survey of modern psychology
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Survey of Modern Psychology. Optical Illusions. Illusions generally happen when: The stimulus is unclear Information is missing. When we do not have sufficient information about a stimulus, we fill it in ourselves. Gestalt theory Learning based inference. Gestalt Theory. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Survey of Modern Psychology
Optical Illusions
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Illusions generally happen when:• The stimulus is unclear• Information is missing
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When we do not have sufficient information about a stimulus, we fill it in
ourselves
• Gestalt theory• Learning based inference
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Gestalt Theory
The brain perceives patterns in stimulationFor example, we see a triangle as a single figure
rather than as three lines
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Closure
We fill in the blank space to form a closed figure
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Figure and Ground
• The figure is the part that grabs our attention
• The ground is anything surrounding the figure
• The figure can be seen as either a vase or as two faces
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Huang, L., Pashler, H. (2009). Reversing the Attention in Figure-Ground
Perception. Psychological Science, 20, 1199-1201.
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A
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When a person focuses
their attention
on the red lines, the red lines
appear to be in front of a green backgroun
d
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B
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Explanation
•We look for the simplest possible explanation of stimuli, and interpret them as 3-D•In image B, when paying attention to the red lines we saw a picture of a face
•Normally, this would mean that we’re looking at a whole face with columns in front of it
•In image C, the strips were shuffled so the red or green did not form a continuous image anymore. It was therefore interpreted in the same was as figure A
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X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
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Perceptual Grouping
• We group together stimuli that appear to belong together
• The X’s are similar to other X’s, and we therefore group them together as columns
X O X O XX O X O XX O X O XX O X O XX O X O X
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Meaningfulness – “Prägnanz”
• We look for the simplest interpretation possible, with the least amount of effort
• We know what we expect to see, and that makes proofreading difficult
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Meaningfulness – “Prägnanz”
Note: humans are good at this, computers are not.
This is why spammers use symbols rather than letters to get through filters
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Learning Based Inference
• We use what we know/have learned to interpret new stimuli
• Our knowledge gives us a context for recognizing and interpreting new stimuli
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Context and Expectation
FOX; OWL; SNAKE; TURKEY; SWAN; D?CK
BOB; RAY; DAVE; BILL; TOM; D?CK
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Context and Expectation
FOX; OWL; SNAKE; TURKEY; SWAN; D?CKBOB; RAY; DAVE; BILL; TOM; D?CK
• In the first list, “U” made sense• In the second list, “I” made sense
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Context and Expectation
.rat eht saw tac ehT
Turn this around in your mind and read it
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.rat eht saw tac ehT
People usually interpret the sentence logically as saying “The cat saw the rat.”
In reality, when reversed the letters said, “The cat was the tar”
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From Psychology Core Concepts Fifth Edition Zimbardo, Johnson and Weber
What difference(s) do you see in these two pictures?
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We have difficulty seeing details of faces that violate our expectations of a face
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What do you see?
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Priming
The images or labels shown surrounding an ambiguous image will tend to lead to a particular interpretation.
In this case, you may have been more likely to initially see the image as a young woman
(Priming is subconsciously cuing a particular response)
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The Ponzo Illusion
We look at see the tracks as cues for distance. Because A appears to be further away, we perceive it as being larger than B
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Hybrid Images
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Hybrid Images
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Dimensions
“Spinning Dancer” illusionhttp://z.about.com/d/psychology/1/0/Z/5/Spinning_Dancer.gif
• We tend to view objects as three dimensional even if they are really not
• The image is not actually “spinning” but we interpret it as 3-D spinning
• It is processed as both counter clockwise and clockwise, but one interpretation wins at any given timeTHIS IS NOT ACTUALLY LINKED TO BEING “LEFT
BRAINED” OR RIGHT BRAINED”
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Necker Cube
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Cues for Depth Perception
• If two objects that one would assume are the same size show different sized images on the retina, the observer judges them as being different distances away.
• The relative size of the objects is used to judge depth and distance.
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Cues for Depth Perception
• Lighter colored objects seem closer to us, and darker objects seem further away
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Cues for Depth Perception
• Closer objects obstruct our vision of more distant objects behind them.
• Partially hidden objects are therefore further away than the object that hides it.
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Ames
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Stare at this image
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Negative Afterimage
• Caused by a change in the rate of firing in retinal ganglion cells
• After the cells are inhibited or excited for an extended time, they show a rebound effect (fire faster or slower than normal)
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http://www.moillusions.com/2009/05/hidden-skoda-fabia-optical-illusion.html
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M C Escher
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M C Escher
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Julian Beever
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Julian Beever
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Julian Beever
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Julian Beever