ampov, Tuol Chan, Anlong Chrey, Stueng Chveng

3 Chealea Chea Lea, Ta Ngil, Tang Krang, Baek Peang, Phnum Thum

4 Cheung Prey Cheung Prey, Andoung Snay, Prasoutr Ka, Prasoutr Kha, Trabaek,

Trayang Pong

5 Me Pring Me Pring, Tang Thlaeung, Tang Srei, Tang Roleang, Prey Kaor

6 Ph'av Ph'av, Samraong, Tang Boeng, Ba Kal, Prey Nha, Kandaol

7 Sambour Sambour, Balang, Veal, Sangkaeub, Ta Poy, Chong, Tao Baek

8 Sandaek Kampal, Pou Steang, Svay Prey, Tang Chrey, Sroengk

9 Tang Krang Phnum Del, Cheung Chhnok, Tboung Phnum, Popit, Ak Tieng, Kampong

Preah, Tang Kouk, Prasat

10 Tang Krasang Boeng Veaeng, Kradas Ka, Kradas Kha, Sdok Thum, Trav Phni, Khvet,

Boeng, Khtum, Chan, Chi Neang

11 Trab Roung Damrei, Kampout, Phnum Touch, Tum Prong, Thmei, Pou

Ruessei, Trab, Chan Kong, Thkov, Thma Kaev, Routh

12 Tumnob Tumnob Leu, Prayuk, Doun Paen, Rung, Prasam, Sroeng, Trapeang Snao

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batheay_Commune&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chbar_Ampov&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chealea&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Prey_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_Pring&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%27av&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambour_Commune&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandaek&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_Krang&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_Krasang&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumnob&action=edit&redlink=1


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Appendix3: Survey tools

1. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Rapid Assessment on Livelihood in Batheay

district of Kampong Cham province

1. FGD Objectives:

a) To identify the general perception of the communities with regards to the livelihood

activities in supporting their daily lives,

b) To identify and the root cause of problems faced regarding the livelihood activities,

and

c) To identify the priority needs to improve their livelihood conditions.

2. Selecting the FGD Participants:

The participants should be 10-15 people in two FGDs. The participants should come from

different backgrounds. Here are some suggested participants: pastors, villagers, teacher,

village chief, member of any groups, and youth etc. They should be gender equal.

3. Duration: Half-day for each FGD. Start at 7:30am to obtain participants profile. Start

FGD proper at 8am and finish at 11:30am.

4. Venue: Central location to the each target village. Where appropriate, the pagoda would

be an ideal location for the FGDs.

5. Facilitation: Two persons will be involved in this FGD. One is facilitator and the other

one is note taker.

6. Materials: Tape recorders, notebooks and pens, paper tape, flip chart, markers, cameras.

7. Methods: Brand storming and Plenary discussions

8. FGD PROCESS

In the FGD session, there should be tape recorders to record all information in the session.

However the co-facilitator should still pay attention on ideas/ remarks/ consensus of

participants and take detailed notes. Be ready with the tape recorders and cassettes and check

and try it before the FGD start.

Facilitating the session:

a). Profile of Participants (this should be accomplished during registration period)

No Name Age Gender # of yrs completed

school

Occupation


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b). Guide Questions and its formats

1) What are the Villagers‟ livelihood activities and its important ranks?

Income Activities Name of village

1 2 3 4 5

Remark: Rank 1 is for the most important activity and rank 5 is for the least important activity

2) What is the livelihood activities‟ seasonal calendar?

Income

Activities

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec


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3) What are problems and difficulties they are facing in performing those livelihood

activities?

Income Activities Description of Problems and difficulties

4) What are the priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions or solve the

above problem and difficulties?

Income Activities Description of Priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions

2. Key Informant Interview (KIIs): Rapid Assessment on Livelihood in Batheay

district of Kampong Cham province

9. KII Objectives:

d) To identify the family demography and socio-economic;

e) To identify food security and its coping mechanism; and

f) To identify the priority solutions for further improvement the family livelihood

conditions.

10. Selecting the KII Participants: Key informants interviews will conduct separately for 6

key informants in each village; they are the village‟s chief, village development

committee, pastor, farmer associate, school teacher, and community entrepreneur.

11. Duration: About half-hour to one hour for each key informant interview.


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12. Venue: As appropriate.

13. Facilitation: each facilitator will conduct KII separately. So, a facilitator will interview

three key informants for each village.

14. Materials: notebooks and pens.

15. Guide Questions

5) Request for some demographic data, infrastructure and facilities, and other socio-

economic information if possible from village‟s chief. If not, researcher will

review the existing documents from government agencies and other NGOs.

6) What are key development actors in this village and what are their interventions?

(description the intervention of each development actor)

7) Which development actor that you think is most three helpful for livelihood

improvement of villager? What their main helpful intervention? Why?

8) What are the occupation and income activities in the village?

9) What are problems and difficulties they are facing in performing those income

activities?

10) What are the priorities needs to improve their livelihood conditions or solve the

above problem and difficulties?

11) What are your other recommendations or suggestions?


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Appendix4: References

- Baran, E 2005, „Cambodian inland fisheries: facts, figures and context‟, WorldFish

Centre and Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh,

Cambodia.

- Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, (CMAFF) 2007, „Law on

Fisheries‟, Fisheries Administration publication, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

- SEILA Commune Database 2005

- National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 2009, Batheay

District Data Book 2009.

- National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD) 2009,

Kampong Cham province Data Book 2009.

- Adventist Development and Relief (ADRA), SODIS project document 2006

- What is SRI (System of Rice Intensification), www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri

http://www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/sri

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