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BY:- ANURAG JAIN

DEEPTI SARASWAT

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INTRODUCTIONMAINFRAME AND SUPERCOMPUTERDISTRIBUTED SUPERCOMPUTER

GRID COMPUTINGAPPLICATION OF SUPERCOMPUTINGSUPERCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSQUASI-OPPORTUNISTICCOMPUTER CLUSTERPERFORMANCE

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MEMORY REQUIREMENTS

QUANTUM SUPERCOMPUTERS

PARALLEL PROCESSING

DNA SUPERCOMPUTER

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Asupercomputer is a computer that isused for applications that requires large

amount of mathematical calculations.

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While in a traditional multi-user computer system job

scheduling is in effect a tasking problem for processing

and peripheral resources, in a massively parallel

system, the job management system needs to managethe allocation of both computational and

communication resources, as well as gracefully dealing

with inevitable hardware failures when tens of

thousands of processors are present.

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Aspect of Super computer

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Vector processing machines: Vector processor, or arrayprocessor, is, a CPU that is able to run mathematical operations on alarge number of data elements very quickly.

tightly connected cluster computers: Acomputercluster is a group of connected computers that work together as a unit.There are basically four types of clusters: Director-based clusters, Two-nodeclusters, Multi-node clusters, and Massively parallel clusters.

commodity computers: Alarge number of commodity PCsinterconnected by high-bandwidth low-latency local area networks.

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SUPER COMPUTER

MOTHERBOARD

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MSI K9N6PGM-F Micro ATXAMD Athlon 64 X2 3800+ AM2CPU

Kingston DDR2-6661GByteRAMEcho Star 325W Micro ATXPower Supply

Intel PRO/1000 PT PCI-ExpressNICIntel PRO/100 S PCI NICSeagate 7200 250GB SATA HD

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The chief difference between asupercomputer and a mainframe is that asupercomputer channels all its powerinto executing a few programs as fast as

possible, whereas a mainframe uses its powerto execute many programs concurrently.

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In 1970s only few processors were used, but

in 1990s machines with thousands ofprocessors began to appear and by the endof the 20th century, massively parallelsupercomputers with tens of thousands of

"off-the-shelf" processors were used.

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Since the end of the 20thcentury, supercomputer operating

systems have undergone majortransformations, as sea changes have takenplace in supercomputerarchitecture.While early operating systems

were custom tailored to eachsupercomputer to gain speed, the trendhas been to move away from in-houseoperating systems to the adaptation of

generic software such as Linux.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

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Quasi-opportunistic Supercomputing is a formof distributed computingwhereby the super virtualcomputer of a large number of networked

geographically disperse computers performs hugeprocessing power demanding computing tasks.

Quasi-opportunistic supercomputing aims to provide

a higher quality of service than opportunistic gridcomputing by achieving more control over theassignment of tasks to distributed resources and theuse of intelligence about the availability and reliabilityof individual systems within the supercomputing

network. 141

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In another approach, a large number of processors areused in close proximity to each other, e.g. in acomputer cluster. The use of multi-core processors

combined with centralization is an emerging direction.Currently, Japan's K computer (a cluster) is the fastestin the world.

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Capability vs. capacitySupercomputers generally aim for themaximum in capability computing ratherthan capacity computing. Capability

computing is typically thought of as using themaximum computing power to solve a singlelarge problem in the shortest amount of time.Often a capability system is able to solve a

problem of a size or complexity that no othercomputer can, e.g. a very complex weathersimulation application.

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Supercomputer is the term normally used todenote the fastest, most powerful class of

computers at any given point in time. These are builtfor optimum computational performance

A supercomputer is can be defined as anycomputer which utilizes more than one processor

at the same time by using the concept of parallelprocessing to attain ultra high speeds in processingwith matching accuracy and applications

Supercomputers are used to solve large andcomplex problems that cannot be solved by smaller,less powerful computers.

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Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensivetasks such as problems including quantumphysics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil andgas exploration, molecular modeling and physicalsimulations

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Supercomputers are known to performcomplex operations at rates measuring in Teraflops.So it is very essential that the memory whichsupports any Supercomputer should store results oftrillions of calculations within fraction of a second.Also it is mandatory for the memory to access thesame data at a same rate.

With the dawn of 21st century manynew technologies have come into existence whichsupport such kind of storage structures Followingtwo types of memory related techniques have comeinto picture due to their revolutionary methods:

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Quantum computers use the concept ofquantum mechanics. This field involves the

application of atoms, molecules or photonsto provide processing. Traditionally an 8-bitdigital computer can exist in one of the256states possible at a time. But therevolutionary concept of a quantum

computer states that a processor can be in allthe 256 states at a time in an 8-bit digitalsupercomputer. This property of a computerto exist in multiple states at the same time iscalled QUANTUM PARELLELISM.

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Systems with a massive number of processors

generally take one of two paths: in oneapproach, e.g. in grid computing theprocessing power of a large number ofcomputers in distributed, diverse

administrative domains, is opportunisticallyused whenever a computer is available.

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Parallel processing is an efficient form ofinformation processing which emphasizes theexploitation of concurrent events in the computing

process. Concurrency implies parallelism,simultaneity, and pipelining. Parallel processingdemands in a computer execution of many programsin the computer. It is in contrast to sequential

processing. The highest level of parallel processing isconducted among multiple jobs or programs throughmultiprogramming, time sharing, andmultiprocessing. This level requires the

development of parallel process able algorithms 23

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SingleInstruction,MultipleData(SIMD) Stream:A single machine instruction controls the

simultaneous execution of a number ofprocessing elements on a lockstep basis.Each processing element has an associated datamemory, so that each instruction is executed on adifferent set of data by the different processors.

Vector and array processors fall into this category.

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Multiple Instruction, Single Data(MISD)Stream:-A sequence of data is transmitted to a set processors, each of whichexecutes different instruction sequence. This structure is notcommercially implemented.MultipleInstruction,MultipleData(MIMD) Stream:-

A set of processors simultaneously execute different instructionsequences different data sets. SMPs, clusters, and NUMA systemsfit into this category.

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Milestones in Parallel Processing

1840s Desirability of computing multiple values at the same time was noted inconnection with Babbages Analytical Engine

1970-80s Vector machines, with deeply pipelined function units, emerged andquickly dominated the supercomputer market; early experiments with sharedmemory multiprocessors, message-passing multicomputers, and gracefullydegrading systems paved the way for further progress

1990s Massively parallel computers with mesh or torus interconnection, andusing wormhole routing, became dominant

2000-12s Commodity and network-based parallel computing took hold, offeringspeed, flexibility, and reliability for server farms and other areas

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DNA (DEOXY RIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID) is thehereditary material in human beings. Genes in

the form of DNA store the information which isto be transferred from parent to child. DNAstores permanent information about genes.

The concept of DNA as a memory is derived

from the logic between the binary language andDNA. The binary language consists of 0s and1s. Similarly a DNA is coded in the form of fournucleotides which are

adenine,guanine,cytosine and thymine. 29

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HardwareAt least two computers with Windows XP, Windows NT, SP6or Windows 2000 networked with some sort of LAN equipment(hub, switch etc.).

Ensure during the Windows set up phase that TCP/IP, and NETBUIare installed, and that the network is started with all the networkcards detected and the correct drivers installed.

We will call these two computers a Windows cluster. You now youneed some sort of software that will help you to develop, deploy and

execute applications over this cluster. This software is the core ofwhat makes a Windows cluster possible.

Software :The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is an evolving de factostandard for supporting clustered computing based on messagepassing. There are several implementations of this standard.

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Building models of the complete human brain will require

supercomputers more than a thousand times more powerfulhan todays largest machines

Even supercomputers notyet close to the raw powerof human brain

IBM's Blue Genesupercomputer can handle4.5% of your brain'sprocesses - and might have

all of them covered by 2019.

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