supporting flexible combat systems
TRANSCRIPT
CS&S Naval 115841019/00Y/2204/ Issue 1/220905
Supporting Flexible Combat Systems:Building HFI into the lifecycles of flexible warships
David CarrMonica Sen GuptaJohn McFarlaneHuman Factors Group
CS&S Naval 21st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Theme
What wider Human Factors support issues do we need
to address to support a flexible combat capability,
through life?
CS&S Naval 31st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
The Need for Flexibility
The Versatile Maritime Force must be:
- Optimised for Joint Power Projection
- Have global reach, sustainability and endurance
- Able to contribute at different scales of effort
- Interoperable with Future Army, Future Airforce and other international and civil partners
- Able to change efficiently and effectively between different levels of readiness
These capabilities to be provided within the (current) limits of 32 warships, 15 submarines, 97 frontline aircraft, one Royal Marine Commando brigade and 36,000 staff
CS&S Naval 41st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
The Enabling Concept: “Swing”
“Swing is defined as the ability to configure a force, formation or unit to allow it to operate successfully, and cost-effectively, across a range of mission types and roles. “
Future Navy
CS&S Naval 51st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Challenges For Supporting Flexibility
Through Life Capability Model:
- Designing to provide an affordable capability through life
- Designing to swing rapidly and cost-effectively between capabilities
- Designing to maintain a high level of readiness: affordable upkeep
- Designing to manage and accommodate changing capabiliities over time: affordable upgrade
The Combat System is supported by a much wider infrastructure
- People
- Team
- Organisation
- Platform
- Compartments
- Services (for people and equipment)
- Logistics Footprint
- Upkeep
- Training
CS&S Naval 61st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
HFI Enablers for affordable TLCM
- Maintainability and maintenance access for upkeep and upgrade
- Optimising allocation of functions
- At sea / alongside support balance
- Organic / Remote operational capability
- Providing a variable human component
- Flexible complementing. Flexible team design.
- Minimising skills fade. Rapid training in new skill. Rapid training development
- Supporting a variable human component
- Flexibility in operational equipment and facilities
- Flexible accommodation and hotel
- Sustainable personnel model
CS&S Naval 71st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
The Scope of Flexibility
- Flexible missions- Varying intensities of warfare- Varying military effects- Including capability for Operations Other Than War
- Flexible roles- Varying emphasis on weapons systems- Autonomous vs Force
- Flexible manpower- Varying requirements for skill- Varying manpower requirements
- Flexible platform- Incremental Acquisition / Room for Growth- Ability to effectively integrate systems (new, legacy, etc.)
- Flexible support- Autonomous vs Specialist maintenance- Rapid upkeep/ upgrade- Maximised state of readiness- Affordable TLCM
CS&S Naval 81st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Type 23 Example
• Conceived as an Anti-Submarine Warfare platform, with towed-array sonar. It was initially proposed that they would not carry AAW missiles.
• Post Falklands, design scope increased to include:– Seawolf– Medium Calibre Gun for NGS– Harpoon.
• Generally used as a ‘general purpose’ frigate– Force AAW cover– Stop-and-Search– Disaster relief– Etc.
• Strain on manpower and accommodation.
CS&S Naval 91st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Submarine Roles
Cold War• Nuclear Deterrent• ASW / ASuW
Current• As above, plus:
– Land attack Tomahawk– Littoral intelligence gathering– Support for SF Ops
Maritime Underwater Future Capability
• Multi-role, possibly including SSBN.
CS&S Naval 101st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Future Manpower Requirements
Warfare
- Higher skill levels (supervisory/management level), with automation of lower-level tasks
- But: for flexibility and local control, lower skill levels need to be retained.
- Weapons suite management (as compared with single-weapon specialisms)
- Highly variable team/organisational structures
Note that CS requires support from non-warfare disciplines:
Engineering
- More requirements for artificers-level, less for lower skills
- New ‘System Manager’ roles
- Increasing number of equipments requiring highly specialised maintenance
- Increasing CLS support – but noting the sensitivities of much CS equipment
Whole Ship/ Other
- Continuing need for whole-ship roles
- Continuing need for ‘general manpower’ – with additional demands in some ship roles
- Some scope for workload reduction – but many tasks fundamentally manual
CS&S Naval 111st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Flexible Manpower Considerations
- Increased organisational flexibility at the operational level
- ‘Skills Swing’ can be provided by training
- Equipment training vs Operational training- Individual vs Team vs Force training
- Career paths must allow for skills to become widened/generalised
- There will still be a need for multi-skilling, especially given ever smaller complements
- Potential for sharing some skills across a force/ across the RN through Network Enabled Capability
- Complement augmentation as a possible solution for specific operations?, E.g.
- Specialist maintenance teams that fly from ship to ship- Specialist combat teams dependent on mission
- Harmony challenges (potentially met by ‘Squading’ systems).
CS&S Naval 121st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
ShoreShore
Flexible Manpower
Potential approaches:
- Core complement + warfighting augment
- Roulement amongst partly shore-based ‘squads’.
- Network Enabled Capability to share functionality ship-ship and ship-shore
- Specialist maintenance by troubleshooting teams
CS&S Naval 131st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Changing missions and roles require platform flexibility
Role Combat/ Mission Systems
Warfighting Team
Skills/ Numbers of personnel
Mission
Force Structure
Facilities and compartments
Accommodation and Hotel
CS&S Naval 141st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Flexibility in Command and Control Information Systems
Enablers for flexibility– Interoperable components– Open Systems– Multi-function workstations– Multi-channel display technologies
(eg 3d audio)– Network Enabled Capability:
Ownship– Network Enabled Capability:
Functionality enhanced inter-asset.
HMI Enablers– Policies for information management– Common Look and Feel– Task-centred configurability – e.g.
‘wikis’– Role-based access
Ownship LAN
WAN
Common workstationsCommon HMI
Common HMI
CS&S Naval 151st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Impact at Operator Level – Workload & Situation Awareness (SA)
- Number of operators going down yet the number and capability of sensors going up.
- Equipment complexity and number of choices to be made under stress run the risk of operator overload – more training required to alleviate.
Example: Single Integrated Air Picture (SIAP)
- Key Aspiration for Air Warfare
- Linking up numerous pictures can reduce SIAP quality.
- While picture quality may be down the SA will be up -- at Operator’s expense however! (increased workload to filter unnecessary info)
- Tools for associating objects, decision aids, better sensors to improve picture quality will help mitigate workload while increasing SA
CS&S Naval 161st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Flexible Working Spaces
Benefits:• Team composition and
teamworking arrangements are role-dependent
• Equipment arrangement governed by team needs
• Modern “flexible office” concept
Enablers:• Raft mounting across
compartments• Modular equipment• Services modularity• Flexible comms – especially wire-
free• Virtual teams supported by NEC
‘telepresence’
CS&S Naval 171st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Flexible Hotel and Accommodation
Issues:• Varying complement size and composition• Augmentation• Growth• Civilian passengers• Meeting Def Stan 02-107Design Requirements• Modularity• Segregation
– By rank– Male/ Female– Complement/ Non-complement– Occupied/ Empty spaces
• Design for max/min hotel load:– HVAC– Fresh water, waste and sewage– Galley– O2 and CO2 (Submarines)
CS&S Naval 181st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Flexible Training
Training issues
- Changes in personnel policies mean increasing need for training both the individuals and teams to OPS whilst the platform is deployed
- Decreasing the response times as platforms are re-rolled for developing events/conflicts around the world
- Mitigating skill fade – both at sea and while re-roleing
- Short cycles for progressive upkeep
Training solutions
- Rapid development of training materials
- Equipment, individual and team training.
- WIN WIN WIN (What I Need, When I Need it, Where I Need it)
- Integrated federated & confederated training capability, with reach back to specialists ashore
Maritime Composite Training System: an example of a flexible approach to training provision.
CS&S Naval 191st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
HFI in CADMID Lifecycle
System Viewpoint
sEstablish System Reqts Design/
Define System
DevelopSystem
Assess System
Concept
Demonstration
ManufactureIn-ServiceDisposal
Assessment
After DTC HFI Handbook
Develop HFI Strategy Identify HFI
Issues
Develop HFIP
HFI Reqts and Acceptance
HFI Aspects of Acceptance
HFI Assurance
Mission Analysis
Target Audience Description
Functional Analysis
Allocation of Function
Safety Analysis/ HRA
Automation
Job Design
User Interfaces/ Workspace Design
Usability Assessment
CS&S Naval 201st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Lifecycle Implications for Flexible Platforms
Concept
AssessmentDemonstration
ManufactureIn Service
Disposal
Conventional focus for HFI
System Viewpoint
sEstablish System Reqts Design/
Define System
DevelopSystem
Assess System
HFI Management
Task Analysis
HFI Issues Management
Manpower Analyses
Training Analyses
Human Engineering
Progressive Upkeep
Continued Systems EngineeringEmerging
Operational Requirements
CS&S Naval 211st Maritime Combat Systems Conference. 7th June 2006
Through Life Support Issues for Flexible Combat Systems
- HFI issues need to be addressed beyond the strict scope of the Combat System
- Continuity of analysis/ design effort throughout the CADMID cycle with greater emphasis on through life support.
- Effective HFI design and management to result in acceptable workload and increased SA.
- Fewer detailed task requirements known up front: design for flexibility/swing.
- Shorter, more frequent updates requiring rapid assessment of HFI issues.
- Providing cost-effective means of addressing HFI within an affordable TLCM.
- Continued maintenance of HFI Issues Log beyond the prime contractor’s involvement.
- HFI needs to take a TLCM approach to address the need for flexibility in operations and support.
CS&S Naval 2215841019/00Y/2204/ Issue 1/220905
Contact
David Carre-: [email protected] : +44 (0)141 957 2173
Monica Sen Guptae-: [email protected] : +44 (0)1252 384498
John McFarlanee-: [email protected] : +44 (0)141 957 4526
Human Factors Group