submitted to - valencia collegefd.valenciacollege.edu/file/mejaz/sample lab report - 05... · 2020....
TRANSCRIPT
-
EET 4301L – Electronics II
Summer 2014
Experiment # 2
BJT Emitter Follower
Performed By:
Masood Ejaz
Submitted to:
Dr. XXXX YYYY
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Technology
Division of Engineering, Computer Programming, & Technology
Valencia College
-
Introduction and Purpose:
BJT Emitter Follower, which is also called BJT Common Collector amplifier, acts as a voltage
buffer when used between a source and a load. Overall voltage gain of the amplifier is very
close to one but it provides a large current gain, thus fulfilling the requirements for a variety of
loads without producing pronounced loading effect. In this experiment a BJT Emitter Follower
circuit was built and examined for DC biasing points, small-signal voltage gain, and small-signal
input output resistances. Next, a cascaded circuit with BJT Common Emitter amplifier followed
by a BJT Emitter Follower was built and examined for the overall voltage gain for different loads
to confirm the buffering characteristics of the Emitter Follower circuit.
List of Parts:
1. BJT 2N3904 (2)
2. Resistors: 18K (2), 10K (4), 47K (1), 470 (2), 4.7K (1), 220 (1), 100K (1) , 1K (3),
potentiometer 10K
3. Capacitors: 10F (3), 100F (1)
Procedure and Results:
All of the important procedural steps [1] are briefly given before their respective results.
1. BJT Emitter Follower circuit, as shown in figure 1, was built and DC bias points were
measured.
IB IC IE DC VBE VCE VE
25uA 4.225mA 4.25mA 169 0.7V 5.75V 4.25V
As it can be seen that output voltage (VE) is biased roughly around the center of the DC
limits (0-10V)
-
Figure 1: BJT Emitter Follower
2. A sinusoidal source is introduced, as shown in figure 2, and output voltage is measured for
two very different loads; 220 and 100K
Figure 2: BJT Emitter Follower with sinusoidal source and load
Q1
Q2N3904
R1
1K
R2
18K
R3
18K
0
Vcc
10V
Q1
Q2N3904
R1
1K
R2
18K
R3
18K
0
Vcc
10V
V1
FREQ = 10KHzVAMPL = 100mV
VOFF = 0
AC =
C1
10uF
C2
10uF
RL
100K
V
V
-
RL = 220
Figure 3: Output for RL = 220: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output
RL = 100K
Figure 4: Output for RL = 100K: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output
(a) Oscilloscope
(b) PSpice
(b) Oscilloscope
(b) PSpice
-
Observe that the output voltage for 220 is a little smaller than the input voltage but for
100Kit is almost equal to the input voltage. This shows that variation of load does not
bring any drastic change in the output voltage; hence, it works well as a voltage buffer.
3. Next, small-signal input and output resistances for the circuit were measured. To measure
the small-signal input resistance, a variable resistor was inserted between the input source
and DC-blocking capacitor C1 and value of the resistor was changed until the output voltage
became half of the voltage observed in step 2. The corresponding value of the variable
resistor is the approximate value of the input resistor. Likewise to measure the output
resistance, a variable resistor was connected in parallel to the load and its value was
changed until output became half of the value observed in step 2. The corresponding value
of the variable resistor is the approximate value of the output resistor. For both
measurements, a load of 100K was used.
rin (observed) = 8.5K
(a)
(b)
Figure 5: (a) Circuit to measure the small-signal input resistance (b) Input (blue) and output
(red) waveforms [Note: Waveform should be the one saved from the lab]
Q1
Q2N3904
R1
1K
R2
18K
R3
18K
0
Vcc
10V
V1
FREQ = 10KHzVAMPL = 100mV
VOFF = 0
AC =
C1
10uF
C2
10uF
RL
100K
R4
8.5K
V
V
-
rout (observed) = 7 (approximately)
(a)
(b)
Figure 6: (a) Circuit to measure the small-signal input resistance (b) Input (blue) and output
(red) waveforms
4. Next, a BJT Common Emitter amplifier was built, as shown in figure 7, and output was
measured for the two loads used earlier. Input voltage used was a sinusoid with 25mV peak
and 10KHz frequency.
Figure 7: BJT Common Emitter Amplifier
Q1
Q2N3904
R1
1K
R2
18K
R3
18K
0
Vcc
10V
V1
FREQ = 10KHzVAMPL = 100mV
VOFF = 0
AC =
C1
10uF
C2
10uF
RL
100KR47
V
V
Q1
Q2N3904
RE2470
R1
47K
R2
10K
0
Vcc
10V
V1
FREQ = 10KHzVAMPL = 25mV
VOFF = 0
AC =
C1
10uF
C2
10uF
RC
4.7K
C3
100u
RL
100K
RE1
470
V
V
Output from Lab Oscilloscope
-
RL = 100K
Figure 8: Output for RL = 100K: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output. Input (blue) and output
(red) waveforms
RL = 100K
Figure 9: Output for RL = 220: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output. Input (blue) and output
(red) waveforms
(a) Oscilloscope
(b) PSpice
(b) Oscilloscope
(c) PSpice
-
Observe from figure 8 and figure 9 how drastically the value of the output voltage and
hence the overall gain of the system has dropped down once the load is changed from a
very high value (100K) to a very low value (220). In fact for 220 resistor, it is no longer
gain, it is attenuation. This is because of the output loading of the circuit as the common
emitter circuit has relatively large small-signal output resistance that produces a significant
drop once a small load is connected and a large current is flowing through it [2].
5. The last step is to connect BJT Emitter Follower that was designed in step 1 between the
Common Emitter Amplifier and the two loads and observe that how it produced a voltage
buffer between the source and the load to kept almost a constant output voltage.
Figure 10: BJT Common Emitter Amplifier Followed by Emitter Follower
RL = 100K
Figure 11: Output for RL = 100K: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output. Red waveform is output
and Blue is input
Q1
Q2N3904
R1
1K
R2
18K
R3
18K
0
Vcc
10V
C2
10uF
RL
100K
Q2
Q2N3904
RE2470
R4
47K
R5
10K
V1
FREQ = 10KHzVAMPL = 25mV
VOFF = 0
AC =
C3
10uF
C4
10uF
RC
4.7K
C5
100u
RE1
470
V
V
(a) Oscilloscope
(b) PSpice
-
RL = 220
Figure 12: Output for RL = 220: (a) Lab Output (b) Simulation Output. Red waveform is output
and Blue is input
Output voltage as observed for RL = 100Kwas 150mV (peak) and RL = 220was 140mV
(peak). Waveforms are shown in figure 11 and figure 12. Notice that the voltage drop is
extremely small as compared to the output of BJT Common Emitter circuit where output for
the two loads was drastically different.
Discussion:
As learned in the biasing theory, it is quite important for the amplifier to be biased roughly in
the center of the output range such that the output amplified voltage can swing maximally and
equally above and below the biasing voltage. This was done in step # 1 of the procedure. For an
amplifier to have a gain of unity that does not change with the variation of load, small-signal
output resistance of the circuit should be considerably low such that if this amplifier is used as a
buffer between another amplifier and different loads, small signal output resistance will appear
in series with the load and voltage drop across the small-signal output resistance will be
negligible compared to the drop in load; hence constant gain and output voltage can be
maintained, as carried out in the last step of the procedure. This is due to the fact that the
small-signal output resistance of the emitter follower turned out to be only 7 in the
experiment.
(b) Oscilloscope
(b) PSpice
-
Conclusion:
The lab clarified the theory of emitter follower circuit and its use as a voltage buffer between a
source and a load. It was observed that the voltage gain of the emitter follower circuit is
roughly one and it makes an excellent voltage buffer such that the source voltage (Common
Emitter amplifier in this case) connected to the input of the emitter follower circuit provides a
constant voltage for a variety of loads connected to the output of the emitter follower circuit.
References:
1. Joe Brown, “BJT Emitter Follower,” in Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed., Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. 24-28.
2. Electronics.com, ‘BJT Common Emitter Amplifier’, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://wwwelectronics.com/BJTCommonEmitter. [Accessed: 23- Jun- 2014].
Don’t forget to go over the next two pages for important information
-
Things to Observe and Remember When Writing a Lab Report
1. Nowhere in the report, I, we, us, you etc., i.e. first or second person active form is used. Lab
reports are recommended to be written in passive form.
2. All circuits built in the lab should be reproduced in Multisim or PSpice for the lab report.
This you have to do in Prelab. Prelab results are in the lab report just for the comparison
purpose against the actual results.
3. All important observations and answers to the questions asked in the lab book should be
either highlighted or written with a different color to make them stand out. There is no need
to create a separate question/answer section if you are answering all the questions under
Results or Discussion section. If some of the questions do not fit anywhere in the lab report,
create a separate section before Conclusion and answer them there. Make sure to write the
original question before you write its answer.
4. Observe that Discussion actually shows the characteristics of the circuits that were built in
the lab from theoretical and practical point of views. Theoretical discussion of the subject
matter shows your understanding about the expected results and practical discussion using
your results shows that if you were able to achieve your expected results or not. If not then
what were the reasons that you didn’t get your results. Although, discussion for the sample
report is brief but it does encompass all the important theoretical as well as practical points.
5. Conclusion emphasizes on the most important things learned or proved in the experiment. It
could be a very brief summary of your discussion highlighting most important points.
6. All figures should be labeled. Labeling of figures must go under the figure and label should
explain the figures in an efficient way.
7. All tables should have labeling on top of the table. Labeling should describe the purpose of
table.
8. All the formulae/equations/expressions should be written with equation editor, i.e.
professionally.
9. Make sure to capture all the waveforms from oscilloscope to include in your lab report under
Results section.
-
10. No hand-written/scanned work is allowed in the lab report unless it is extremely difficult to
reproduce it professionally for the lab report or your have received approval from your
instructor before writing the report.
11. Don’t forget references in IEEE format! Reference numbers should appear in the text in
square brackets for corresponding references from the list.