supporting information...supporting information el kebir et al. 10.1073/pnas.1206641109 si materials...

Supporting InformationEl Kebir et al. 10.1073/pnas.1206641109SI Materials and MethodsResolvin E1, Myeloperoxidase, Serum Amyloid A, and CpG DNA.RvE1(5S,12R,18R-trihyroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoicacid) (1) was prepared by total organic synthesis and was a giftfrom Resolvyx Pharmaceuticals. The structure was confirmed byreverse-phase HPLC and mass spectral analysis and consistentwith reported properties (1). MPO purified from human leuko-cytes was obtained from Athens Research and Technology (pu-rity >97% on SDS/PAGE, A403/A275 value of 0.82, no detectableeosinophil peroxidase contamination). Recombinant human se-rum amyloid A (SAA, purity >98% on SDS/PAGE) was fromBioVision. E. coli DNA (strain B) (Sigma) was purified by ex-traction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol [25:24:1 (vol/vol/vol)] and ethanol precipitation (2). All protein and DNA prepa-rations contained <5 ng LPS/mg by Limulus assay.

Neutrophil Isolation and Culture. Freshly isolated neutrophils wereobtained (3) from venous blood of healthy volunteers who haddenied taking any medication for >2 wk. The Clinical ResearchCommittee at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital approvedthe experimental protocols. Neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL, purity>96%, viability >98%, apoptotic <3%) were resuspended inHanks’ balanced salt solution supplemented with 10% autolo-gous serum. Neutrophils were cultured on a rotator for 20 min at37 °C with RvE1 (0.4–1000 nM) and then challenged with MPO(160 nM), SAA (10 μg/mL), or CpG DNA (1.6 μg/mL). Someexperiments were repeated in the presence of the LTB4 receptorBLT1 antagonist U75302 (1 μM; Cayman Chemical), the BLT2receptor antagonist LY255238 (1 μM; Cayman Chemical), theNADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin (100 μM), or DPI (20 μM;Sigma-Aldrich). In additional experiments, the effects of RvE1on neutrophil apoptosis induced with an anti-human Fas-acti-vating antibody (clone CH-11, 200 ng/mL; Upstate) were alsostudied. At the designated time points, cells were processed asdescribed below.

Assessment of Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential(ΔΨm). Apoptosis was assessed with flow cytometry using FITC-conjugated annexin-V (BD Biosciences) in combination withpropidium iodide (Molecular Probes), and the percent of cells withhypoploid DNA (3). DNA cleavage was assayed by detection ofcytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments (Cell DeathELISA; Roche) (3). To monitor ΔΨm, neutrophils (5 × 105 cells)were incubated for 15 min with the lipophilic fluorochromechloromethyl-X-rosamine (CMXRos, 200 nM; Molecular Probes)and the fluorescence was analyzed in a FACScan flow cytometerand CellQuestPro software (BD Biosciences) (4).

Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 Activation. Activated caspase-3 and cas-pase-8 in neutrophils was detected with flow cytometry usingFITC-labeled acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Ac-DEVD-fmk) and z-IETD-fmk, respectively (Calbiochem) (4).

Phagocytosis.For quantitative analysis of neutrophil phagocytosis,heat-killed FITC-labeled E. coli (Molecular Probes) were in-cubated for 1 h at 37 °C with opsonizing reagent (MolecularProbes). Neutrophils were mixed with opsonized E. coli at a ratioof 10 bacteria/neutrophil. At the indicated times, the mixture wasspun to remove supernatant and the cells were resuspended inice-cold PBS containing 0.2% trypan blue (100 μL) to quenchextracellular fluorescence (5). Intracellular fluorescence was

then analyzed with a FACScan flow cytometer and CellQuestProsoftware.To investigate apoptosis following phagocytosis, neutrophils

were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C with yeast (S. cerevisae BY4741;five yeast particles/neutrophil) with or without RvE1 (10 nM),U75302 (1 μM), LY255238 (1 μM), or DPI (20 μM). This ratiowas chosen to avoid distortion of nuclear morphology by anoverabundance of phagocytosed yeasts. Cells were stained withacridine orange (10 μg/mL) and the percentage of neutrophilswith apoptotic nuclei (condensed or fragmented chromatin) wasevaluated under a Leica DMRI fluorescence microscope.

Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species. Neutrophils (5 × 106 /mL)were loaded with 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(H2DCFDA, 5 μM; Eastman Kodak), washed and resuspendedin complete medium. In some experiments, DPI (20 μM) wasalso included in the culture medium. At the indicated times,aliquots were removed to monitor intracellular accumulation ofthe fluorescent H2DCFDA oxidation product 2′,7′-dichloro-fluorescein with a FACScan flow cytometer (6).

Western Blotting. Proteins from 5 × 106 neutrophils were resolvedby SDS/PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes, blocked with5% nonfat milk, and probed with antibodies to phosphorylatedERK 1/2, Akt, p38 MAPK (Cell Signaling Technologies), Mcl-1(Santa Cruz Biotechnology), or actin (Sigma) (4).

Mac-1, BLT1, and ChemR23 Expression. Surface expression of Mac-1on neutrophils was assessed using R-phycoerythrin-conjugatedanti-CD11b (Becton Dickinson) antibody with a FACScan flowcytometer (BD Biosciences) (7). For BLT1 or ChemR23 ex-pression, 5 × 105 neutrophils were incubated with purified hu-man IgG (5 μg; R&D Systems) for 15 min and then stained for30 min with a fluorescein-labeled mouse monoclonal anti-humanBLT1 antibody (clone 203/14F11, R&D Systems) or an allophyco-cyanin (APC)-conjugated rat monoclonal anti-human ChemR23antibody (clone 84939; R&D Systems), respectively, or with ap-propriately labeled, class-matched irrelevant antibodies (negativecontrols). For ChemR23 staining, the human colon epithelial car-cinoma cell line HCT116 served as a positive control. Fluorescencewas assayed with a flow cytometer using Cell Quest Pro software(BD Biosciences).

Murine Acute Lung Injury. Female BALB/c mice (aged 8–12 wk;Charles River Laboratories) were housed in pathogen-freeconditions. The Animal Care Committee of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital approved the protocols. Mice were injectedintratracheally with 107 live E. coli (ATCC 25922; AmericanType Culture Collection) or 0.1 mL of 0.25% λ-carrageenan(Fluka-Sigma-Aldrich) plus 10 of 16 μM MPO (3) followed 24 hlater by i.p. injection of 25 μg/kg body weight RvE1 in 100 μlsaline or appropriately diluted ethanol as a vehicle control. Atthe same time, some mice were also injected intraperitoneallywith the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk (10 μg/kg in 0.2 mLsaline; Calbiochem); followed by two additional doses of zVAD-fmk 4 and 8 h later (3). Lung inflammation was assessed at 24 hpost-RvE1.

Murine Peritonitis-Associated Lung Injury. Peritonitis was initiatedby injecting 2 × 108 or 1 × 109 (for survival studies) live E. coliinto 8–12-wk-old mice (7, 8). At 1 h postinfection, mice weretreated with RvE1 (25 μg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) orvehicle as described above. Some mice were also injected with

El Kebir et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1206641109 1 of 6

www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1206641109

zVAD-fmk (10 μg/kg in 0.2 mL saline) at the time of RvE1administration and 4 h later. The extent of lung injury was as-sessed at 6 h postinfection.

Assessment of Pulmonary Inflammation. At the indicated times,mice were killed with an overdose of isoflurane and the lungs werelavaged and BAL fluid protein, IL-6 levels, total and differentialleukocyte counts, and neutrophil viability and apoptosis weredetermined (3). BAL fluid cells, cytospinned into poly-L-lysine-coated slides, were stained with H&E and assayed for macro-phages containing apoptotic bodies. For histological analysis,lungs were collected without lavage, fixed in 4% formaldehyde,and paraffin-embedded 5-μm sections were cut and stained withH&E for light microscopy (3). Lung dry-to-wet weight ratio wasdetermined following placement of tissues in a drying oven at

56° for 3 d. Tissue MPO activity was measured using o-dianisidineas a substrate and human MPO (Sigma) as a standard (3). BALfluid IL-6 levels were measured by using a mouse IL-6 ELISA kit(BD Biosciences). The intraassay and interassay coefficients ofvariation were <6%.

Statistical Analysis. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Sta-tistical comparisons were made by ANOVA using ranks (Krus-kal-Wallis test) followed by Dunn’s multiple contrast hypothesistests to identify differences between various treatments, theWilcoxon signed rank test (two tailed) or by the Mann-Whitneyu test (two tailed). P <0.05 were considered statistically signifi-cant. Kaplan-Meyer survival curves were compared using thelog-rank test.

1. Serhan CN, et al. (2000) Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with anti-inflammatory actions generated from ω-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing. J Exp Med 192:1197–1204.

2. József L, Khreiss T, Filep JG (2004) CpG motifs in bacterial DNA delay apoptosis ofneutrophil granulocytes. FASEB J 18:1776–1778.

3. El Kebir D, József L, PanW, Filep JG (2008)Myeloperoxidase delays neutrophil apoptosisthrough CD11b/CD18 integrins and prolongs inflammation. Circ Res 103:352–359.

4. El Kebir D, et al. (2007) Aspirin-triggered lipoxins override the apoptosis-delayingaction of serum amyloid A in human neutrophils: A novel mechanism for resolution ofinflammation. J Immunol 179:616–622.

5. Zhang B, Hirahashi J, Cullere X, Mayadas TN (2003) Elucidation of molecular eventsleading to neutrophil apoptosis following phagocytosis: Cross-talk between caspase 8,reactive oxygen species, and MAPK/ERK activation. J Biol Chem 278:28443–28454.

6. Smith JA, Weidemann MJ (1993) Further characterization of the neutrophil oxidativeburst by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 162:261–268.

7. El Kebir D, et al. (2009) 15-epi-lipoxin A4 inhibits myeloperoxidase signaling andenhances resolution of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:311–319.

8. Brovkovych V, et al. (2008) Augmented iNOS expression and increased NO productionreduce sepsis-induced lung injury and mortality in myeloperoxidase-null mice. Am JPhysiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:L96–L103.

Time (min)

RvE1

CRO

S g

ener

atio

n

(R

FU)

0 20 40 60

0

20

40

60

80 ** **

**

A B-- +RvE1 - +

p-ERKERK

t0 5 min 15 min

Fig. S1. Effects of RvE1 on neutrophil ROS production and ERK activation. (A) To monitor ROS production, human neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) were loadedwith H2DCFDA (5 μM) and then left untreated (C, control) or challenged with RvE1 (100 nM). Data are means ± SEM (n = 4–7). **P < 0.01 vs. untreated. (B)Neutrophils were lysed after isolation (t0) or after culture with RvE1 (1 μM) for 5 or 15 min. Proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies to ERKor phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK). Blots are representative of three separate experiments.

0

10

20

30

40

+--

++-

YeastRvE1

+++- - ++

+

U75302 LY255238

--

--

% A

popt

otic

neu

troph

ils

**

****

4hA

0

20

40

60

80

100

+--

++-

YeastRvE1

% A

popt

otic

neu

troph

ils

48hB

Fig. S2. RvE1 enhances phagocytosis-induced neutrophil apoptosis. Human neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) were cultured for 4 h (A) and 48 h (B) at 37 °C withyeast (five yeast particles/neutrophil) with or without RvE1 (10 nM), U75302 (1 μM), or LY255238 (1 μM). Cells were stained with acridine orange (10 μg/mL) andneutrophil apoptosis was assessed by nuclear morphology (condensed or fragmented chromatin) under a fluorescence microscope. Data are means ± SEM (n =3–5). **P < 0.01.



010

2030

40C

ount

s

100 101 102 103 104

ChemR23-APC

Neutrophils

020

4060

8010

0

Cou

nts

100 101 102 103 104

BLT1-Flurescein

Neutrophils

080

100 101 102 103 104

HCT116 cells

IgGIgG

IgG

A B

Fig. S3. Humanneutrophils express BLT1, but not ChemR23.Neutrophils (5× 105)werefirst incubatedwithpurifiedhuman IgG (5 μg) for 15min and then stainedfor 30minwithfluorescein-labeledmousemonoclonal anti-human BLT1 antibody (clone 203/14F11) (A) or APC-conjugated ratmonoclonal anti-human ChemR23antibody (clone 84939) (B) orwith appropriately labeled isotype control (IgG). For ChemR23 staining, the human colon epithelial carcinoma cell lineHCT116 servedas a positive control. Immunostaining was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results are representative of four experiments with different blood donors.

0 1 100

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 100

20

40

60

80

100

C 2 4

C 2 4

% Viable cellsCells with decreased ΔΨmAnnexin-V-positive cellsCells with apoptotic nuclei

% Viable cellsCells with decreased ΔΨmAnnexin-V-positive cellsCells with apoptotic nuclei

SAA (10 μg/ml)

CpG DNA (1.6 μg/ml)

RvE1 (nM)

RvE1 (nM)

*

*

*

**

**

****

******

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

% C

ells

% C

ells

C

+- +

+--

-+

p-ERK

RvE1

CpG DNA

actin

p-Akt

p-p38

Mcl-1

D

p-ERK

p-Akt

p-p38

+- +

+--

-+RvE1

SAA

actin

Mcl-1

1 1.25 0.97 1.03

1 1.76 1.04 0.96

1 1.12 0.86 1.03

1 1.18 1 0.93

1 2.63 1.39 2.12

1 1.50 1.501.05

1 1.27 0.90 1.19

1 1.02 1.110.95

+- +

+--

-+

+- +

+--

-+

A BRelative density

Relative density

Fig. S4. RvE1 attenuates SAA or CpG DNA suppression of neutrophil apoptosis. Human neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) were cultured for 20 min with RvE1 thenwith SAA (10 μg/mL) or CpG DNA (1.6 μg/mL) for 24 h. Viability and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) were assessed by propidium iodide andCMXRos staining, respectively; apoptosis was assessed by annexin-V–FITC binding and analysis of nuclear DNA content. (A) Effects of RvE1 on SAA suppressionof apoptosis. Data are means ± SEM of 5–10 experiments with different blood donors. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. untreated. #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01 vs.SAA-treated. (B) Impact of SAA and RvE1 on MAP kinases and Mcl-1. Neutrophils were lysed after isolation (t0) or after culture with SAA (10 μg/mL) with orwithout RvE1 (10 nM) for 30 min (MAP kinases) or 1 h (for Mcl-1). Proteins were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies to phosphorylated kinases, Mcl-1,or actin. Numerical values represent relative densities corrected with the density of actin bands. Blots are representative of three separate experiments. (C)Effects of RvE1 on CpG DNA suppression of apoptosis. Data are means ± SEM of four through nine experiments with different blood donors. *P < 0.05; **P <0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. untreated. #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01 vs. CpG DNA-treated. (D) Impact of CpG DNA and RvE1 on MAP kinases and Mcl-1. Neutrophils were lysedafter isolation or after culture with CpG DNA (1.6 μg/mL) with or without RvE1 (10 nM) for 30 min (MAP kinases) or 1 h (for Mcl-1). Numerical values representrelative densities corrected with the density of actin bands. Blots are representative of three separate experiments.



0 1 2 4 10 PAF

RvE1 (nM)

CD

11b

expr

essi

on

(%

of c

ontro

l)80

100

120

140

160

180

MPO (160nM)

****

C

Fig. S5. RvE1 abrogates MPO-induced up-regulation of Mac-1 expression. Human neutrophils were incubated for 20 min with RvE1 and then challenged withMPO (160 nM) for 30 min (n = 6). The effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) (1 μM) is shown for comparison. Mac-1 is expressed as percentage of CD11bstaining on unstimulated (control) neutrophils following correction with staining with an isotype-matched irrelevant antibody. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. MPO.

0

20

40

60

80

100

% C

ells

with

dec

reas

ed Δ

Ψm

0

20

40

60

80

100

% C

ells

with

apo

ptot

ic n

ucle

i

*****

*

##

####

#### ##

***

* ***

*****

******

* ***

-- -

-+

+

+- +++

--

- - +--

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

--

RvE1Apocynin

DPIMPO SAA CpG DNA

-- -

-+

+

+- +++

--

- - +--

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

--

MPO SAA CpG DNA

RvE1Apocynin

DPI

D E

DPI

0

100

200

300

400

500

Cas

pas-

8 ac

tivity

(RFU

)

- ++-RvE1 - ++-MPO SAA CpG-DNA

0

20

40

60

80

100

-- -

-+

+

+- +++

--

- - +--

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

--

RvE1

MPO SAA CpG DNA

% V

iabl

e ce

lls

0

20

40

60

80

100

% A

nnex

in-V

pos

itive

cel

ls

**

*

#

##

***

***

##***

## # #

***

* ** **

## #

* *

-- -

-+

+

+- +++

--

- - +--

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

-- -

-

+++

+

---

+

--

MPO SAA CpG DNA

A B C

RvE1

DPIApocynin Apocynin

Fig. S6. Involvement of ROS in mediating the proapoptosis action of RvE1. Human neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) were cultured for 20 min with apocynin (100 μM)or DPI (20 μM), followed by RvE1 (10 nM) and then MPO (160 nM), SAA (10 μg/mL), or CpG DNA (1.6 μg/mL). (A) Caspase-8 activity was assessed at 4 h afteraddition of MPO, SAA, or CpG DNA with flow cytometry using FITC-labeled IETD-fmk as a substrate. Data are means ± SEM (n = 4).*P < 0.05. #P < 0.05 vs.untreated. Neutrophil viability and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) were assessed by propidium iodide and CMXRos staining, respectively;apoptosis was assessed by annexin-V–FITC binding and analysis of nuclear DNA content. (B) Viability, (C) apoptosis (annexin-V–positive cells), (D) percentage ofneutrophils with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and (E) percentage of neutrophils with decreased nuclear DNA content wereassessed following 24 h of culture (n = 4–6). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01 vs. untreated.



0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

% V

iabl

e ce

lls

% A

nnex

in-V

pos

itive

cel

ls

CH-11 AbRvE1

-+

+- ++-

--+

+- ++-

-CH-11 Ab

RvE1

A B*

*

**

Fig. S7. Effect of RvE1 on Fas-induced neutrophil apoptosis. Human neutrophils (5 × 106 cells/mL) were cultured for 20 min with RvE1 (4 nM) then with Fas-activating antibody CH-11 (200 ng/mL) for 24 h. Viability and apoptosis was assessed by propidium iodide (A) and annexin-V–FITC binding (B), respectively. Dataare means ± SEM of six experiments with different blood donors. *P < 0.05 vs. untreated.

BA

L flu

id m

onoc

ytes

/M

acro

phag

es (x

104

)

Lung

MP

O c

onte

nt

(mU

/mg

wet

tiss

ue)

0

10

20

30

40

0

2

4

6

8

10

no E. coli

6 h after E. coli

no E. coli

6 h after E. coli

** **

Vehicle

RvE1

Vehicle

RvE1B C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

no E. coli

6 h after E. coli

Vehicle

RvE1

BA

L flu

id p

rote

in (m

g/m

l)

** **

BA

L flu

id le

ukoc

ytes

(x

104

)

0

20

40

60

80

no E. coli

6 h after E. coli

** **

Vehicle

RvE1

0

100

200

300

no E. coli

6 h after E. coli

Vehicle

RvE1

BA

L flu

id IL

-6 (p

g/m

l) ** **

E

A

D

0

0.10

0.20

0.30

no E. coli

Lung

dry

/wet

wei

ght r

atio

VehicleRvE1

6 h after E. coli

** **

F

Fig. S8. RvE1 attenuates lung inflammation associated with E. coli peritonitis. One hour after i.p. injection of 2 × 108 live E. coli, BALB/c mice were treated withvehicle or RvE1 (25 μg/kg, i.p.). Mice were killed at 6-h post–E. coli and BAL fluid total leukocyte (A), and monocyte/macrophage counts (B), lung tissue MPOactivity (C), BAL fluid protein (D) and IL-6 (E) levels, and the lung dry-to-wet weight ratio (F) were determined. Data are means ± SEM (n = 6 mice per group).**P < 0.01.



0

10

20

30

40

50

%N

eutro

phil

with

de

crea

sed

ΔΨ

m

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

** ***E

0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Cyt

opla

smic

his

tone

-ass

ocia

ted

DN

A fra

gmen

ts(∆

OD

405n

m)

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

** ***

G

0

40

80

120

160

BA

L flu

id le

ukoc

ytes

(x

104

)

0

40

80

120

160

0

2

4

6

8

10

BA

L flu

id n

eutro

phils

(x

104

)

BA

L flu

id m

onoc

ytes

/m

acro

phag

es (x

104

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

% A

popt

otic

neu

troph

ils (

Ann

exin

-V s

tain

ing)

0

100

200

300

Neu

troph

il ca

spas

e-3

activ

ity

(R

FU)

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

RvE1 RvE1+zVAD-fmkzVAD-fmkVehicle

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 0 Day 1 Day 2


RvE1Vehicle

** *** ** *****

** *** * ***

% M

acro

phag

es c

onta

inin

g

a

popt

otic

bod

ies

0

10

20

30

40

50 **

A B C

D F

RvE1 RvE1+zVAD-fmkzVAD-fmkVehicle

H

RvE1RvE1+zVAD-fmk

zVAD-fmkVehicle

0

10

20

30

40

50

Lung

MP

O c

onte

nt

(mU

/mg

wet

tiss

ue)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Lung

dry

/wet

wei

ght r

atio


** *** * ***

I K

zVAD-fmkVehicle RvE1 RvE1+zVAD-fmk

0

1

2

3

BA

L flu

id p

rote

in

(m

g/m

l)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

BA

L flu

id IL

-6 (p

g/m

l)

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2

** **

** ***Day 0

Day 1

Day 2 Vehicle RvE1

zVAD-fmk RvE1+zVAD-fmk

J

L M

RvE1

RvE1+zVAD-fmk

zVAD-fmk

Vehicle

Fig. S9. RvE1 enhances resolution of carrageenan plus MPO-evoked lung inflammation. Day 0 represents naive mice. Twenty-four hours after intratrachealinstillationof 100 μL 0.25%carrageenanplusMPO (160nmol) (day 1),micewere treatedwith vehicle or RvE1 (25 μg/kg, i.p.) and/or thepan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk (10 μg/kg, i.p. three times at 4-h intervals). Mice were killed 24 h later (day 2) and BAL fluid total leukocyte (A), neutrophil (B), and monocyte/macrophagenumbers (C), the percentage of annexin-V–positive (apoptotic) neutrophils (D), the percentage of neutrophils with decreased mitochondrial transmembranepotential (ΔΨm) (E), neutrophil caspase-3 activity (F), BAL cell cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments (G), the percentage of macrophages containingapoptotic bodies (H), lungMPO content (I), BAL fluid protein (J), lung dry-to-wet weight ratio (K), and BAL fluid IL-6 levels (L) were determined. Data aremeans±SEM (n = 8 mice per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. RFU, relative fluorescence units. (M) Lung tissue sections from naive mice (day 0), mice with in-flammation evoked by carrageenan plus MPO (day 1) or mice treated with RvE1, vehicle, and/or zVAD-fmk for 24 h (day 2). H&E stain; scale bars: 100 μm.



supporting information...supporting information el kebir et al. 10.1073/pnas.1206641109 si materials...

Documents