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Subject Support 2012 AS Revision - 2 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions

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Subject Support 2012 Revision topics chosen by your teachers Physiology: Cardiac cycle with conduction system Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve Skill: Open and closed loop control Learning Theories Opportunities for Participation: Factors affecting a pupils experience of school sports Inequality in sport

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question cardiac cycle May 11Qu 2 (a) (ii)Explain how the heart controls the rate at which it beats.(4 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 4 Heart beat The chambers of the heart can Contraction is called Relaxation is called The atria and ventricles contract at different times during a single beat contract and relax systole diastole a cardiac cycle

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Subject Support 2012 5 Cardiac cycle - order of contraction Atrial systole Diastole Ventricular systole

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Subject Support 2012 6 The Heart Beat (cardiac cycle) Intrinsic - Spreads through atria Picked up by Descends to tip of ventricle - Purkinje fibres from within atria - SAN atrial systole AVN bundle of His ventricular systole

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Subject Support 2012 Typical Question Jun 07 Qu 4 During a demanding practice session, carbon dioxide is transported by the blood. (c)(i)State two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.(2 marks) May 10 Qu 2 (a) (ii)Explain how oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin from the lungs and released at the muscle site. (3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 8 Carbon dioxide in blood 5% dissolves in 20% combines with 75% combines with water forming plasma haemoglobin bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) ion

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Subject Support 2012 9 Transport of oxygen in blood Oxygen combines with Forms When lots of oxygen available all haemoglobin carries oxygen When not much oxygen around oxyhaemoglobin splits haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin fully saturated releasing oxygen into muscles

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Subject Support 2012 10 Forming oxyhaemoglobin In lungs lots of Hb becomes fully saturated with In muscles less leaves Hb Oxygenated blood to muscles oxygen

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Subject Support 2012 11 During exercise Temperature in muscle More produced Both these increase amount of released into muscles increases CO 2 oxygen

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Subject Support 2012 12 Forming oxyhaemoglobin During exercise In lungs lots of oxygen Hb becomes fully saturated with O 2 In working muscles higher and more more oxygen leaves Hb Oxygenated blood to muscles temperature CO 2

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Subject Support 2012 Typical Question venous return May 11 Qu 2 (b)Running helps the venous return mechanism. Explain how the venous return mechanism works. (3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 14 Venous return blood back to heart Valves in Blood only flows one way towards Contraction of skeletal muscles during movements Constriction of chest veins during inspiration Suction pressure of veins heart muscle pump respiratory pump heart

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Subject Support 2012 Operant conditioning - Typical Question Jan 10 Qu 4. (c)(i)Explain what you understand by the term operant conditioning. (2 marks) (ii)How can a coach use operant conditioning to develop a gymnasts skills?(3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 16 Operant conditioning S-R theories become to produce a particular to a particular - show performer what is required and allow to try - adjust environment to strengthen chance of correct response Trial and error learning conditioned response stimulus Shaping

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Subject Support 2012 17 Reinforcement To increase probability of Strengthens Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement also encourages repeat of behaviour - stop negative/unpleasant stimulus when rewards / praise repeat of behaviour S-R bond desired response occurs

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Subject Support 2012 18 Punishment Opposite of reinforcement Used to stop repeat of Weakens undesired /unsuccessful attempt S-R bond

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question - motivation Jan 10 Qu 3. In order to improve their performance, badminton players need to be motivated. (b) (i)Explain what do you understand by the term motivation? (2 marks) (ii)How could a coach motivate a badminton player to improve?(3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 20 Motivation The drive to achieve a goal Two main types: Intrinsic - Extrinsic - from within self-satisfaction from outside tangible - money, badges, etc intangible - praise, pb, etc best

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question observational learning Jan 12 Qu 3 (c)Performers could learn the swimming start by observational learning. Banduras observational model of learning is shown below. Using the diagram, explain how attention, motor production and motivation are used help the process of learning a skill.(3 marks) (d)Suggest how a coach might help a performer to retain newly learned skills.(3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 22 Observational Learning Copying/mimicing an action/behaviour Requires learner to be: Attentive (attention) Capable of remembering (retention) Capable of performing (motor production) Willing to learn (motivation)

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question open and closed loop theory Jan 11 Qu 4. (b)(i)During activities that involve throwing, performers will use open and closed loop control systems to control the movement. The diagram shows an open loop system. What are the characteristics of an open loop control system? (2 marks) (ii)Explain why an open loop control system is not applicable to all types of skills.(3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 Open loop theory No no No control movements Doesnt explain: or skills 24 feedback modifications conscious Rapid/ballistic Limits of memory Novelopen

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Subject Support 2012 Open Loop theory 25 Decision Action Command

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Subject Support 2012 26 Adams Closed loop theory Involves Movement initiated by motor programme - Action controlled by - used as model of correctness - adjusted and strengthened through Does not account for actions for feedback or feedback memory trace experience perceptual trace practice too fast limitations of memory

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Subject Support 2012 Closed Loop theory 27 DecisionAction Command Feedback Memory trace Perceptual trace

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question schema theory Jan 10 Qu 3. (c)One form of learning is through schema. Schmidt's schema theory (1975) is based on the concept that every time a movement is conducted, information from four sources is gathered. Explain how these four sources of information are used to produce a movement.(4 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 29 Schema theory Four relationships (schema) stored for every movement: 1.Initial conditions 2.Response specifications 3. Sensory consequences 4. Response outcomes - whats going on - whats needed - howd it feel - what happened

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Subject Support 2012 30 Schema theory schema provides motor programme schema evaluates responses Recall 1 and 2 Recognition 3 and 4

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question school provision Jan 10 Qu 6. (b)(ii)Describe how schools can provide extra-curricular opportunities to increase participation rates for their pupils(4 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 Factors influencing provision in schools Available finance for sport and P.E Emphasis placed by schools on particular sports Enthusiasm/ knowledge of teachers Availability of dual use facilities Resources available gyms/pools/ fields Amount of time available

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Subject Support 2012 Factors affecting participation Where you live School Family Race/religion Socio-economics Age Gender Ability Stereotyping

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Subject Support 2012 Participation Rates - poor (21%) Active People Survey Only 8% for Only 18.6% for Only 18.3% Only 16.3% for Only 16% for Mainly Rates fall on leaving disabled ethnic minorities female low socio-economic group young white middle class males older people education

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Subject Support 2012 Barriers Attitudes stereotyping; culture; interests; Access facilities; transport; finance; Programme quality of provision; activity range; ability; confidence; motivation; lifestyle; education; other activities level of enjoyment; quality of delivery

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Subject Support 2012 Socio-economic barriers to participation Typical Question Jan 08 Qu 3 (b) The 19 th century public schools provided the children of the middle and upper social classes with the opportunity to participate in a variety of sports that were not available to the working class. Suggest reasons why social class can still be a determining factor in the number and type of sporting activities in which an individual might become involved. (4 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 Causes T.I.M.E. Lack of time income mobility transport education (health benefits)

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question inequality - gender Jan 10 Qu 5. (b) The graph shows the increase in the number of women participating in sport and physical activity in the UK over the last 100 years. The participation of women in physical activities is often dependent upon the opportunities available to them. (i)Explain the term discrimination.(2 marks) (ii)Discuss whether the opportunities for women to take part in sport and physical activity are the same as for men.(4 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 Factors affecting womens participation in sport Socialisation into role Family commitment School/tradition Lack of media coverage Male dominated T.I.M.E.

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Subject Support 2012 Female sport in schools Supposed to be equal opportunities Resistance to compulsory nature of PE More success where activities geared towards accepted Lack of preparation for compulsory kit, sweat, showers female role continuing post 16

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Subject Support 2012 Counteracting gender effects Provide Ensure good quality Promote Adopt women as a equal access coaching achievements target group

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Subject Support 2012 More fashionable Publicity Shared home responsibilities Crches More activities available More free time For social benefits Reasons why increasing female participants

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Subject Support 2012 Typical question inequalities - ethnicity May 10 Qu 5 The Sport England Active People Survey of 2006 showed that approximately 9% of people with a disability participate regularly in sport compare to 23% of the rest of the population. (c) (i)Suggest reasons for this lower participation rate for people with a disability.(4 marks) Jan 11 Qu 6. Some groups in society are less involved in sport and physical activity than other groups. (c)Give three reasons for the lower participation rates among some ethnic minority groups.(3 marks)

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Subject Support 2012 Ethnicity and physical activity Lower participation than general population Linked to socio-economic status - overt or implied Low Cultural differences Lack of T I M E Discrimination status Stereotyping role models

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Subject Support 2012 Disability and physical activity Lower Lack of self-esteem cycle of despair Lack of specialised / suitable Lack of expectations coaches facilities T I M E role models

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Subject Support 2012 Equality Policies for specific More minority sport development officers and Concentrate resources where needed - areas; Make activities more available Classes for specific groups Lower admission/membership Change attitudes anti-discrimination Raise awareness/ role models; target groups coaches inner city/deprived costs campaigns