submitted for the award of the degree of doctor of...

THESIS

STUDIES ON THE PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION

IN FOOD COMMODITIES AND THEIR RESIDUAL

TOXICITY; AND TOOLSIN VIVO IN SILICO

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD

OF THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of philosophyIn

biosciences

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCES

By

Ashutosh Kumar SrivastavaM.Sc. (Environmental Science)

Established Under the Integral University Act 2004 (U.P. Act No.9 of 2004)

Approved by University Grant Commission

Phone No.: +91(0522) 2890812, 2890730, 3296117, 6451039, Fax No.: 0522-2890809

Kursi Road, Lucknow-226026 Uttar Pradesh (INDIA)

To Whomsoever It May Concern

This is to certify that Mr. Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava has carried out the

research work presented in the thesis entitled “Studies on the Pesticide

Contamination in Food Commodities and their Residual Toxicity; In vivo and

In silico tools” for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in

Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, from Integral University,

Lucknow, India under my supervision. It is also certify that:

(i) the thesis embodies the original work of the candidate and has not been

earlier submitted by him or any other candidate elsewhere for any degree,

(ii) the candidate worked under me for the prescribed period,

(iii) the thesis fulfills the requirements of the norms and standards prescribed

by the Integral University, Lucknow.

______________________

Signature of Supervisor

Dr. Mohtashim Lohani Associate Professor

Department of Biosciences,

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Integral University, Lucknow

Date:

Place: Lucknow

To Whomsoever It May Concern

This is to certify that the thesis titled “Studies on the Pesticide Contamination in

Food Commodities and their Residual Toxicity; In vivo and In silico tools”

submitted to Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Integral

University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-India for the fulfillment of the award of

degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) embodies the original research work

carried out by Mr. Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava, CSIR-SRF, Pesticide Toxicology

Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, under my

supervision. To the best of our knowledge and belief, the data presented in the

thesis have neither been presented previously nor been under consideration for the

award of any other degree or diploma to the candidates or anybody else.

_______________________________

Signature of Co-supervisor

Dr. L. P. Srivastava

Co-Supervisor

Senior Principal Scientist & Head

Pesticide Toxicology Division

CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology

Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh –India

Date:

Place: Lucknow

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis titled “Studies on the Pesticide

Contamination in Food Commodities and their Residual Toxicity; In vivo

and In silico Tools” embodies the original work carried out by me under the

supervision of Dr. Mohtashim Lohani, Associate Professor, Department of

Biosciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Integral University, Lucknow and

co-supervision of Dr. L. P. Srivastava, Senior Principal Scientist, Pesticide

Toxicology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Indian

Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow (U.P.), India.

Date: (Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava)

Place:

CONTENTS

Particulars Page No.

Acknowledgement i-ii

Preface iii-iv

List of Abbreviations and Symbols v-ix

List of Tables x-xii

List of Figures xiii-xv

Chapter 1- Introduction 1-7

Chapter 2- Review of Literature 8-26

Chapter 3- Materials and Methods 27-47

Chapter 4- Results and Discussion 48-68

Tables 69-100

Figures 101-109

Chapter 5- Summary and Conclusion 110-116

Strength 117

References 118-132

List of Publications

133

i

Acknowledgement

First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the good providence of Almighty God

and His replica around me, i.e., my mentors. I am extremely indebted to God that He has given me

the strength and encouragement to undertake and complete this work and hope that His gracious

blessings will continue to be showered on me in all my endeavors.

A journey is easier when you travel together. Interdependence is certainly more

valuable than independence. This thesis is the result three years of my work whereby I have been

accompanied and supported by many people. It is a pleasant aspect that I got the opportunity

expresses my gratitude to all of them.

My foremost thanks’ goes to my supervisor Dr. Mohtashim Lohani, Associate Professor

of the Biosciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Integral University, Lucknow, without his

concern support this dissertation would not being completed. I thank him for his encouragement

throughout the period and his valuable advices for completing of this thesis. I appreciate his vast

knowledge and skills in many areas and thankful for accepting me as his student.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Co-supervisor, Dr. L.P.

Srivastava, Senior Principal Scantiest & Head of Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian

Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Council of Science and Industrial Research under

whose leadership I have conducted all experiment included in this thesis. His expertise,

understanding, knowledge and patience have made me to compile and finalize my Ph D thesis. His

valuable feedback has greatly contributed to this dissertation.

I am thankful to Dr. K.C. Gupta, Director, IITR, Lucknow, for providing me the

necessary Laboratory facilities. I am extremely thankful to the Honorable Vice Chancellor, Prof.

Syed Waseem Akhtar and Registrar, Dr. Irfan Ali Khan, Integral University, Lucknow, for

providing an opportunity to registered myself in such a prestigious University for getting the

highest professional degree i.e., Ph.D.

I thank my RDC members, Prof. T. Usmani (Pro-Vice Chancellor), Dr. Mohd. Rizwan

Baig (Examination Controller) and Dr. Abdul Rehman Khan (Dean, Faculty of Biosciences) for

their helpful suggestions and comments during my progress report presentations.

I also wish to convey my regards to Dr. A. K. Srivastava, Head, Department of

Biosciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Integral University, Lucknow, for conducting the

regular presentation of my research work, and suggestions to improve the scientific quality of

entire thesis.

Every special thanks goes out to Dr. R.B. Raizada, Scientist-F (Retd.) & Head of

Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Council of

Science and Industrial Research (CSIR). His overly enthusiasm and integral view on research and

his mission for providing “only high quality work and not less” I can’t forget his help and guidance

toward my thesis.

ii

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Drs. Ashwani Kumar, P. Kakkar,

K.R.P. Singh, Y. Shukla, A.K. Srivastava, R.C. Murty, V.P. Sharma, A.B Pant, D.C. Purohit,

Dhirendra Singh, S.C., Burman, C. Keshavechndran, D.K. patel, M.K.R Mudiam, Rakesh Kumar,

M.K. Srivastava, Pradeep Kumar and B.P. Chwoudhary CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, for extending

their support, suggestion and encouragements.

I cannot adequately express in words my gratitude to my friends Dr. Abhinav

Srivastava and Dr. Manoj Kumar Pathak for their boosting encouragement, moral support, timely

help during pesticide residue analysis and providing multidirectional support. Sincere advices and

funny moments shared with them are unforgettable.

Few names are there, who were instrumental all through the completion of this

task and otherwise also made my perineal stay in Lucknow, as sweet memories of my life. These

Lieutenants of my army are: Aditya Sarangi, Sachin Tripathi, Upasana Kapoor, Satyajeet Rai,

Abhishekh Singh, Amit Srivastava, Shivpoojan, Ambrish Verma, Moh. Fareed, Ravindra

Chaudhary, Ankur Srivastava, Anoop Verma, Sapna Yadav, Swati Sachdev, Ravi saxena, Amit

Kalada and my sweetest bhaiya, Ajay Srivastava.

The technical support extended by R.P. Singh, S.P., Dhruve, K.P., Singh K.P.,

Gupta, Syamla Das, Pradeep Kumar and Pramod Srivastava is also acknowledged.

Sincere thanks to the officials of RPBD Section, Animal house, Library and

Information Center of CSIR-IITR, Lucknow for their constant support and help during research

endeavour’s.

Though, I am indebted to many people for their great help and support but the

chief contributors are undoubtedly my parents. Today, whatever I am, and tomorrow will be, it

entirely bears the stamps of their love, encouragement, and sacrifices beyond their limits. They are

the unparallel source of inspiration and real role models to me. This is only their blessings, untiring

efforts and sacrifices that today their dreams come true. My vocabulary is not wide enough to put

my sentiments in words to repay them for what they have done to groom me in such a great

fashion.

I would like to put on record that the love, affection and support extended by my

sister Nidhi Srivastava, brother-in-law Mr. Satish Srivastava, wife Deepti Srivastava and my

little nephew Saksham babu cannot be ignored and deeply acknowledged herewith.

Financial support to the study by Council of scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi,

is greatly acknowledged.

Last but not least I wish to offer my heartfelt thanks to all, whose names could not be included,

but will be fondly remembered.

Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page iii

PREFACE

“Earth provide enough to satisfy every man’s need, But not for every man’s greed.”

(Mahatma Gandhi)

Application and persistence of manmade chemicals are increasing in our surrounding

environment with increase in population, urbanisation and industrialisation. Pesticides

present the only group of chemicals that are purposely applied to the environment with aim to

suppress plant and animal pests and to protect agricultural and industrial products. However,

the majority of pesticides are not specifically targeting the pest only and during their

application they also affect non-target plants, animals and indirectly humans. Repeated

application leads to loss of biodiversity. Many pesticides are not easily degradable, they

persist in soil, leach to groundwater and surface water and contaminate wide environment.

Depending on their chemical properties they can enter the organism, bioaccumulate in food

chains and consequently influence human health also. Overall, intensive pesticide application

results in several negative effects in the environment that cannot be ignored.

A pioneer warning signal about pesticides pollution was assessed in 1962, by Rachel

Carson, an American courageous woman and scientist, wrote down her nature observation

and pointed out sudden dying of birds caused by indiscriminate spraying of pesticides (DDT).

Her book „Silent Spring‟, became a landmark. It changed the existing view on pesticides and

stimulated public concern on pesticides and their impact on health and the environment.

Silent Spring facilitated the ban of the DDT in 1972 in the United States. Further, more

research has been done and several dangerous and persistent organic pesticides like Dieldrin,

Endosulfan and Lindane have been banned or restricted since that time. The Stockholm

Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants which was a global treaty entered in force in

May 2004, aimed to eliminate the production and use of twelve priority POPs including

organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and metabolites, endrin, heptachlor,

chlordane, mirex and toxaphene. In August 2010, Hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane,

chlordecone and pentachlorobenzene were added.

These obsolete pesticides are characterised by a high persistence in the environment (e.g. half

life for DDT in soil range from 22 to 30 years, Toxaphene up to 14 years, Mirex about 12

years, Dieldrin up to 7 years, Chlordecone up to 30 years), low water solubility and thus

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page iv

potential to accumulate in fatty tissue of living organisms including humans and toxicity to

both human and wildlife. Due to intensive releases to the environment in past several

decades, their chemical properties and tendency to long-range trans boundary atmospheric

transport, they are now widely distributed and are found around a globe. Significant levels are

detected in regions where persistent pesticides have never been used such as in polar regions,

in tissues of fishes, birds and bears.

In the present thesis entailed “Studies on the Pesticide Contamination in Food

Commodities and their Residual Toxicity; In vivo and In silico tools” assessment of variable

pesticides in food commodities has been done. Food safety is of great importance to all

involved in the food chain. This dissertation also provides detailed information on the results

of the sampling and analysis programmes for residual traces of pesticides in both imported

and domestic food.

This thesis is carried out at Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of

Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India and Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Applied

Sciences, Integral University of Lucknow. An overview of the organochlorine (OC),

organophosphate (OP) and synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues analysis in selected food

commodities like vegetables, fruits, cereals, spices and milk as well as their toxicological

implication has been assessed.

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page v

Key Abbreviations

% Percent

µg Microgram

µg g-1

Micro grams per gram

µM Micro molar

ACF Activated Carbon Fiber

ADI Acceptable Daily Intake

ADI Accepted Daily Intake

AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists

B (A) P Benjo pyerine

BDL Below Detection Limit

BM Bone Marrow

BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen

Bw Body weight

C.A Chromosomal Aberrations

CAT Catalase

DCM Dichloromethane

DDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DTNB 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic Acid)

ECD Electron Capture Detector

EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay

ELOQ Estimated Limit of Quantification

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page vi

GAC Granular Activated Carbon

GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

GLC Gas Liquid Chromatography

GOT Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

GPT Glutamic-PyruvicTtransaminase

GPx Glutathione Peroxidase

GR Glutathione Reductase

GSH Reduced Glutathione

GST Glutathione S-Transferase

H Herbicide

H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide

Hb Hemoglobin

HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane

HCL Hydrochloric acid

HDL High Density Lipoprotein

I.P. Intraperitoneally

IARC Agency for Research on Cancer

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

IDL Instrumental Detection Limit

IITR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research

IQL Instrumental Quantification Limit

KCl Potassium chloride

Kg Kilogram

LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

LOD Limit of Detection

LOQ Limit of Quantification

LPO Lipid Peroxidation

M Molar

MAC Maximum Allowable Concentration

MCH Mean Corpuscules Hemoglobin Concentration

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page vii

MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume

MDA Malondialdehyde

MDL Method Detection Limit

mg Milligram

mg g-1

Miligrams per gram

mg l-1

Miligrams per liter

Min Minute

Mix. Mixture

ml Mililiter

MMS Matrix Match Standard

MNT Micronuclei Test

mol l-1

Moles per liter

MPI Maximum permissible intake

MRL Maximum Residual Limit

N Normality

NA Not Available

NaCl Sodium chloride

ND Not Detected

ng g-1

Nano gram per gram

ng l-1

Nano gram per liter

NIN National Institute of Nutrition

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

nm Nano Meter

NNMB National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau

NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level

NPD Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector

O.D. Optical Density

OC Organochlorine

OP Organophosphate

op’ Ortho Para

PAC Powdered Activated Carbon

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page viii

PBS Phosphate Buffer Saline

PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls

PFA Prevention of Food Adeltration Act.

pp’ Para Para

ppb parts per billion

ppm parts per million

ppt parts per trillion

PSA Primary Secondary Amine

PTDI Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake

PTWI Provisional Tolerance Weekly Intake

QuEChERS Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe

RBC Red Blood Cell

RDI Recommended Daily Intake

RMSE Root Mean Square Error

ROS Reactive Oxygen Species

rpm Round per minute

RSD Relative Standard Deviation

SD Standard Deviation

SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

SES Socio Economic Status

SP Synthetic Pyrethriods

TBA Thiobarbituric Acid

TBARS Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

TBE Tris Borate EDTA

TCA Trichloroacetic Acid

TLC Thin Layer Chromatography

TMDI Theoretical maximum daily intake

USEPA United State Environmental Protection Agency

WBC White Blood Cell

WHO World Health Organization

wt Weight

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page ix

α Alpha

β Beta

γ Gamma

δ Delta

μg l-1

Micro grams per liter

Σ Total

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page x

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page No.

Table 1: Action Based Classification of pesticide 9

Table 2: Physicochemical characteristics of pesticides 12-14

Table 3: Fortification experiment of Organochlorine 69

Pesticides residues from spiked vegetables at different level

(Recovery and repeatability), limit of detection (LOD),

Limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum residues limits (MRL)

And acceptable daily intake (ADI)

Table 4: Fortification experiment of organophosphate pesticides 70 -71

residues from spiked vegetables at different level

(recovery and repeatability), limit of detection (LOD),

limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum residues limits (MRL)

and acceptable daily intake (ADI).

Table 5: Fortification experiment of synthetic pyrethroids residues 72

from spiked vegetables at different level (recovery and repeatability),

limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ),

maximum residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI).

Table 6: Fortification experiment of herbicides residues from 73

spiked vegetables at different level (recovery and repeatability),

limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum

residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI)

Table 7: Fortification experiment of organochlorine pesticides 74

residues from spiked fruit at different level

(recovery and repeatability), limit of detection (LOD),

limit of quantification (LOQ),

maximum residues limits (MRL) and

acceptable daily intake (ADI

Table 8: Fortification experiment of organophosphate pesticides residues 75-76

from spiked fruit at different level (recovery and repeatability),



Table 9: Fortification experiment of synthetic pyrethroids residues from 77

spiked fruit at different level (recovery and repeatability), limit of

detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum residues

limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page xi

Table 10: Fortification experiment of herbicides residues from spiked 78

fruit at different level (recovery and repeatability), limit of detection

(LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), maximum residues limits (MRL)

and acceptable daily intake (ADI)

Table 11: Fortification experiment of organochlorine pesticides 79

residues from spiked spices at different level (recovery and

repeatability), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ),

maximum residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI)

Table 12: Fortification experiment of organophosphate pesticides 80-81

residues from spiked spices at different level (recovery and repeatability),


maximum residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI)


from spiked spices at different level (recovery and repeatability),



Table 14: Fortification experiment of herbicides residues from 83

spiked spices at different level (recovery and repeatability),



Table 15: Fortification experiment of Organochlorine pesticides 84

residues from spiked cereals at different level (recovery and



Table 16: Fortification experiment of organophosphate pesticides 85-86

residues from spiked cereals at different level (recovery and




from spiked cereals at different level (recovery and repeatability),


residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI

Table 18: Fortification experiment of herbicides residues 88

from spiked cereals at different level (recovery and repeatability),


residues limits (MRL) and acceptable daily intake (ADI).

Table 19: Level of pesticide residues in vegetables 89

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page xii

Table 20: Level of pesticide residues in fruits 90

Table 21: Level of pesticide residues in grain 91

Table 22: Level of pesticide residues in spices 92

Table 23: Level of pesticide residues in milk 93

Table 24: Morbidity, mortality and body weight 94

gain of male rat orally administered individual and

combination of dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin for 90 days

Table 25: Food Consumption of male rat orally 95

administered individual and combination of dicofol,

malathion, cypermethrin for 90 days

Table 26: Neurobehavioral examination (spontaneous Locomotion 96

activity) of male rat orally administered individual and combination

of dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin for 90 days

Table 27: Hematological data of male rat orally administered 97

individual and combination of dicofol, malathion, Cypermethrin

for 90 days

Table 28: Relative organ weighta (g%) of male rat orally 98

administered individual and combination of dicofol, malathion,

cypermethrin for 90 days

Table 29: Serume biochemical data of male rat orally 99

administered individual and combination of dicofol, malathion,

cypermethrin for 90 days

Table 30: Proteins with theoretical binding sites for pesticide. 100

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page No.

Fig. 1.1 The pattern of pesticide usage in India 1

Fig. 2.1 Consumption of pesticides in India

15

Fig. 2.2 Proposed schematic diagram depicting of 16

Pesticide cycle in the environment

Fig. 2.3 Routes of Pesticide Exposure 17

Fig. 2.4 Source of ROS and other free radicals ROS

and other free radical intermediate are 22

Formed during normal metabolic

Processes in oxygen repairing organisms.

Fig. 2.5 Cell injuries by ROS or free radical-induced stress 23

Fig. 2.6 Biological antioxidant defense systems 24

Fig. 3.1 Map showing sampling site, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 28

Fig. 3.2 Diagrams of QuEChERS method 29

Fig. 3.3 Vegetables samples collected from Lucknow market

30

Fig. 3.4 Fruit samples collected from Lucknow market 31

Fig. 3.5 Cereals samples collected from Lucknow market

32

Fig. 3.6 Spices samples collected from Lucknow market 33

Fig. 3.7 Milk samples collected from Lucknow market 34

Fig. 3.8 GC-ECD chromatogram of organochlorine and 35

synthetic pyrethroids pesticide

Fig. 3.9 GC-ECD chromatogram of herbicide 35

Fig. 3.10 GC-NPD chromatogram of organophosphates 36

Fig. 3.11 The GC-MS confirmation diagram of dicofol 37

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page xiv

Fig. 3.12 GC-MS confirmation diagram of malathion 38

Fig. 3.13 GC-MS confirmation diagram of Cypermethrin 38

Fig. 4(1A) Cerebellum of brain of control male rats 101

showing normal structure of purkinji cells,

molecular and granular layers (H & E x 1067)

Fig. 4(1B) Cerebellum of brain of treated male rats 101

(20+16+8mg/kg/b.wt./d) showing degenerative

changes in purkinji cells and loss of granules

in granular layer (H & E x1067)

Fig. 4(2A) Liver of control female rats showing normal 102

hepatocytes around the central vein (H & E x1067).

Fig. 4(2B) Liver of treated female rats (20 mg/kg/d) 102

showing mild focal necrosis of hepatocytes (H & E x 1067)

Fig. 4(3A) Kidney of control male rats showing normal tubule 103

and glomerulus structures (H & E x 1067)

Fig. 4(3B) Kidney of treated male rats (20 mg/kg/d) rats showing 103

degeneration of tubular and glomerulus structures

(H & E x 1067)

Fig. 4.1 Effect of dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin and their mixture in liver

on LPO and antioxidant enzymes of male rats orally exposed for

90 days (*p <0.05)

104

Fig. 4.2 Effect of dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin and 104

their mixture in brain on LPO and antioxidant enzymes

of male rats orally exposed for 90 days (*p <0.05)

Fig. 4.3 Effect of dicofol, malathion, Cypermethrin 105

and their mixture in kidney on LPO and antioxidant enzymes

of male rats orally exposed for 90 days (*p<0.05)

Fig. 4.4 Induction of chromosomal aberration by dicofol, 105

malathion, cypermethrin and their mixture in BM

Fig. 4.5 Effects of dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin and their 106

mixture exposure on chromosomal aberration in bone marrow

Fig. 4.6 Induction of micronuclei by dicofol, malathion, cypermethrin 107

Ashutosh K. Srivastava Page xv

and their mixture in BM

Fig. 4.7 Induction of micronuclei by dicofol, malathion, Cypermethrin 108

in BM

Fig. 5 Number of samples of each commodity containing pesticide 108

residues out of 250 total analyzed samples

Fig. 5.1 Tri-dimensional view of the docking of pesticide 109

submitted for the award of the degree of doctor of...

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