summary of micro organisms

8/13/2019 Summary of Micro Organisms

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/summary-of-micro-organisms 1/6



• !roduction o" certain plastics ethanol and other chemicals

• #uring se'age treatment bacteria break do'n the material into acids carbon dio1ide and

methane.

egati%e e&&ector $iseases

• acteria cause diseases such as cholera tuberculosis tetanus bacterial pneumonia bacterial

meningitis even tooth decay. 6n plants bacteria can cause blight rust lea" spot ect.

CHARACTERISTICS PR(TISTA

Basic, generalstructure

• (his kingdom has a diverse group o" organisms that are all eukaryotes

'hich cannot be classi"ied as "ungi plants or animals.

• (hey vary hugely in si*e – some are microscopic others as large as trees

-bro'n plant)like kelp.

• any are "ree)living 'ith "lagella "or movement -*$lena; some have cilia

or move 'ith pseudopodia. >thers have none o" these. +till others are

sessile and attach themselves to e.g. rocks under the 'ater.

Prokaryote orEukaryote

7ukaryotes – all protists have a proper membrane bound nucleus.

Uni- ormulticellular

Very diverse. !rotists include single)celled organisms like Chlam'domonascolonial "orms e.g. Volvo& -made up o" 500 – F0 000 individuals o" multi)cellular organisms such as ,piro$'ra and sea 'eeds.

Cell walls >n the outside o" the cell membrane di""erent protists can have di""erentmaterial to "orm cell 'alls – pectin silica or cellulose.

utrition +ome like the green bro'n and red algae are autotrophs 'hich

photosynthesise; others like the proto*oa are heterotrophs - moe(a and theslime moulds that look like "ungi or parasites that cause diseases-Plasmodim- r'panosoma.

Sym!ioticrelations"i#s

Paramecium

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.p/pd(/ima$es/ciliophora/paramecim/(rsaria/sp "10.html

• !roto*oa living in the intestines o" termites digest the 'ood eaten by the

termites

• (he common "resh'ater ciliate Paramecim (rsaria is an e1ample o"

endosymbiosis by protists. <reen alge/endosymbionts "i1 carbon throughphotosynthesis 'hile the host provides nitrogen compounds. -7ndosymbiosistakes place in many auatic multicellular organisms that live in symbioses 'ith photosynthetic algae ) 'ell)kno'n e1amples are corals and sponges.

Re#ro$uction • %lgae divide ase1ually rarely se1ually.

• !roto*oa divide ase1ually via binary "ission sometimes se1ually by

conugation -e1change o" nuclei or by the production and "usion o"gametes.

• any protists can survive harsh conditions by "orming cysts -dormant "orms

o" a cell 'ith resistant outer coverings in 'hich very little metabolism occur.

Positi%e e&&ect orrole in

en%ironment ' oreconomic uses

• 6n auatic ecosystems algae release o1ygen and produce "ood during

photosynthesis.

• 71tracts "rom sea'eeds are used "or agar plant gro'th hormones mineral

salt tablets iodine in cosmetics paints medicine and salad dressings.

• #iatomes 'ith their silica cell 'alls "orm sediment ) this "ine clay is used "or

#eveloped by 7. 8o""man and !. 8anekom -6+(9+



paper paint and as "ilters in some s'imming pools.

egati%e e&&ect or$iseases

http://prosewors.(lo$spot.com/201 2/10/scienceandofficialst'lensalmatch.html

• alaria is caused by a protist)parasite belonging to the Plasmodim group

-the nopheles mosuito is the second host

• r'panosoma causes sleeping sickness. (he protists are not killed by the

immune system because it has a glycoprotein -V+< coating.


http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hw9pNq6jpEo/UItbpFx9XNI/AAAAAAAAAJg/Qq8c1m1D0UQ/s1600/africansleepingsicknesscells.jpg



CHARACTERISTICS )U*I

Basic, generalstructure

http://www.carta$e.or$.l(/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/$eneral(iolo$'/micro(iol o$'/#n$i/Classification/Classification.ht

m

• %ll "ungi develop "rom spores and no "ungi display "lagella cilia or chloroplasts.

• any "ungi are made o" thread)like "ilaments called hyphae. &hi*oids are root)like parts o"

hyphae that anchor the "ungus to the substrate; the stolons are the hyphae that gro' over

the substrate 'hereas the sporangiophores stand up straight and carry the sporangia.• (he 'hole tangled intert'ining mass o" hyphae are called the mycelium+ ycelium

increases the sur"ace area o" the "ungi to absorb more nutrients.

• Eungal mycelium is mostly hidden "rom human vie' because it is usually hidden deep

'ithin its "ood source -such as rotting matter in the soil lea" litter rotting 'ood or deadanimals.

• (he mycelium remains undetected until it develops one or more "ruiting bodies containing

the reproductive spores. (he "ruiting bodies are carried at the sur"ace o" the "ood source-not hidden 'ithin the substrate and allo's "or spores to be shed and carried a'ay by 'ind 'ater or animals.

Prokaryote orEukaryote

• 7ykaryote – #$% is enclosed in a double membrane to "orm a nucleus

• +ome multi)nucleated non septated species are said to be coenocytic -<reek CkoinosD

meaning shared and CkytosD a vessel

Uni- ormulticellular

• +ome are unicellular -e.g. yeast but most are multi)cellular.

Cell walls • ost species have cell 'alls "rom chitin a minority has cell 'alls "rom cellulose.

• 7ach hyphae is one continuous cell but they may have septae/ cross)'alls that divide the

cytoplasm or the cross)'alls may be per"orated or the cross)'alls may be absent-!hi+ops- cor .

utrition • ost "ungi are saprophytic heterotrophs that live on dead organic matter. +ome are

parasitic.

• +aprophytic "ungi use digestive en*ymes to break do'n their "ood outside their bodies

they then absorb the digested "ood.• +ome "ungi live in a mutualistic relationship 'ith other organisms e.g lichens

• !redaceous "ungi specialise to capture microscopically small animals ) they can secrete a

sticky substance on the hyphae or "orm a loop that s'ells and strangle e.g. round 'orms.

Sym!ioticrelations"i#s

• 6n lichens a "ungus and a green algae or cyanobacterium co)e1ists. (he algae produce

organic "ood via photosynthesise 'hereas the "ungus supplies the inorganic nutrients.

• ycorrhi*ae are mutually bene"icial associations bet'een plant roots e.g "ynbos plants in

nutrient poor soils and "ungi. Eungus hyphae help in 'ater and mineral uptake "or the plantand in doing so increase plant gro'th 'hile the plant roots secrete a substance that the"ungus need.

• +ome "ungi "orm mutualistic relationships 'ith ants ) ants actively spread nurture and

de"end the "ungus; the "ungus provides nutrients "or the ants in return.

Re#ro$uction • Eungi produce spores in both ase1ual and se1ual li"e cycles.

• ushrooms let out spores "rom their gills that are carried by the 'ind to meet other spores

and become a ne' "ungus.

• Geast are unicellular and divide into ne' "ungal cells -mitosis

Positi%e e&&ector role inen%ironment ' oreconomic uses

• +aprophyte "ungi are essential decomposers that use non)living organic material. (his is

important in recycling carbon nitrogen and essential mineral nutrients

• reaking do'n o" rocks into soil.

• 9sed as "ood "or humans and animals -e.g mushrooms tru""els

• 9sed in bread beer cheese -amembert &oue"ort and 'ine making

• Geasts – baking and bre'ing beer

•

%ntibiotics – penicillin H cephalosporin• !roduction o" organic acids – citric acid in oke

• +teroids and medicines – birth control pills




egati%e e&&ector $iseases

• #iseases like ring'orm athletes "oot thrush in humans

• !arasitic "ungi cause @0I o" plant diseases e.g. po'dery milde' on "ruit ergot parasite in

rye rusts in plants


summary of micro organisms

Documents