Study of ANTIDIABETIC activity of some medicinal PLANTS

Contents

1.Introduction2.Type3.Causes4.Pathophysiology5.Symptoms 6.Management7.Treatment8.Herbal Treatment9.Conclusion10.References

1.Introduction

• Diabetes mellitus is the major endocrine disorder affecting nearly 2.5%of the population all over the world. It is deadly disease that affects estimated 300 million people worldwide.

• In the indigenous Indian system of medicine, good number of plants were mentioned for the cure of diabetes.

1.What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both.

commonly referred to as diabetes was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

2. Types

2.1.Type I Diabetes:-

It is also referred as IDDM (Insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus or Juvenile diabetes).This results when the pancreas

produces insufficient amounts of insulin to meet the body’s

needs. Approximately 10% of the diabetic population is

composed of Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes.

The three main types of diabetes are

• Type 1 diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes

• Gestational diabetes

2.3.Gestational Diabetes:-Gestational diabetes develops only during pregnancy. Women

with gestational diabetes have a 20 to 50 percent chance of

developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years.

It is also referred as NIDDM (Non insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus or “adult-onset” diabetes). This result when the

pancreas produces insulin, but the cells are unable to use it

efficiently; this effect is called ‘insulin resistance’. About 90

to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2.

2.2.Type II Diabetes:-

3. Causes

Insufficient production of insulin

Inability of cells to use insulin

Heredity

Increasing age

Obesity

4.Pathophysiology

Type 1 (IDDM) In this type beta cell destruction in pancreatic islet;

is occure due to presence of autoimmune (type 1a) antibody in blood which resuls in decrease in circulating insulin level.

Type 2 (NIDDM) There is no loss or moderate reduction in beta cell

mass. Abnormality in gluco-receptor of beta cell Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin Excess of hyperglycaemic hormones (glucagon)/

obesity.

5. SYMPTOMS

increased urine output

weight loss despite an increase in appetite.

patients also complain of fatigue, nausea and vomiting.

sweet taste in the mouth

feeling of numbness and burning sensation in the plasms and

soles.

6.DIABETES MANAGEMENT:

control blood sugar levels

regular insulin injections.

control of simple carbohydrate intake

increasing the percentage of complex carbohydrates

regular exercise

weight reduction (in overweight individuals).

7.TREATMENTS

Insulin Therapy

Monitoring blood sugar

Exercise

Healthy weight

Transplantation:

i) Pancreas transplantation

ii) Islet cell transplantation

8.HERBAL TRETMENT OF DIABETES

Medicinal plants are the potential source of the drugs

Little side effects

Low cost

solve the economic problems

Wide availability

Experimentally evaluated

Trigonella foenum- graecum(Methi) Fabaceae

Momordica charantia. Cucurbitaceae

Curcuma longa(turmaric) Zingiberaceae

Cinnamomum zeylanicum(cinnamon) Lauraceae

Emblica officinalis(amla) Euphorbiaceae

Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae

Allium cepa(onion) Liliaceae

Allium sativum(garlic) Alliaceae

8.1.FENUGREEK

o Biological source: It is obtained from the leaves and seeds of Trigonella

foenum- graecum. o Family:- Fabaceae.

Chemical constituents:-

The nicotinic acid, alkaloid trogonelline, and coumarin, amino acid 4-

hydroxyisoleucine.

Pharmacological Activity:-

Fenugreek may also increase the number of insulin receptors in red blood cells and

improve glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, thus demonstrating potential anti-

diabetec effects both on the pancreas and other sites.

8.2.KARELA

Synonyms:- Momordica chinensis.

Biological source:-It is obtained from edible fruit of Momordica charantia.

Family:- Cucurbitaceae

Chemical constituents:-

triterpene, protein, steroid, alkaloid (momordicin and charantin), inorganic,

lipid, and phenolic compounds.

Pharmacological Activity:-

Bitter melon contains another bioactive compound i.e. lectin that has insulin like activity. The insulin-like bioactivity of lectin is due to its linking together 2 insulin receptors. This lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral tissues and, similar to insulin's effects in the brain, suppressing appetite.

8.3.TURMERIC

Synonyms:-Indian saffron,Curcuma,Haldi. Biological Source:-It consists of dried fresh rhizomes of the plant Curcuma

longa. Family:- Zingiberaceae. Chemical Constituents:-

curcumin, Sesquiterpens(camphor, zingiberene). Pharmacological Activity:-

It is increase the regulation of liver function.

8.4.CINNAMON

Synonyms:- Cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon,kalmi-dalchini. Biological source:-It consists of dried inner bark of shoots of coppiced trees of

Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Family:- Lauraceae. Chemical constituents:- Cinnamon bark contains volatile oil, (tannins, starch & mannitol)Cinnamon oil

contains cinnamaldehyde. Pharmacological Activity:-

Strong evidence suggests that cinnamon polyphenols (CP) exhibit insulin-like activity in cells, animals and people with type 2 diabetes. To explore the molecular basis of insulin-like activity of cinnamon with doubly-linked procyanidin type-A polymers,

10.5.AMLA

Biological Source:- It is obtained from the dried as well as fresh

fruits of Emblica officinalis.

Family:- Euphorbiaceae.

Chemical Constituents:-

"Phyllemblin“(gallic acid, tannins, flavonoids, pectin, and vitamin C )

Pharmacological Activity:-

E.officinalis fruit was evaluated for anti-hyperglycaemic and lipid-

lowering properties in human volunteers.

9.CONCLUSION:

From this study it has conclude that through diabetes is not curable but we can mange and prevent. It by using medicinal plant and this plants which I have mentioned will be halpful in treatment and management of diabetes.

10.REFERENCES:

1.Wang T.J., Larson M.G., Vasan R.S., Cheng S., Rhee E.P., McCabe E., et al-

Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nat Med. Apr

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3.National Diabetes Education Program

http://www.ndep.nih.gov/

4.http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/

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treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, Indian J Clin Biochem, 15 (2000), P: 169

6.Park HJ, Kim DH, Choi JW, Park JH, Han YN. A potent anti-diabetic agent

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6.Anderson, R et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve

glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes

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7.Guidance on the use of glitazones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. NICE

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www.nice.org.uk/TA063

8.health.indiamart.com

9.Global herbal supplies. Information about the herb fenugreek. Available from:

http://www.globalherbalsupplies.com/herb_information/fenugreek.htm. 10.(

www.rain-tree.com\bittermelon.htm)

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12.www.americanassociationofdiabetis.com

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