subway particles: what do we breathe on platforms … · p3 p2 p1 p4 p3 p2 p1 av. pm 10 =181 µg/m...
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SUBWAY PARTICLES: WHAT DO WE BREATHE
ON PLATFORMS AND IN TRAINS?
T. Moreno, V. Martins, MC. Minguillón, C. Reche, F. Amato, E. de Miguel, M. Capdevila, S. Centelles,
X. Querol, W. Gibbons
Underground subway systems worldwide transport > 100 million people daily
Ambient PM10 concentrations on platforms can be >> 50 µg/m3.
Subway PM is extremely metalliferous and very different in chemistry from outside ambient air.
THE QUESTION OF AIR QUALITY IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS IS NOT TRIVIAL
Inside train PM10 PM2.5 Reference Barcelona 36-100 11-32 Querol et al. 2012 Barcelona 19-75 Martins et al. 2015 Los Angeles 31 24 Kam et al. 2011 Taipei 41 32 Cheng et al. 2008
On platforms PM10 (µg/m3) PM2.5 (µg/m3) Reference Barcelona 87-325 21-186 Querol et al. 2012 Barcelona 133 13-154 Moreno et al. 2014; Martins et al. 2015
Budapest 155 51 Salma et al. 2007 London 1000–1500 270–480 Seaton et al. 2005 Los Angeles 78 57 Kam et al. 2011 Paris 200 61 Raut et al. 2009 Seoul 359 129 Kim et al. 2008 Stockholm 357 199 Johansson & Johansson 2003 Taipei 51 35 Cheng et al. 2008
PM SOURCES IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS
Ruedas, railes Fe, Mn, Cr
Frenos Ba, Cu, Sb, As, C, Fe
Catenaria Cu, Zn, C
escobillas motor
Wheels, rails Fe, Mn, Cr
Brakes Ba, Cu, Sb, As
Catenary Cu, Zn, Pb, C
+ resuspension
Outdoor Na, K, NO3, SO4, V, C, etc
Electric brushes Carbon
Ballast, cement Al, Si, Ca, etc
L9: Closed platform system L3: Open platform system
1.25 million passengers per weekday 50% of public transport loading
Average journey time (inside train) 12 minutes
BCN Metro
Continuous aerosol monitoring at 4 platforms during one whole month (twice a year).
Inside trains (6 lines)
24 platforms (6 lines)
BARCELONA METRO AIR QUALITY PROJECT (2013-2015) METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
• ASAP: PM10 samples for microscopy (Cardiff Univ.-UK)
• Coriolis: Bacteria (DNA, RNA) in trains and at platforms – 10 min (CEAB/CSIC, Univ. Laval- Canada & Queensland Univ. of Technology- Australia)
Moreno et al 2014, Atmos Environ 92, 461-68
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La Sagrera PM10 PM2.5 PM1
µg
/m3
VARIABLES: TRAIN FREQUENCY & PASSENGER NUMBERS
425
450
475
500
CO2
Passenger build-up and exchange
425
450
475
500
CO2
pp
m
time
10:10 10:25
time
9:20 09:35
Train IN Train OUT
VARIABLES: PLATFORM VENTILATION
0
40
80
120
160
200
12:04 12:11 12:18 12:26 12:33 12:40 12:47 12:54 13:02 13:09
PM
x (
µg
/m3)
Time (hh:mm)
Joanic WINTER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure
0
40
80
120
160
200
12:03 12:10 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 13:00
PM
x (
µg
/m3)
Joanic SUMMER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure
1 2 3 4
VARIABLES: TUNNEL AND TRAIN VENTILATION
0
40
80
120
160
200
10:33 10:40 10:47 10:55 11:02 11:09 11:16 11:23 11:31
PM
x (
µg
/m3)
Time (hh:mm)
INSIDE TRAINS PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Open Close
With Air Conditioning Without Air Conditioning
WITH FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION WITHOUT FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION
µg
/m3
700
175
350
525
700
175
350
525
1h 1h
Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511, 711-722
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
9:27 9:35 9:43 9:52 10:00 10:08 10:17 10:25
Without PSD PM10 PM2.5 PM1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
10:21 10:28 10:35 10:42 10:49 10:57 11:04 11:11 11:18 11:25
PM
x (µ
g/m
3)
Time (hh:mm)
With PSD PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure
µg
/m3
VARIABLES: STATION DESIGN AND PISTON EFFECT
TRAIN
TRAIN
0
40
80
120
160
single tunnel with onerail track separated
from the platform by awall with PSDs
one wide tunnel withtwo rail tracks
separated by a middlewall
single narrowtunnel with
one rail track
one wide tunnel with two rail tracks without middle wall
NEW SYSTEM CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
PM
2.5
(µg
m-3
)
Colder Warmer
VARIABLES CONTROLLING PLATFORM AIR QUALITY
Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511, 711-722
Frontal brake pad
Lateral brake pad
2cm
Cu catenary
1cm
Wheels
PM sources in underground systems
1,00
10,00
100,00
NO3- SO42- NH4+ Na Cl PM2.5 TC Al2O3 Ca Mg Fe Pb V Cd Bi Se Sn Ni Rb P U Zn As Li Ti La Ce Co Cr Cu Mn Sb Ba
Subway/Barcelona outdoor
Pb, Ni, As, La, Ce, Co, Cu, Sb
NO3, Na, Cl, PM2.5, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cr, Mn
TC, Al, Mg, V, Bi, Se, Sn, P, Zn, Li, Ti, Ba
SUBWAY PM CHEMISTRY
Llefià Joanic Tetuan Sta Coloma
RAIL/WHEEL BRAKE PADS
Station design: single/double track, access points, depth, ventilation systems, platform door systems
Train frequency and piston effect Passenger numbers Train design: braking systems, wheels, air conditioning, etc. Contamination by outside city air Ferruginous environment influenced by brake pad chemistry
CONCLUSIONS
Implementing Methodologies and Practices to Reduce air pollution Of the subway enVironmEnt 01/10/2014 - 31/03/2018
The objective of the project is to provide to the local and national transport authorities of European countries the appropriate measures and strategies to reduce concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) and identify toxic chemical components in underground rail air.
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
Al2
O3
Ca K
Na
Mg
Fe P
SO
4
NO
3 Cl
NH
4 Li Ti V Cr
Mn
Co Ni
Cu
Zn As
Se
Rb Sr
Mo
Cd
Sn
Sb
Ba La Ce Pr
Nd W Pb
TC
µg
/µg
Joanic Santa Coloma Tetuan Llefià Source profile of the subway source
Martins et al . Under review
0
20
40
60
80
100
Al2
O3
Ca K
Na
Mg
Fe P
SO
4
NO
3 Cl
NH
4 Li Ti V Cr
Mn
Co Ni
Cu
Zn As
Se
Rb Sr
Mo
Cd Sn
Sb
Ba La Ce Pr
Nd W Pb
TC
% o
f sp
eci
es
con
cen
tra
tio
n
Joanic Santa Coloma Tetuan Llefià
Moreno et al 2014, Atmos Environ 92, 461-68
WITH forced tunnel ventilation WITHOUT forced tunnel ventilation
PM 1 PM 3 PM 10 CO 2 CO PM 1 PM 3 PM 10 CO 2 CO Artigues (1985)
104 38 52 29
314 109 147 80
332 126 163 93
426 417 407 398
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1
68 33 30 37
200 103 84 92
218 130 104 101
427 421 413 418
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1
Clot (1997)
52 51 39 38
119 115 83 80
153 157 113 108
528 527 514 509
0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8
72 59 57 111
152 127 130 262
167 152 149 268
470 457 460 470
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
P4 P3 P2 P1
P4 P3 P2 P1
Av. PM 10 =181 µg/m 3 > Av. PM 10 =137 µg/m 3
Av. PM 10 =130 µg/m 3 << Av. PM 10 =184 µg/m 3
8.8 m
16.5 m
Universitat (1995)
34 37 39 44
94 98 102 109
115 122 124 135
487 493 479 490
0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0
63 69 80 84
171 183 204 225
221 238 256 282
471 469 468 491
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
16.8 m P4 P3 P2 P1
Av. PM 10 =126 µg/m 3
<< Av. PM 10 =250 µg/m 3
P1 P2 P3 P4
SIZE DISTRIBUTION (ELPI)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
Cu
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
Fe JOANIC
TETUAN
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
Al2O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
Mn
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
<0,056 0,094 0,156 0,263 0,384 0,616 0,953 1,61 2,4 4,01
Ba
Hematite Magnetite Native Fe