supplementary online file for gordon & michel, … · elements with greatest clarity, but are...

Supplementary online file for Gordon & Michel, “Analytical Sensitivity Limits for Lateral Flow Immunoassays”.

Definition of the “standard” LFIA We refer to a standard format of LFIA and note variations from this format, where present and significant. Fig. 1 is a schematic showing the physical components of this default format. Fig. 1 also serves to provide the basis for a common terminology, since many publications use a variety of terminologies to refer to the physical components. The upper part of Fig 1 shows an exploded view and the lower shows the components in physical contact. The liquid sample is applied to the conjugate pad, from where is migrates into the membrane. As it flows past the capture and control pad is a fibrous or macroporous pad which contains a dried first, labeled, antibody against one epitope or set of epitopes. The conjugate pad is in physical contact with one end of the microporous membrane. The micoporous membrane is backed with a plastic support laminated to it, which provides structural integrity, and also confines the chromatographic flow. The membrane has a capture zone with a second antibody against another epitope or set of epitopes, and a control antibody which serves to verify that the procedure functioned. In contact with the other end of the membrane is a reservoir pad, which serves to take up excess sample liquid. All of the proportions in Fig. 1 are arbitrary and meant to show the elements with greatest clarity, but are not intended to represent any realistic size or geometry. The immunoassay as described is a sandwich assay. The sample liquid saturates the conjugate pad, solubilizes the conjugated antibody, and the first binding reaction begins to take place between an analyte antigen and the conjugate. The pad will be oversaturated with liquid, which will then flow through the area of contact into the membrane. While the two pads are such that they will simply fill with liquid, the flow through the membrane is “chromatographic” and resembles classic thin layer chromatography, except that here the sample liquid drives the chromatographic flow, and no separate solvent is used for that purpose. A liquid front moves through the length of the membrane and into the Fig. 1 Illustration of main functional parts of LFIA. Upper: exploded view. Lower: components in contact. zones, the complex of conjugated antibody and antigen, where present, is bound by the capture antibody. This results in an increase in localized concentration of the label, which then becomes visible, or detectable above a background of excess unbound label. This description applies to a sandwich immunoassay. Alternatively, a competitive immunoassay may be used. There, the sample is initially mixed in the conjugate pad with a labeled analyte or analyte analogue. The labeled analyte or analogue presents the same, or overlapping, epitope as the analyte antigen, to the immobilized capture antibody. In this case, in the absence of analyte, the label is directly bound as it flows laterally past the capture antibody. In the presence of analyte, the competition reduces or eliminates the binding to the capture antibody. In general, while the competitive immunoassay may be

the only realistic one for small molecules which do not have multiple epitopes, the lower detection limit is intrinsically compromised, compared with the direct sandwich assay. We therefore made no attempt to convert limits of detection data for competition assays into molarities for further analysis in this review. In practice, additional elements are present in order to achieve a practicable format. The porous membrane is usually fragile and may be laminated to a more robust backing. Alternatively, the membrane may be cast on a plastic support by the manufacturer. The whole may be mounted in a protective housing or cassette, or provided with additional layers of lamination to provide a self-contained, sealed unit. The housing may have sample addition ports and viewing ports. For consideration in this work, the standard LFIA, as most widely used, is defined as one where the microporous membrane is nitrocellulose membrane and colloidal gold is the label. Significant variants from the standard format are investigated for possible improvement in performance.

Search criteria While the term “lateral flow immunoassay” is now generally recognized, this was not the case for earlier publications. Various terms were used, such as “self-performing”, “one step”, “immunochromatographic” or merely reference to a specific commercial product name without further characterization. We attempted to capture all relevant publications in order to achieve a comprehensive survey of the literature. Searching was done entirely within PubMed. We have not attempted to include the extensive patent literature on the subject here. Design and performance information that may have been included in patents, where significant, eventually found its way into the published literature in the form of demonstrations of performance, or of clinical studies for the validation of commercial products. After several iterations, the following search logic was used (July 2007):

("lateral flow" AND immunochromatograph*) OR ("lateral flow" AND test) OR (("one step" OR "one-step") AND immunoassay) OR “Oraquick” OR “Directigen EZ” OR “Binax Now” OR (Rapiscan NOT microplate) OR “Testpack plus” OR Micral This search was built up by an iterative process by using terms that captured known publications. No attempt was made to search comprehensively for all names of commercial product. However, when product names were found in publications during the screening process, then additional searches were made based on those product names only, and the incremental hits resulting from this process are shown in Fig. 2. The term Rapiscan appears to include both lateral flow and microplate assays, so the logic “NOT microplate” was used to limit the search to LFIA.

(“One step” OR “one-step”) AND immunoassay

“Lateral flow” AND test

Oraquick “Directigen EZ” “Binax Now”Rapiscan NOT microplate “Test Pack

Plus”Micral

or or or or or or or or+106

+35

26

+855 +8 +6 +6 +10 +63

Relevance?

-859

“Lateral flow” AND immunochromatography

Fig. 2Logical steps in literature search on Medline. Each box represents a sequential logical step in the search process. The area of each box is proportional to the cumulative number of hits at that step, while the number in each box represents the incremental number of his resulting from the preceding step. The flags show the key words or phrases used in the search.

All of the hits obtained were imported into a FileMaker Pro database. The fields

captured were title, journal citation, authors, abstract and date of publication. The resulting database was used as a tool for subsequent analysis. This strategy was deliberately broad in order to minimize the risk of missing significant publications. On the other hand, large numbers of irrelevant publications were captured which could easily be ruled out from the title, by reading the abstract. When necessary, publications were ruled irrelevant by reading of the entire contents. Fig. 2 shows that 859 of the publications initially capture were ruled irrelevant by this process. The literature search process was deliberately “high sensitivity, low specificity”. Micral® is microalbuminuria test commercialized by Roche Diagnostics, and was initially partially captured by our criteria. Subsequent search in PubMed on the term “Micral” resulted in 63 hits. This relatively high number of publications citing the use of the test does not reflect any commercial uptake of the tests. Commercial considerations are outside of the scope of this work. Micral, however, appears to be in a gray zone in terms of the definition of LFIA used here. The Micral publications also make a major contribution to the number of hits prior to 2000 in the plot of Fig 3. In the original form, it is was a competitive format using enzyme-labeled albumin. There was no readout from a capture zone, but the label released under the action of the competition arrived in a downstream pad. There the visible signal resulted from the presence of chromogenic substrate for the enzyme in the pad. In a newer version, Micral II, colloidal gold label is used In both versions, the result is semi-quantitatively determined by visual color comparison with a printed color scale for 0, 10, 20 or 50 mg/L. There remain 217 relevant publications. It is interesting from the historic perspective to note the time course of appearance of relevant publications. This is plotted as a function of year in Fig 3.

Pub

licat

ions

per

yea

r

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

LFIAperYr.PDW

Year1990 1995 2000 2005

All LFIA Publications

Fig. 3 Chronology of publications. The number of publications has been updated to include all of 2007, grouped by year of publication, and the number per year plotted.

Results of the Search Publications were few in the first 8 years following the first publication in 1990,

after which there was a surge up to the present. The decline for 2007 is an artifact due to the fact that the search only covered the first half of the year. This does not imply that it took 8 years for the technology to be recognized. On the contrary, that earlier period was characterized by rapid commercialization of physicians’ office tests and of over-the-counter tests. There was also very active patent filing during that period. Only in 2000 did publications begin to appear with tests fabricated from commercially available devices and reagents, such as printing or striping devices. Small runs of devices could readily be fabricated at the bench top. This brought the creation of LFIA from industrial to research settings. A proliferation of more exploratory uses, rather than clinically established targets, then began to appear in the scientific literature.

Explanation of structured publication lists. All referenced found in the search strategy are listed at the end. Tables 1-6 list further detail on subsets of these publications which were not included in the Table 1 of the printed part. Table 1 publications using Micral Table 2 publications using Micral II Table 3 publications using mix-and-run Table 4 publications using alternate labels Table 5 publications using alternate membranes Table 6 publications using standard format Details of sample type and analyte are included in Tables 3-6.

Table 1. Publications using Micral

Ref. Authors27 Bangstad HJ, Try K, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF.29 Jury DR, Mikkelsen DJ, Glen D, Dunn PJ.30 Schaufelberger H, Caduff F, Engler H, Spinas GA.33 Bashyam MM, O'Sullivan NJ, Baker HH, Duggan PF, Mitchell TH.35 Tiu SC, Lee SS, Cheng MW.36 Hasslacher C.37 Benoit R, Danquechin Dorval E, Schellenberg F.38 Jensen JS, Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen BF, Jensen G.39 Serban V, Dabelea D.40 Kouri T, Solakivi T, Harmoinen A.42 Hermans MP, Selvais P, van Ypersele de Strihou M, Ketelslegers JM.44 Ghai R, Verma NP, Goel A, Bhatnagar MK, Kapoor P, Vashishta A.45 Kilaru P, Bakris GL.46 Dabelea D, Serban V, Bacanu GS, Deutsch G, Dan I.47 Abate D, Cafa R, Castellino AR, Maligno C, Sorrusca F, Abate FC.48 de Grauw WJ, van de Lisdonk EH, van de Hoogen HJ, van Gerwen WH, van den Bosch

WJ, Willems JL, van Weel C.50 Webb DJ, Newman DJ, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH.51 Jensen JE, Nielsen SH, Foged L, Holmegaard SN, Magid E.53 Gossain VV, Gunaga KP, Carella MJ, Edminster RR, Bowman KA, Rovner DR.57 Minetti EE, Cozzi MG, Granata S, Guidi E.58 Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Jerums G.59 Moore RR Jr, Hirata-Dulas CA, Kasiske BL.62 Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Clark LW, Parker DR, Wallace JF, Willis TW.63 Pegoraro A, Singh A, Bakir AA, Arruda JA, Dunea G.67 Masse J.68 Leong SO, Lui KF, Ng WY, Thai AC.69 Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Wians FH Jr, Phillips L.70 Piehlmeier W, Renner R, Kimmerling T, Schramm W, Garbe S, Proetzsch R, Fahn J,

Piwernetz K, Landgraf R.72 Gerber LM, Johnston K, Alderman MH.78 Zheng YL, Liao J, Takeda Y, Io H, Kobata M, Kanamaru Y, Maeda A, Shou I, Igari J,

Tomino Y.79 Lindeman RD, Romero L, Liang HC, Hundley R, Baumgartner R, Koehler K, Garry P.90 Fassbinder W, Quarder O, Waltz A.

116 Unuigbe EI, Omeife H, Edema T, Ukoli FA.123 Gerber LM, Schwartz JE, Cedeno-Mero C, Warren K, Pickering TG.178 Parikh CR, Fischer MJ, Estacio R, Schrier RW.182 Odin VI, Belikova TV, Pushkova ES.194 Agaba EI, Agaba PA, Puepet FH.195 Zeller A, Haehner T, Battegay E, Martina B.212 Abdolkhaleg D, Behrooz S.227 Ng LC, Teng LC, Ng ML, Sazali BS, Khalid BA.249 Hatthachote P, Suwan K, Pongmanee K, Areekul W.

Table 2. Publications using Micral II

Ref. Authors31 Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Jerums G.32 Poulsen PL, Hansen B, Amby T, Terkelsen T, Mogensen CE.41 Le Floch JP, Charles MA, Philippon C, Perlemuter L.43 Dabelea D, Serban V, Bacanu G, Dan I.61 Mogensen CE, Viberti GC, Peheim E, Kutter D, Hasslacher C, Hofmann W, Renner R,

Bojestig M, Poulsen PL, Scott G, Thoma J, Kuefer J, Nilsson B, Gambke B, Mueller P, Steinbiss J, Willamowski KD.

71 Weekers L, Scheen AJ, Lefebvre PJ.77 Fernandez Fernandez I, Paez Pinto JM, Hermosin Bono T, Vazquez Garijo P, Ortiz Camunez

MA, Tarilonte Delgado MA.80 Parsons M, Newman DJ, Pugia M, Newall RG, Price CP. 83 Gonzalez Castro ML, Sagredo Perez J, Cebrecos Tamayo R, Enriquez Duenas O, de Baranda

RA, Cordero Guevara J.85 Piehlmeier W, Renner R, Schramm W, Kimmerling T, Garbe S, Proetzsch R, Fahn J, 87 Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Moukouri EN, Ngu KB.93 Soonthornpun S, Thammakumpee N, Thamprasit A, Rattarasarn C, Leelawattana R, Setasuban

W.109 Singh SK, Behre A, Singh MK.124 Mayer G; TIP Study Group.148 Berry J.179 Walsh MG, Zgibor J, Borch-Johnsen K, Orchard TJ; DiaMond Investigators.183 Col M, Ocaktan E, Ozdemir O, Yalcin A, Tuncbilek A.217 Incerti J, Zelmanovitz T, Camargo JL, Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ.222 Walsh MG, Zgibor J, Songer T, Borch-Johnsen K, Orchard TJ; DiaComp Investigators.225 Ahmedani MY, Hydrie MZ, Iqbal A, Gul A, Mirza WB, Basit A.285 Lehnert H, Bramlage P, Pittrow D, Kirch W.287 Mainland China Microalbuminuria Prevalence Study Group, DU J, Pan CY.

Table3. Publications using "Mix and Run"

Ref. Authors Target Sample type149 Al-Yousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-

Bergstrom C, Kapil S. Bovine rotavirus Fecal samples

238 Wang S, Quan Y, Lee N, Kennedy IR.

Fumonisin B1 Methanolic extraction of spiked samples of Corn,

263 Chuanlai X, Huting W, Chifang P, Zhengyu J, Liqiang L.

Diethylstilbesterol Pork and liver

Table 4. Publications using alternative labels

Ref. Authors Target Sample type52 de Verdier Klingenberg K,

Esfandiari J. Group A rotavirus Bovine, porcine and equine

faecal75 Hochmeister MN, Budowle B,

Sparkes R, Rudin O, Gehrig C, Thali M, Schmidt L, Cordier A, Dirnhofer R.

Hemoglobin

Blood91 Esfandiari J, Klingeborn B. Canine parvovirus Faeces

100 Niedbala RS, Feindt H, Kardos K, Vail T, Burton J, Bielska B, Li S, Milunic D, Bourdelle P, Vallejo R.

E. coli O157:H7; amphetamine; methamphetamine; PCP; morphine

Buffer

103 Stivers CR, Baddam SR, Clark AL, Ammirati EB, Irvin BR, Blatt JM.

HbA1c Whole blood

105 Corstjens P, Zuiderwijk M, Brink A, Li S, Feindt H, Niedbala RS, Tanke H.

PCR products Amplified DNA

107 Barrett C, Good C, Moore C. Multiple drugs Oral fluid/urine119 Aldus CF, Van Amerongen A,

Ariens RM, Peck MW, Wichers JH, Wyatt GM.

E. coli O157 Spiked milk

128 O'Keeffe M, Crabbe P, Salden M, Wichers J, Van Peteghem C, Kohen F, Pieraccini G, Moneti G.

Sulphamethazine. Urine

133 Danks C, Ostoja-Starzewska S, Flint J, Banks J

Ochratoxin Methanolic extract of fungal culture

150 Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Lesellier S, Houghton R, Pollock J, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Hewinson RG, Chambers M, Lyashchenko K.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers Ig

Badger Serum

172 Miki A, Katagi M, Shima N, Tsuchihashi H.

Methamphetamine and derivatives Hair

173 Capps KL, McLaughlin EM, Murray AW, Aldus CF, Wyatt GM, Peck MW, van Amerongen A, Ariens RM, Wichers JH, Baylis CL, Wareing DR, Bolton FJ.

Combined E. coli O157 and verotoxin

Spiked food

210 Wen HW, Borejsza-Wysocki W, DeCory TR, Durst RA.

Peanut allergens Buffer

231 Wang J, Chen Z, Corstjens PL, Mauk MG, Bau HH.

PCR product Amplified DNA

245 Waters WR, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Bannantine JP, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, McNair J, Pollock JM, Andersen P, Lyashchenko KP.

Mycobacterium bovis IgG and IgM Ab

Bovine Serum

257 Edwards KA, Baeumner AJ. Nucleic acid PCR product258 Magan N. Ochratoxin Methanol extract of agar

culture275 Campbell K, Fodey T, Flint J, Danks

C, Danaher M, O'Keeffe M, Kennedy DG, Elliott C.

Nicarbazin Animal feed

279 Chen Z, Mauk MG, Wang J, Abrams WR, Corstjens PL, Niedbala RS, Malamud D, Bau HH.

B. cereus as surrogate for anthrax Saliva planned

280 Corstjens PL, Chen Z, Zuiderwijk M, Bau HH, Abrams WR, Malamud D, Sam Niedbala R, Tanke HJ.

HIV, HCV, TB Ab Serum dilutions

282 Mokkapati VK, Sam Niedbala R, Kardos K, Perez RJ, Guo M, Tanke HJ, Corstjens PL.

RSV Ag Nasopharyngeal

Table 5. Publications using alternate membranes.

Ref. Authors Target Sample type52 de Verdier Klingenberg K, Esfandiari

J. Group A rotavirus Bovine, porcine and equine

faecal91 Esfandiari J, Klingeborn B. Canine parvovirus Faeces

107 Barrett C, Good C, Moore C. Multiple drugs Oral fluid/urine140 Muhammad-Tahir Z, Alocilja EC. Escherichia coli

O157:H7 and Salmonella spp

Culture medium or 0.1% peptone

275 Campbell K, Fodey T, Flint J, Danks C, Danaher M, O'Keeffe M, Kennedy DG, Elliott C.

Nicarbazin Animal feed

Table 6

Table 6. Publications using standard technology.

Ref. Authors Target Sample type49 Lein M, Jung K, Schnorr D, Henke W,

Loening SA.PSA Serum/plasma

65 Wennig R, Moeller MR, Haguenoer JM, Marocchi A, Zoppi F, Smith BL, de la Torre R, Carstensen CA, Goerlach-Graw A, Schaeffler J, Leinberger R.

Cannabinoids, cocaine or opiates

Urine

73 Jung K, Zachow J, Lein M, Brux B, Sinha P, Lenk S, Schnorr D, Loening SA.

PSA Serum/plasma

74 Jung K, Zachow J, Lein M, Brux B, Sinha P, Lenk S, Schnorr D, Loening SA.

PSA Serum/plasma

86 Verheijen R, Stouten P, Cazemier G, Haasnoot W.

Sulfadimidine Bovine Urine or milk

92 Fong WK, Modrusan Z, McNevin JP, Marostenmaki J, Zin B, Bekkaoui F.

Methicillin resistant S. aureus

Amplicon

94 Paek SH, Lee SH, Cho JH, Kim YS. Salmonella typhimurium Buffer95 Smits HL, Eapen CK, Sugathan S,

Kuriakose M, Gasem MH, Yersin C, Sasaki D, Pujianto B, Vestering M, Abdoel TH, Gussenhoven GC.

Leptospira antibody Serum

96 Dok An C, Yoshiki T, Lee G, Okada Y. PSA Serum/plasma108 Oku Y, Kamiya K, Kamiya H, Shibahara

Y, Ii T, Uesaka Y. Biplex HBsAg, T pallidum antibody

Serum

117 Sorell L, Garrote JA, Acevedo B, Arranz E.

IgA and IgG antibodies to transglutaminase

Serum or plasma

120 Newgard JR, Rouse GC, McVicker JK. Bovine IgG Porcine plasma133 Danks C, Ostoja-Starzewska S, Flint J,

Banks JOchratoxin Methanolic extract of

fungal culture144 Buhrer-Sekula S, Smits HL, Gussenhoven

GC, van Leeuwen J, Amador S, Fujiwara T, Klatser PR, Oskam L.

Mycobacterium leprae antibody

Serum

149 Al-Yousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-Bergstrom C, Kapil S.

Bovine rotavirus Fecal samples

150 Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Lesellier S, Houghton R, Pollock J, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Hewinson RG, Chambers M, Lyashchenko K.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers Ig

Badger Serum

158 Song W, Dou C. Acetaminophen or salicylate Serum, plasma, whole blood

159 Leung W, Chan P, Bosgoed F, Lehmann K, Renneberg I, Lehmann M, Renneberg R.

Cortisol Plasma (whole blood?)

160 Smits HL, Abdoel TH, Solera J, Clavijo E, Diaz R.

Brucella IgM and IgG Serum

167 Putalun W, Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y.

Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Plants and plant preparations

174 Sato I, Kojima K, Yamasaki T, Yoshida K, Yoshiike M, Takano S, Mukai T, Iwamoto T.

Semenogelin Forensic

Table 6

175 Putalun W, Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y.

Sennoside A (1) and sennoside B (2)

plants, drugs and body fluids.

181 Zhou P, Lu Y, Zhu J, Hong J, Li B, Zhou J, Gong D, Montoya A.

Carbofuran. Evironmental

198 Henderson KM, Eayrs K. Oestrone sulphate. Mare serum202 Ketema F, Zink HL, Kreisel KM, Croxton

T, Constantine NT. HIV-1 antibody Serum, plasma or whole

blood203 Delmulle BS, De Saeger SM, Sibanda L,

Barna-Vetro I, Van Peteghem CH. Aflatoxin B1 Pig feed methanolic extract

205 Takada K, Sakaguchi Y, Oka C, Hirasawa M.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Oral samples

216 Zhang GP, Li QM, Yang YY, Guo JQ, Li XW, Deng RG, Xiao ZJ, Xing GX, Yang JF, Zhao D, Cai SJ, Zang WM.

Infectious bursal disease virus

Ground up buffer extracted chiccken bursa

236 Joon Tam Y, Mohd Lila MA, Bahaman AR.

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease)

Swine blood

238 Wang S, Quan Y, Lee N, Kennedy IR. Fumonisin B1 Methanolic extraction of spiked samples of Corn,barley, rice, oats, peanuts, and sorghum

239 Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang S. Carbaryl and endosulfan Methanolic extract of Agricultural products

242 Zhang GP, Wang XN, Yang JF, Yang YY, Xing GX, Li QM, Zhao D, Chai SJ, Guo JQ.

Clenbuterol Swine urine

243 Biagini RE, Sammons DL, Smith JP, MacKenzie BA, Striley CA, Snawder JE, Robertson SA, Quinn CP.

Anti-anthrax protective antigen immunoglobulin G

Whole blood or serum

246 Raivio T, Kaukinen K, Nemes E, Laurila K, Collin P, Kovacs JB, Maki M, Korponay-Szabo IR.

Tissue transglutaminase antibody

Lysed blood

252 Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Pampati V.

Amphetamine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and cocaine

Urine

255 [No authors listed] HIV antibody259 Huang JG, Lee CL, Lin HM, Chuang TL,

Wang WS, Juang RH, Wang CH, Lee CK, Lin SM, Lin CW.

Avian leucosis virus Model system

265 Liu GL, Wang JF, Li ZY, Liang SZ. Heavy metals Agricultural products266 Shim WB, Yang ZY, Kim JY, Choi JG, Je

JH, Kang SJ, Kolosova AY, Eremin SA, Chung DH.

Atrazine Water

269 Sithigorngul W, Rukpratanporn S, Sittidilokratna N, Pecharaburanin N, Longyant S, Chaivisuthangkura P, Sithigorngul P.

Yellow head virus Shrimp haemolymph or gill or appendage homogenates

272 Kikuta H, Ebihara T, Endo R, Ishiguro N, Sakata C, Ochiai S, Ishiko H, Gamo R, Sato T.

Metapneumovirus, human Nasopharyngeal

273 Wang X, Li K, Shi D, Xiong N, Jin X, Yi J, Bi D.

Sulfonamides Eggs and chicken muscle

278 Liu L, Peng C, Jin Z, Xu C. 19-nortestosterone. Urine

Database all LFIA publications

PUBLICATIONS 5. Madersbacher S, Mian C, Maier U, Simak R. Validation of a 10-minute dipstick

test for serum prostate-specific antigen. Eur Urol 1996;30:446-50. 6. Garber EA, Eppley RM, Stack ME, McLaughlin MA, Park DL. Feasibility of

immunodiagnostic devices for the detection of ricin, amanitin, and T-2 toxin in food. J Food Prot 2005;68:1294-301.

7. Fernandez-Sanchez C, McNeil CJ, Rawson K, Nilsson O, Leung HY, Gnanapragasam V. One-step immunostrip test for the simultaneous detection of free and total prostate specific antigen in serum. J Immunol Methods 2005;307:1-12.

8. Lee EY, Kang JH, Kim KA, Chung TW, Kim HJ, Yoon DY, Lee HG, Kwon DH, Kim JW, Kim CH, Song EY. Development of a rapid, immunochromatographic strip test for serum asialo alpha1-acid glycoprotein in patients with hepatic disease. J Immunol Methods 2006;308:116-23.

9. Gessler F, Pagel-Wieder S, Avondet MA, Bohnel H. Evaluation of lateral flow assays for the detection of botulinum neurotoxin type A and their application in laboratory diagnosis of botulism. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:243-9.

10. Lai W, Xu Y, Fung DY, Xiong Y. Development of a lateral-flow assay for rapid screening of the performance-enhancing sympathomimetic drug clenbuterol used in animal production; food safety assessments. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16S1:106-10.

11. Gupta R, Talwar GP, Gupta SK. Rapid antibody capture assay for detection of group-A streptococci using monoclonal antibody and colloidal gold-monospecific polyvalent antibody conjugate. J Immunoassay 1992;13:441-55.

12. Ahn-Yoon S, DeCory TR, Baeumner AJ, Durst RA. . Ganglioside-liposome immunoassay for the ultrasensitive detection of cholera toxin. Anal Chem 2003;75:2256-61.

13. Ahn-Yoon S, DeCory TR, Durst RA. Ganglioside-liposome immunoassay for the detection of botulinum toxin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004;378:68-75.

14. van Dam GJ, Wichers JH, Ferreira TM, Ghati D, van Amerongen A, Deelder AM. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis by reagent strip test for detection of circulating cathodic antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:5458-61.

15. Koets M, Sander I, Bogdanovic J, Doekes G, van Amerongen A. A rapid lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of fungal alpha-amylase at the workplace. J Environ Monit 2006;8:942-6.

16. Bogdanovic J, Koets M, Sander I, Wouters I, Meijster T, Heederik D, van Amerongen A, Doekes G. Rapid detection of fungal alpha-amylase in the work environment with a lateral flow immunoassay. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:1157-63.

17. Lonnberg M, Carlsson J. Membrane assisted isoform immunoassay. A rapid method for the separation and determination of protein isoforms in an integrated immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2000;246:25-36.

18. Rundstrom G, Jonsson A, Martensson O, Mendel-Hartvig I, Venge P. Lateral flow immunoassay using Europium (III) chelate microparticles and time-resolved fluorescence for eosinophils and neutrophils in whole blood. Clin Chem 2007;53:342-8.


19. Hampl J, Hall M, Mufti NA, Yao YM, MacQueen DB, Wright WH, Cooper DE. Upconverting phosphor reporters in immunochromatographic assays. Anal Biochem 2001;288:176-87.

20. Ukonaho T, Rantanen T, Jämsen L, Kuningas K, Päkkilä H, Lövgren T, Soukka T. Comparison of infrared-excited up-converting phosphors and europium nanoparticles as labels in a two-site immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2007;596:106-15

21. Watanabe T, Ohkubo Y, Matsuoka H, Kimura H, Sakai Y, Ohkaru Y, Tanaka T, Kitaura Y. Development of a simple whole blood panel test for detection of human heart-type fatty acid-binding protein. Clin Biochem 2001;34:257-63.

22. Liu J, Mazumdar D, Lu Y. A simple and sensitive "dipstick" test in serum based on lateral flow separation of aptamer-linked nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng 2006;45:7955-9.

26. Osikowicz G, Beggs M, Brookhart P, Caplan D, Ching S, Eck P, Gordon J, Richerson R, Sampedro S, Stimpson D, et al. One-step chromatographic immunoassay for qualitative determination of choriogonadotropin in urine. Clin Chem 1990;36:1586.

27. Bangstad HJ, Try K, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF. New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 1991;14:1094-7.

28. May K. Home tests to monitor fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:2000-2. 29. Jury DR, Mikkelsen DJ, Glen D, Dunn PJ. Assessment of Micral-Test

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160. Smits HL, Abdoel TH, Solera J, Clavijo E, Diaz R. Immunochromatographic Brucella-specific immunoglobulin M and G lateral flow assays for rapid serodiagnosis of human brucellosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immuno 2003;10:1141-6.

161. Walsh JM, Flegel R, Crouch DJ, Cangianelli L, Baudys J. An evaluation of rapid point-of-collection oral fluid drug-testing devices. J Anal Toxicol 2003;27:429-39.

162. Oskam L, Slim E, Buhrer-Sekula S. Serology: recent developments, strengths, limitations and prospects: a state of the art overview. Lepr Rev 2003;74:196-205.

163. Choi S, Choi EY, Kim DJ, Kim JH, Kim TS, Oh SW. A rapid, simple measurement of human albumin in whole blood using a fluorescence immunoassay (I). Clin Chim Acta 2004;339:147-56.

164. Qian S, Bau HH. A mathematical model of lateral flow bioreactions applied to sandwich assays. Anal Biochem 2003;322:89-98.

165. Guerrero C, Toldos CM, Yague G, Ramirez C, Rodriguez T, Segovia M. Comparison of diagnostic sensitivities of three assays (Bartels enzyme immunoassay [EIA], Biotest EIA, and Binax NOW immunochromatographic test) for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:467-8.

166. Farcas GA, Zhong KJ, Lovegrove FE, Graham CM, Kain KC. Evaluation of the Binax NOW ICT test versus polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the detection of malaria in returned travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:589-92.

167. Putalun W, Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. A one-step immunochromatographic assay for detecting ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004;378:1338-41.

168. Ng KP, Saw TL, Baki A, Kamarudin R. Evaluation of three commercial rapid tests for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. Med J Malaysia 2003;58:454-60'

169. Kubo N, Ikematsu H, Nabeshima S, Yamaji K, Nabeshima A, Kondou H, Chong Y, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J. [Evaluation of an immunochromatography test kit for rapid diagnosis of influenza]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003;77:1007-14.

170. Donovan BJ, Rublein JC, Leone PA, Pilcher CD. HIV infection: point-of-care testing. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:670-6.

171. Qian S, Bau HH. Analysis of lateral flow biodetectors: competitive format. Anal Biochem 2004;326:211-24.


172. Miki A, Katagi M, Shima N, Tsuchihashi H. Application of ORAL.screen saliva drug test for the screening of methamphetamine, MDMA, and MDEA incorporated in hair. J Anal Toxicol 2004;28:132-4.

173. Capps KL, McLaughlin EM, Murray AW, Aldus CF, Wyatt GM, Peck MW, van Amerongen A, Ariens RM, Wichers JH, Baylis CL, Wareing DR, Bolton FJ. Validation of three rapid screening methods for detection of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int 2004;87:68-77.

174. Sato I, Kojima K, Yamasaki T, Yoshida K, Yoshiike M, Takano S, Mukai T, Iwamoto T. Rapid detection of semenogelin by one-step immunochromatographic assay for semen identification. J Immunol Methods 2004;287:137-45.

175. Putalun W, Morinaga O, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. Development of a one-step immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of sennosides A and B. Phytochem Anal 2004;15:112-6.

176. Mashud I, Khan H, Khattak AM. Relative frequency of hepatitis B and C viruses in patients with hepatic cirrhosis at DHQ Teaching Hospital D. I. Khan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2004;16:32-4.

177. Granade TC, Parekh BS, Phillips SK, McDougal JS. Performance of the OraQuick and Hema-Strip rapid HIV antibody detection assays by non-laboratorians. J Clin Virol 2004;30:229-32.

178. Parikh CR, Fischer MJ, Estacio R, Schrier RW. Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1881-5.

179. Walsh MG, Zgibor J, Borch-Johnsen K, Orchard TJ; DiaMond Investigators. A multinational comparison of complications assessment in type 1 diabetes: the DiaMond substudy of complications (DiaComp) level 2. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1610-7.

180. Branson BM. FDA approves OraQuick for use in saliva. On March 25, the FDA approved the first rapid test for HIV in oral fluids. AIDS Clin Care 2004;16:39.

181. Zhou P, Lu Y, Zhu J, Hong J, Li B, Zhou J, Gong D, Montoya A. Nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for the detection of the N-methylcarbamate pesticide carbofuran. J Agric Food Chem 2004 Jul;52:4355-9.

182. Ohm-Smith MJ, Nassos PS, Haller BL. Evaluation of the Binax NOW, BD Directigen, and BD Directigen EZ assays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2996-9.

183. Col M, Ocaktan E, Ozdemir O, Yalcin A, Tuncbilek A. Microalbuminuria: prevalence in hypertensives and diabetics. Acta Med Austriaca 2004;31:23-9.

184. Cazacu AC, Demmler GJ, Neuman MA, Forbes BA, Chung S, Greer J, Alvarez AE, Williams R, Bartholoma NY. Comparison of a new lateral-flow chromatographic membrane immunoassay to viral culture for rapid detection and differentiation of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3661-4.

185. Slinger R, Milk R, Gaboury I, Diaz-Mitoma F. Evaluation of the QuickLab RSV test, a new rapid lateral-flow immunoassay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3731-3.


186. Gast RK, Holt PS. Incubation of egg contents pools at an elevated temperature (42 degrees C) does not improve the rapid detection of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 14b. J Food Prot 2004;67:1751-4.

187. Reynolds SJ, Muwonga J. OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 antibody test. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004;4:587-91.

188. Landry ML, Cohen S, Ferguson D. Comparison of Binax NOW and Directigen for rapid detection of influenza A and B. J Clin Virol 2004;31:113-5.

189. Zheng X, Quianzon S, Mu Y, Katz BZ. Comparison of two new rapid antigen detection assays for respiratory syncytial virus with another assay and shell vial culture. J Clin Virol 2004;1:130-3.

190. De Monbrison F, Gerome P, Chaulet JF, Wallon M, Picot S, Peyron F. Comparative diagnostic performance of two commercial rapid tests for malaria in a non-endemic area. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:784-6.

191. Honore S, Trillard M, Ould-Hocine Z, Lesprit P, Deforges L, Legrand P. [Contribution of urinary pneumococcal antigen detection combined with the research of legionella antigen for diagnosis of pneumonia in hospitalized patients]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2004;52:429-33.

192. Mainet-Gonzalez D, Galvan-Cabrera JA, Sorell-Gomez L, Torres-Cabrera MB, Abdo-Cuza A, Castellano-Gutierrez R, Padron-Brito N, Palenzuela-Gardon D, Novoa-Perez LI. [Preliminary evaluation of a rapid, qualitative one step immunoassay of cardiac Troponin I in the acute myocardial infarction diagnosis]. Invest Clin 2004;45:221-42.

193. Kuroiwa Y, Nagai K, Okita L, Ukae S, Mori T, Hotsubo T, Tsutsumi H. Comparison of an immunochromatography test with multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4812-4.

194. Agaba EI, Agaba PA, Puepet FH. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in Jos Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2004;33:19-22.

195. Zeller A, Haehner T, Battegay E, Martina B. Diagnostic significance of transferrinuria and albumin-specific dipstick testing in primary care patients with elevated office blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 2005;19:205-9.

196. Kato S, Ozawa K, Okuda M, Nakayama Y, Yoshimura N, Konno M, Minoura T, Iinuma K; Japan Pediatric Helicobacter Study Group. Multicenter comparison of rapid lateral flow stool antigen immunoassay and stool antigen enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Helicobacter 2004;9:669-73.

197. Wagenaar JF, Falke TH, Nam NV, Binh TQ, Smits HL, Cobelens FG, de Vries PJ. Rapid serological assays for leptospirosis are of limited value in southern Vietnam. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004;98:843-50.

198. Henderson KM, Eayrs K. Pregnancy status determination in mares using a rapid lateral flow test for measuring serum oestrone sulphate. N Z Vet J 2004;52:193-6.

199. Weinberg A, Walker ML. Evaluation of three immunoassay kits for rapid detection of influenza virus A and B. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:367-70.


200. Ongarbaev AB, Avazova DE, Mustafaeva EM, Drobeniuk Zh, Al'betkova AA, Musabaev EI, Kalashnikova TV, Favorov MO. [Detection of antibodies to HIV virus in saliva by express-tests in Uzbekistan]. Klin Lab Diagn 2004;(8):40-2.

201. Bowen RA, George DT, Hortin GL. False-negative result for cocaine metabolites on a lateral-flow drug test slide corrected by dilution. Clin Chem 2005r;51:790-1.

202. Ketema F, Zink HL, Kreisel KM, Croxton T, Constantine NT. A 10-minute, US Food and Drug Administration-approved HIV test. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005;5:135-43.

203. Delmulle BS, De Saeger SM, Sibanda L, Barna-Vetro I, Van Peteghem CH. Development of an immunoassay-based lateral flow dipstick for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 in pig feed. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:3364-8.

204. Liang TS, Erbelding E, Jacob CA, Wicker H, Christmyer C, Brunson S, Richardson D, Ellen JM. Rapid HIV testing of clients of a mobile STD/HIV clinic. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005;19:253-7.

205. Takada K, Sakaguchi Y, Oka C, Hirasawa M. New rapid polymerase chain reaction-immunochromatographic assay for Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005 Apr;76:508-12.

206. Arens MQ, Mundy LM, Amsterdam D, Barrett JT, Bigg D, Bruckner D, Hanna B, Prince H, Purington T, Hanna T, Hewitt R, Kalinka C, Koppes T, Maxwell S, Moe A, Doymaz M, Poulter M, Saber-Tehrani M, Simard L, Wilkins-Carmody D, Vidaver J, Berger C, Davis AH, Alzona MT. Preclinical and clinical performance of the Efoora test, a rapid test for detection of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2399-406.

207. Miano R, Mele GO, Germani S, Bove P, Sansalone S, Pugliese PF, Micali F. Evaluation of a new, rapid, qualitative, one-step PSA Test for prostate cancer screening: the PSA RapidScreen test. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005;8:219-23.

208. Cooper G, Wilson L, Reid C, Main L, Hand C. Evaluation of the Cozart RapiScan drug test system for opiates and cocaine in oral fluid. Forensic Sci Int 2005;150:239-43.

209. Antos D, Crone J, Konstantopoulos N, Koletzko S. Evaluation of a novel rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay for detection of monoclonal Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool samples from children. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2598-601.

210. Wen HW, Borejsza-Wysocki W, DeCory TR, Durst RA. Development of a competitive liposome-based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of the allergenic peanut protein Ara h1. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005;382:1217-26.

211. Hayashi K, Uchiyama T, Iwat M, Sano K, Yanai M, Kumasaka K, Inamo Y. [The clinical usefulness of a newly rapid diagnosis kit, detection of respiratory syncytial virus]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2005;79:276-83.

212. Abdolkhaleg D, Behrooz S. A sensitive immunoblotting method for screening of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients' urine. Saudi Med J 2005;26:1075-9.

213. Rojas A, Navarro MD, Fornes FE, Serra E, Simarro E, Rojas J, Ruiz J. Value of serological testing for diagnosis of legionellosis in outbreak patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4022-5.


214. Nelson LJ, Talbot EA, Mwasekaga MJ, Ngirubiu PK, Mwansa RA, Notha M, Wells CD. Antituberculosis drug resistance and anonymous HIV surveillance in tuberculosis patients in Botswana, 2002. Lancet 2005;366:488-90.

215. Soroka SD, Granade TC, Candal D, Parekh BS. Modification of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody assay protocols for detecting recent HIV seroconversion. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:918-21.

216. Zhang GP, Li QM, Yang YY, Guo JQ, Li XW, Deng RG, Xiao ZJ, Xing GX, Yang JF, Zhao D, Cai SJ, Zang WM. Development of a one-step strip test for the diagnosis of chicken infectious bursal disease. Avian Dis 2005;49:177-81.

217. Incerti J, Zelmanovitz T, Camargo JL, Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ. Evaluation of tests for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:2402-7.

218. Tegbaru B, Messele T, Wolday D, Meles PH, Tesema D, Birhanu H, Tesfaye G, Bond KB, Martin R, Rayfield MA, Wuhib T, Fekadu M. Evaluation of rapid HIV test kits on whole blood and development of rapid testing algorithm for voluntary testing and counseling centers in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2004;42:267-76.

219. Horteloup MP, Threlfall WR, Funk JA. The early conception factor (ECF) lateral flow assay for non-pregnancy determination in the mare. Theriogenology 2005;64:1061-71.

220. Doyle NM, Levison JE, Gardner MO. Rapid HIV versus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening in a low-risk Mexican American population presenting in labor: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1280-5.

221. Reina J, Gutierrez O, Munar M, Mari M. [Preliminary assessment of an immunochromatographic method (Directigen EZ-RSV) for antigenic detection of syncytial respiratory virus]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005;23:455-6.

222. Walsh MG, Zgibor J, Songer T, Borch-Johnsen K, Orchard TJ; DiaComp Investigators. The socioeconomic correlates of global complication prevalence in type 1 diabetes (T1D): a multinational comparison. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;70:143-50.

223. Landrum ML, Wilson CH, Perri LP, Hannibal SL, O'Connell RJ. Usefulness of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibody test for the management of occupational exposure to blood and body fluid. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:768-74.

224. Dirven K, Ieven M, Peeters MF, van der Zee A, De Schrijver K, Goossens H. Comparison of three Legionella urinary antigen assays during an outbreak of legionellosis in Belgium. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:1213-6.

225. Ahmedani MY, Hydrie MZ, Iqbal A, Gul A, Mirza WB, Basit A. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in Karachi: Pakistan: a multi-center study. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;55:382-6.

226. Lyoo YS, Kleiboeker SB, Jang KY, Shin NK, Kang JM, Kim CH, Lee SJ, Sur JH. A simple and rapid chromatographic strip test for detection of antibody to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005;17:469-73.

227. Ng LC, Teng LC, Ng ML, Sazali BS, Khalid BA. Microalbuminuria measurements by two in-house ELISA methods. Malays J Pathol 2000;22:73-8.


228. Fader RC. Comparison of the Binax NOW Flu A enzyme immunochromatographic assay and R-Mix shell vial culture for the 2003-2004 influenza season. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:6133-5.

229. Bohaychuk VM, Gensler GE, King RK, Wu JT, McMullen LM. Evaluation of detection methods for screening meat and poultry products for the presence of foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot 2005;68:2637-47.

230. Myers MJ, Yancy HF, Farrell DE, Washington JD, Frobish RA. Evaluation of two commercial lateral-flow test kits for detection of animal proteins in animal feed. J Food Prot 2005;68:2656-64.

231. Wang J, Chen Z, Corstjens PL, Mauk MG, Bau HH. A disposable microfluidic cassette for DNA amplification and detection. Lab Chip 2006;6:46-53.

232. Woolcock PR, Cardona CJ. Commercial immunoassay kits for the detection of influenza virus type A: evaluation of their use with poultry. Avian Dis 2005 Dec;49:477-81.

233. Fucci N, De Giovanni N, De Giorgio F, Liddi R, Chiarotti M. An evaluation of the Cozart RapiScan system as an on-site screening tool for drugs of abuse in a non-conventional biological matrix: vitreous humor. Forensic Sci Int 2006;156:102-5.

234. Aaron E, Levine AB, Monahan K, Biondo CP. A rapid HIV testing program for labor and delivery in an inner-city teaching hospital. AIDS Read 2006;16:22-4.

235. Cruz AT, Cazacu AC, McBride LJ, Greer JM, Demmler GJ. Performance characteristics of a rapid immunochromatographic assay for detection of influenza virus in children during the 2003 to 2004 influenza season. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47:250-4.

236. Joon Tam Y, Mohd Lila MA, Bahaman AR. Development of solid - based paper strips for rapid diagnosis of Pseudorabies infection. Trop Biomed 2004;21:121-34.

237. Klein F, Lupo T, Pielack D, Mozola M. Validation study of a lateral-flow immunoassay for detection of ruminant by-product material in animal feeds and feed ingredients. J AOAC Int 2005;88:1583-92.

238. Wang S, Quan Y, Lee N, Kennedy IR. Rapid determination of fumonisin B1 in food samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold immunoassay. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2491-5.

239. Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang S. Development of multianalyte flow-through and lateral-flow assays using gold particles and horseradish peroxidase as tracers for the rapid determination of carbaryl and endosulfan in agricultural products. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2502-7.

240. Thompson L, Lindhardt C. Singlepath Salmonella. Performance-Tested Method 060401. J AOAC Int 2006;89:417-32.

241. van Hengel AJ, Capelletti C, Brohee M, Anklam E. Validation of two commercial lateral flow devices for the detection of peanut proteins in cookies: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int 2006;89:462-8.

242. Zhang GP, Wang XN, Yang JF, Yang YY, Xing GX, Li QM, Zhao D, Chai SJ, Guo JQ. Development of an immunochromatographic lateral flow test strip for detection of beta-adrenergic agonist Clenbuterol residues. J Immunol Methods 2006;312:27-33.


243. Biagini RE, Sammons DL, Smith JP, MacKenzie BA, Striley CA, Snawder JE, Robertson SA, Quinn CP. Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic device to measure anti-anthrax protective antigen immunoglobulin g in serum and whole blood. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:541-6.

244. Kaklikkaya N, Akdogan RA, Ozgur O, Uzun DY, Cobanoglu U, Dinc U, Gungor E, Dabanca PA, Arslan M, Aydin F, Erturk M. Evaluation of a new rapid lateral flow chromatography test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Saudi Med J 2006;27:799-803.

245. Waters WR, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Bannantine JP, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, McNair J, Pollock JM, Andersen P, Lyashchenko KP. Early antibody responses to experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:648-54.

246. Raivio T, Kaukinen K, Nemes E, Laurila K, Collin P, Kovacs JB, Maki M, Korponay-Szabo IR. Self transglutaminase-based rapid coeliac disease antibody detection by a lateral flow method. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:147-54.

247. Demiray E, Yilmaz O, Sarkis C, Soyturk M, Simsek I. Comparison of invasive methods and two different stool antigen tests for diagnosis of H pylori infection in patients with gastric bleeding. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:4206-10.

248. Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Olsen JH, Ball R, Dumonceaux G, Dunker F, Buckley C, Richard M, Murray S, Payeur JB, Andersen P, Pollock JM, Mikota S, Miller M, Sofranko D, Waters WR. Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:722-32.

249. Hatthachote P, Suwan K, Pongmanee K, Areekul W. Albuminuria in rural Thai people: a community-based screening with Combur Test and Micral Test strips. J Med Assoc Thai 2005;88:S164-74.

250. Delaney KP, Branson BM, Uniyal A, Kerndt PR, Keenan PA, Jafa K, Gardner AD, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M. Performance of an oral fluid rapid HIV-1/2 test: experience from four CDC studies. AIDS 2006;20:1655-60.

251. Wesolowski LG, MacKellar DA, Facente SN, Dowling T, Ethridge SF, Zhu JH, Sullivan PS; Post-marketing Surveillance Team. Post-marketing surveillance of OraQuick whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV testing. AIDS 2006;20:1661-6.

252. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Pampati V. A Comparative Evaluation of Illicit Drug use in Patients with or Without Controlled Substance Abuse in Interventional Pain Management. Pain Physician 2003;6:281-5.

253. Diederen BM, Peeters MF. Evaluation of two new immunochromatographic assays (Rapid U Legionella antigen test and SD Bioline Legionella antigen test) for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2991-3.

254. Grothaus GD, Bandla M, Currier T, Giroux R, Jenkins GR, Lipp M, Shan G, Stave JW, Pantella V. Immunoassay as an analytical tool in agricultural biotechnology. J AOAC Int 2006;89:913-28.

255. No authors listed] . Rapid HIV test kits. Health Devices 2006;35:157-77


256. Tritschler S, Scharf S, Karl A, Tilki D, Knuechel R, Hartmann A, Stief CG, Zaak D. Validation of the diagnostic value of NMP22 BladderChek test as a marker for bladder cancer by photodynamic diagnosis. Eur Urol 2007;51:403-7.

257. Edwards KA, Baeumner AJ. Optimization of DNA-tagged dye-encapsulating liposomes for lateral-flow assays based on sandwich hybridization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006;386:1335-43.

258. Magan N. Mycotoxin contamination of food in Europe: early detection and prevention strategies. Mycopathologia 2006;162:245-53.

259. Huang JG, Lee CL, Lin HM, Chuang TL, Wang WS, Juang RH, Wang CH, Lee CK, Lin SM, Lin CW. A miniaturized germanium-doped silicon dioxide-based surface plasmon resonance waveguide sensor for immunoassay detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2006 ;22:519-25.

260. Koide M, Higa F, Tateyama M, Nakasone I, Yamane N, Fujita J. Detection of legionella species in clinical samples: Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and urinary antigen detection kits. Infection 2006;34:264-8.

261. Salter R, Douglas D, Tess M, Markovsky B, Saul SJ. Interlaboratory study of the Charm ROSA Safe Level Aflatoxin M1 Quantitative lateral flow test for raw bovine milk. J AOAC Int 2006;89:1327-34.

262. Shirato K, Nishimura H, Saijo M, Okamoto M, Noda M, Tashiro M, Taguchi F. Diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2007;139:78-84.

263. Chuanlai X, Huting W, Chifang P, Zhengyu J, Liqiang L. Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for detection of diethylstilbestrol residues. Biomed Chromatogr 2006;20:1390-4.

264. Wiese L, Bruun B, Baek L, Friis-Moller A, Gahrn-Hansen B, Hansen J, Heltberg O, Hojbjerg T, Hornstrup MK, Kvinesdal B, Gomme G, Kurtzhals JA. Bedside diagnosis of imported malaria using the Binax Now malaria antigen detection test. Scand J Infect Dis 2006;38:1063-8.

265. Liu GL, Wang JF, Li ZY, Liang SZ. [Advances in heavy metal ions immunoassay]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2006;22:877-81.

266. Shim WB, Yang ZY, Kim JY, Choi JG, Je JH, Kang SJ, Kolosova AY, Eremin SA, Chung DH. Immunochromatography using colloidal gold-antibody probe for the detection of atrazine in water samples. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:9728-34.

267. Smit M, Beynon KA, Murdoch DR, Jennings LC. Comparison of the NOW Influenza A & B, NOW Flu A, NOW Flu B, and Directigen Flu A+B assays, and immunofluorescence with viral culture for the detection of influenza A and B viruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:67-70.

268. Diederen BM, Peeters MF. Evaluation of the SAS Legionella Test, a new immunochromatographic assay for the detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:86-8.

269. Sithigorngul W, Rukpratanporn S, Sittidilokratna N, Pecharaburanin N, Longyant S, Chaivisuthangkura P, Sithigorngul P. A convenient immunochromatographic test strip for rapid diagnosis of yellow head virus infection in shrimp. J Virol Methods 2007;140:193-9.


270. Jafa K, Patel P, Mackellar DA, Sullivan PS, Delaney KP, Sides TL, Newman AP, Paul SM, Cadoff EM, Martin EG, Keenan PA, Branson BM. Investigation of False Positive Results with an Oral Fluid Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e185.

271. Bucher JB, Thomas KM, Guzman D, Riley E, Dela Cruz N, Bangsberg DR. Community-based rapid HIV testing in homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. HIV Med 2007;8:28-31.

272. Kikuta H, Ebihara T, Endo R, Ishiguro N, Sakata C, Ochiai S, Ishiko H, Gamo R, Sato T. Development of a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for detection of human metapneumovirus using monoclonal antibodies against nucleoprotein of hMPV. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007;26:17-21.

273. Wang X, Li K, Shi D, Xiong N, Jin X, Yi J, Bi D. Development of an immunochromatographic lateral-flow test strip for rapid detection of sulfonamides in eggs and chicken muscles. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:2072-8.

274. Wernery U, Kinne J, Jahans KL, Vordermeier HM, Esfandiari J, Greenwald R, Johnson B, Ul-Haq A, Lyashchenko KP. Tuberculosis outbreak in a dromedary racing herd and rapid serological detection of infected camels. Vet Microbiol 2007;122:108-15.

275. Campbell K, Fodey T, Flint J, Danks C, Danaher M, O'Keeffe M, Kennedy DG, Elliott C. Development and validation of a lateral flow device for the detection of nicarbazin contamination in poultry feeds. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:2497-503.

276. McCabe VJ, Sindle T, Daly JM. Evaluation of the Binax NOW Flu A test kit for the rapid detection of equine influenza virus. Vet Rec 2006;158:164-5.

277. Pant Pai N, Joshi R, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri SP, Pai M, Narang P, Tulsky JP, Reingold AL. Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy, Feasibility and Client Preference for Rapid Oral Fluid-Based Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Rural India. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e367.

278. Liu L, Peng C, Jin Z, Xu C. Development and evaluation of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic strip assay for screening 19-nortestosterone. Biomed Chromatogr 2007;[Epub ahead of print].

279. Chen Z, Mauk MG, Wang J, Abrams WR, Corstjens PL, Niedbala RS, Malamud D, Bau HH. A microfluidic system for saliva-based detection of infectious diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1098:429-36.

280. Corstjens PL, Chen Z, Zuiderwijk M, Bau HH, Abrams WR, Malamud D, Sam Niedbala R, Tanke HJ. Rapid assay format for multiplex detection of humoral immune responses to infectious disease pathogens (HIV, HCV, and TB). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1098:437-45.

281. Holm-Hansen C, Nyombi B, Nyindo M. Saliva-based HIV testing among secondary school students in Tanzania using the OraQuick rapid HIV1/2 antibody assay. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1098:461-6.

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supplementary online file for gordon & michel, … · elements with greatest clarity, but are...

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