kmun2014    

 

  2  

Letter  from  the  Secretary  General    

Dear  Representatives  of  the  Distinguished  Nations,  It  is  my  utmost  honour  and  supreme  pleasure  to  welcome  you  all  to  the  

second  edition  of  Kabataş  Model  United  Nations  Conference  (KMUN).  I,  Arda  HELVACILAR,  am  studying  at  Kabataş  Erkek  Lisesi  as  an  eleventh  grade  student  and  I  am  serving  as  the  Secretary-­‐General  of  KMUN  2014  which  is  a  conference  popular  with  its  unique  content  and  venue.  Since  the  participants  of  KMUN  2014  are  all  pupils  from  highly  respected  high  schools  from  all  around  the  world  as  the  Secretariat  we  have  prepared  a  conference  which  will  become  an  experience  of  a  lifetime  for  you  all.  

Being  one  of  the  youngest  MUN  Clubs  in  Turkey,  Kabataş  Erkek  Lisesi  Model  United  Nations  Club  (KELMUNC)  developed  itself  in  a  very  short  time  period.  Keeping  in  mind  that  fact  the  founders  of  the  club  decided  to  build  up  a  conference  in  previous  year,  2013.  KMUN  2013  hosted  250  delegates  from  all  around  the  globe  in  5  different  committees.  This  year,  as  a  tradition  of  Kabataş  Erkek  Lisesi  we  have  aimed  to  take  further  steps  and  develop  ourselves.  Bearing  in  mind  that  fact,  KMUN  2014  will  host  400  delegates  in  8  committees  including  historical  committees  and  MICC.  

Appreciating  the  great  effort  of  the  Chairwoman,  Ceylan  Ersoy  and  the  Vice-­‐Chairman,  Eran  Eskenazi  spent  on  this  Research  Report  (RR),  I  would  like  to  thank  the  directors  of  North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization  personally.  In  nearly  one  month  they  have  prepared  a  successful  RR  to  lead  the  delegates  to  a  fruitful  research.  In  KMUN  2014  North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization  will  address  an  important  historical  issue.The  delegates  of  this  historical  committee  will  deal  with  crises,  keeping  in  mind  the  content  of  the  attached  RR.  With  regards  to  the  ingredients  of  this  RR,  delegates  of  NATO  are  expected  to  perform  their  lobbying  skills  within  this  topic:  

o Cuban  missile  crisis.  

In  case  you  require  any  further  instruction  as  to  the  academic    content  of  the  NATO,  you  may  always  contact  your  Committee  Directors  or  me  via  ardahelvacilar@kabatasmun.org.    

It  is  my  greatest  pleasure  to  welcome  you  all  to  KMUN  2014  once  again.  I  fully  believe  that  second  edition  of  KMUN  will  live  up  to  its  bargain  and  present  its  participants  a  unique  event  fulfilled  with  joy  and  knowledge.  

 Arda  HELVACILAR  

 Secretary-­‐General  

             

 

  3  

 Forum:  Historical  NATO        Issue:  Cuban  Missile  Crisis    

Student  Officer:   Ceylan  Ersoy,  Eran  Eskenazi    

Introduction  

The  Cuban  missile  crisis  known  as  the  October  Crisis  or  The  Missile  Scare  was  a  

13-­‐day  confrontation  in  October  1962  between  the  Soviet  Union  and  Cuba  on  

one  side  and  the  United    

States  on  the  other  side.  The  crisis  is  generally  regarded  as  the  moment  in  which  

the  Cold  War  came  closest  to  

turning  into  a  nuclear  conflict  and  

is  also  the  first  documented  

instance  of  mutual  assured  

destruction  (MAD)  being  discussed  

as  a  determining  factor  in  a  major  

international  arms  agreement.  

 

After  the  US  had  placed  nuclear  

missiles  in  Turkey  and  Italy,  aimed  

at  Moscow,  and  the  failed  

US  attempt  to  overthrow  the  

Cuban  regime,  in  May  1962  Nikita  Khrushchev  proposed  the  idea    

of  placing  Soviet  nuclear  missiles  in  Cuba  to  deter  any  future  invasion  attempt.  

During  a  meeting  between  Khrushchev  and  that  July,  a  secret  agreement  was  

reached  and  construction  of  several  missile  sites  began  in  the  late  summer.    Definition  of  Key  Terms      Cold  war:  a  state  of  political  hostility  between  countries  characterized  by  threats,  propaganda,  and  other  measures  short  of  open  warfare,  in  particular  the  state  of  political  hostility  that  existed  between  the  Soviet  bloc  countries  and  the  US-­‐led  Western  powers  from  1945  to  1990.    

Ceylan  Ersoy/  Eran    Eskenazi  

 

 

  4  

   Mutual  Assured  Destruction  (MAD):  A  doctrine  of  military  strategy  and  national  security  policy  in  which  a  full  scale  use  of  high  yield  weapons  of  mass  destruction  by  two  opposing  sides  would  cause  the  complete  annihilation  of  both  attacker  and  the  defender.      Moscow-­‐  Washington  hotline:  A  system  that  allows  direct  communication  between  the  leaders  of  the  United  States  and  Russia  which  was  established  in  1963  and  links  the  Pentagon  with  the  Kremlin.      Defense  Intelligence  Agency  (DIA):  A  United  States  federal  agency  under  the  Department  of  Defense,  which  serves  as  the  country’s  main  foreign  military  espionage  organization.      Kennedy  administration:  John  Fitzgerald  Kennedy  was  an  American  politician  who  served  as  the  35th  President  of  the  United  States  from  1961  until  he  was  assassinated  in  1963.        The  Position  of  NATO  NATO  (North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization),  also  called  the  North   Atlantic   Alliance   is   an   intergovernmental   military  alliance   based   on   the   North   Atlantic   Treaty   signed   in  1949.The   organization   constitutes   a   system   of   collective  defense   whereby   its   member   states   agree   to   mutual  defense  in  response  to  an  attack  by  any  external  party.  Its  headquarters   are   in   Brussels.   Its  membership   consists   of  28   states.   According   to   Article   5   of   the   North   Atlantic  Treaty,  NATO  members  are  required  to  come  to  the  aid  of  any  member  state  subject  to  an  armed  attack.      General  Overview  The  Cuban  Missile  Crisis  of  October  1962  was  a  direct  and  dangerous  confrontation  between   the  united  States  and   the  Soviet  Union  during   the  Cold  War.    During   this  time  period   the   two   superpowers  of   the  world   came  extremely   close   to   a   nuclear  

 

  5  

conflict.   The   crisis   included   numerous   unique   events  including   communications   and   miscommunications,  calculations  and  miscalculations  between  the  two  sides.  The  crisis  mainly  depended  on  the  White  House  and  the  Kremlin  level.    While   the   Kennedy  Administration  was   planning  Operation  Mongoose  after   the   failed  attempt  of   the  US   to  overthrow  the   Castro   regime   in   Cuba   with   the   Bay   of   Pigs   İnvasion,  Soviet   premier   Nikita   Khrushchev   reached   a   secret  agreement   with   the   Cuban   premier   Fidel   Castro   to   place  Soviet  Nuclear  missiles  in  Cuba  to  deter  any  future  invasion  attempt.   İn   late   summer   several   missile   sites   started   to   be   constructed   and  eventually  the  US  intelligence  discovered  evidence  of  a  general  Soviet  arms  build-­‐up  on  Cuba  including  Soviet  bombers  during  routine  surveillance  flights.  On  September  1962,   President   Kennedy   issued   a   public   warning   against   the   introduction   of  offensive  weapons  into  Cuba.  The  warning  was  not  regarded  by  the  Soviet  party  as  in  October  US  detected  sites  for  medium  range  and  intermediate  range  ballistic  nuclear  missiles  (MRBMs  and  IRBMs)  under  construction  in  Cuba  through  their  aircrafts.  The  pictures   that  were   taken   on   the   issue  were   presented   to   the  White   House   in   the  following  day,  which  led  to  the  onset  of  the  Cuban  Missile  Crisis.    Shortly   after   his   inauguration,   Kennedy   permitted   a   band   of   Cuban   exiles,   already  armed  and  trained,  to  invade  their  homeland.  The  attempt  to  overthrow  the  regime  of  Fidel  Castro  was  a  failure.  Soon  thereafter,  the  Soviet  Union  renewed  its  campaign  against   West   Berlin.   Kennedy   replied   by   reinforcing   the   Berlin   garrison   and  increasing   the   Nation's   military   strength,   including   new   efforts   in   outer   space.  Confronted  by  this  reaction,  Moscow,  after  the  erection  of  the  Berlin  Wall,   relaxed  its  pressure  in  central  Europe.  Instead,  the  Russians  now  sought  to  install  nuclear  missiles  in  Cuba.  When  this  was  discovered  by   air   reconnaissance   in  October   1962,   Kennedy   imposed   a  quarantine  on  all  offensive  weapons  bound  for  Cuba.  While  the  world  trembled  on  the  brink  of  nuclear  war,   the  Russians  backed  down  and  agreed   to   take   the  missiles  away.  The  American  response  to  the  Cuban  crisis  evidently  persuaded  Moscow  of  the  futility  of  nuclear  blackmail.  Kennedy  now  contended  that  both  sides  had  a  vital   interest  in  stopping  the  spread  of  nuclear  weapons  and  slowing   the  arms   race-­‐-­‐a  contention  which   led   to   the   test  ban   treaty  of  1963.   The  months  after   the  Cuban  crisis   showed   significant  progress  toward  his  goal  of  "a  world  of   law  and  free  choice,  banishing  the  world  of  war  and  coercion."  His  administration  thus  saw  the  beginning  of  new  hope  for  both  the  equal  rights  of  Americans  and  the  peace  of  the  world.    Kennedy  and  his  advisers  considered  many  options  and  courses  of  actions  to  resolve  the   crisis   including   air   strikes   to   destroy   the  missiles   followed   by   a  US   invasion   of  Cuba,  stern  warnings  to  Cuba  and  the  Soviet  Union  and  so  forth.  President  Kennedy  decided  upon  a  middle  course.  He  ordered  a  naval  quarantine  of  Cuba.  This  assumed  that  a  state  of  war  existed  which  allowed  the  US  to  receive  the  support  of  the  OAS  (Organization  of  American  States).      

 

  6  

The  same  day,  Kennedy  sent  a  letter  to  Khrushchev  declaring  that  the  United  States  would  not  permit  offensive  weapons  to  be  delivered  to  Cuba  and  demanded  that  the  Soviets   dismantle   the  missile   bases   already   under   construction   or   completed.   The  president  also  stated  his  decisions  and  opinions  on  national  television.  On   October   Khrushchev   responded   to   Kennedy   with   a   statement   that   the   US  blockade  was  an  act  of  aggression  and   that  Soviet   ships  bound   for  Cuba  would  be  ordered  to  proceed.    On  October  26th  the  crisis  took  a  dramatic  turn.  ABC  News  correspondent  John  Scali  reported  to  the  White  House  that  a  Soviet  agent  suggesting  that  an  agreement  could  be  reached  in  which  the  Soviets  would  remove  their  missiles  from  Cuba  if  the  United  States  promised  not  to  invade  the  island  had  approached  him.  Khrushchev  sent  two  messages   to   Kennedy   that   was   confirming   this   request.   He   also   asked   for   a   deal  including  the  removal  of  US  Jupiter  missiles  from  Turkey.    After   a   certain   time   period   of   negotiations   both  sides   came   to   an   agreement   and   Khrushchev  issued   a   public   statement   that   Soviet   missiles  would  be  removed  from  Cuba.        Characters  Involved  and  Their  Views  Nikita  Khrushchev  He   was   a   politician   who   led   the   Soviet   Union  during   the   part   of   the   Cold  War.     He   served   as  First   Secretary   of   the   Communist   Party   of   the  Soviet  Union.   In   the  power  struggle   triggered  by  Stalin’s   death   in   1953,   he   emerged   victorious.  Despite  the  cuts,  his  rule  saw  the  tensest  years  of  the  cold  War,  culminating  in  the  Cuban  Missile  Crisis.  Some  of  his  policies  were  seen  erratic  but  he  did  not  suffer  the  same   legacy   as   some   of   the   previous   Soviet   leaders. Khrushchev   gave   the  appearance   of  wanting   to   introduce   a   thaw   in   the   Cold  War   and   his   appointment  was  greeted  with  cautious  optimism  in  the  West,  especially  after  the  austere  rule  of  Stalin.   However,   his   seeming   feelers   for   peace   were   mixed   with   more   hostile  statements  and  Khrushchev  became  a  hard  man  to  predict  –  whether   it  was  taking  off  his  shoe  and  banging   it  on  a  table  as  he  did  at  the  UN  to  emphasize  a  point  he  was  making   or   storming   out   of   an   international  meeting   in  Geneva   leaving   others  sitting  there  without  the  leader  of  the  world’s  second  most  powerful  nation.      John  F.  Kennedy  Kennedy  was  an  American  politician  who  served  as   the  35th  president  of   the  Unite  States.   Events   during   his   presidency   included   the   Bay   of   Pigs   Invasion,   the   Cuban  Missile  Crisis,  the  project  Apollo,  the  building  of  the  Berlin  wall  and  so  on.  The  Cuban  Missile   Crisis   improved   the   image   of   American   willpower   and   the   president’s  credibility.   Kennedy’s   approval   rating   immediately   increased   from   66%   to   77%  thereafter.  Kennedy  faced  a  dilemma:  if  the  U.S.  attacked  the  sites,  it  might  lead  to  nuclear  war  with  the  U.S.S.R.,  but  if  the  U.S.  did  nothing,  it  would  be  faced  with  the  increased  threat   from  close-­‐range  nuclear  weapons.  The  U.S.  would  also  appear  to  the  world  as  less  committed  to  the  defense  of  the  hemisphere.  On  a  personal  level,  

 

  7  

Kennedy   needed   to   show   resolve   in   reaction   to   Khrushchev,   especially   after   the  Vienna  summit.  Che  Guevara  He   was   an   Argentine   Marxist   revolutionary,   physician,   author,   guerilla   leader,  diplomat  and  military  theorist.  He  was  a  major  figure  of  the  Cuban  Missile  Crisis.  His  stylized   visage   has   become   a   ubiquitous   countercultural   symbol   of   rebellion   and  global   insignia   in   popular   culture.   Following   the   Cuban   Revolution,   Guevara  performed  a  number  of  key  roles  in  the  new  government.  These  included  reviewing  the   appeals   and   firing   squads   for   those   convicted   as   war   criminals   during   the  revolutionary   tribunals,   instituting   agrarian   land   reform   as   minister   of   industries,  helping   spearhead   a   successful   nationwide   literacy   campaign,   serving   as   both  national   bank   president   and   instructional   director   for   Cuba's   armed   forces,   and  traversing  the  globe  as  a  diplomat  on  behalf  of  Cuban  socialism.  Such  positions  also  allowed  him  to  play  a  central  role  in  training  the  militia  forces  that  repelled  the  Bay  of   Pigs   Invasion   and   bringing   the   Soviet   nuclear-­‐armed   ballistic   missiles   to   Cuba,  which  precipitated  the  1962  Cuban  Missile  Crisis.  Cemal  Gürsel  Gürsel  was  a  Turkish  army  officer  and  the  fourth  president  of  Turkey.  He  was  in  office  between  1960  and  1966.    Fidel  Castro  He  was   a   Cuban   communist,   revolutionary   and   politician  who  was   Prime  Minister   in   Cuba   from  1959   to   1976   and  President   from   1976   to   2008.   He   adopted   leftist   anti-­‐imperialist  politics.  He  is  a  controversial  and  divisive  world  figure,   lauded   by   his   supporters   as   a   champion   of  socialism,   anti-­‐imperialism,   humanitarianism   and  environmentalism,  but  viewed  by  his  critics  as  dictator.      Possible  Solutions  Delegates   are   strongly   suggested   to   make   excessive  research  on  the  issue  and  their  character’s  views  whether  they  are  neutral  or  supporting  a  party.  As  previously  explained  there  are  two  main  parties  involved  in  the  issue:  The  United  States,  supported  by  Turkey,  Italy  and  NATO  and  the  Soviet  Union  supported  by  Cuba  and  the  Warsaw  Pact.    The  best  possible  option  would  be   the  one   that  avoids  any  possible  casualties  and  losses   and   therefore   direct   communication   between   the   two   parties   is   strictly  crucial.   As   we   know,   many   of   the   crises   in   the   time   period   occurred   due   to   the  miscommunication  between  the  parties.  Delegates  are  supported  to  write  clauses  on  the  issue  of  communication  between  the  parties  bearing  in  mind  the  technology  in  the  time  period.    Moreover,  delegates  should  also  consider  that  for  a  mutual  resolution  to  the  issue  to  be  formed,  both  sides  should  make  sacrifices.  For  these  sacrifices  and  obligations  to  be   decided   a   peace   conference   could   be   held   in   order   to   sustain   the   peaceful  environment.  

 

  8  

           Bibliography  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis  http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-­‐in-­‐History/Cuban-­‐Missile-­‐Crisis.aspx  http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/  http://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/history/hpol/jfk/cuban  https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-­‐1968/cuban-­‐missile-­‐crisis  http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html  http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-­‐1.htm  http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/  http://www.cubanmissilecrisis.org/  https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552532  http://www.october1962.com/  http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-­‐checker/2008/06/what_the_president_didnt_know.html  http://www.ussmullinnix.org/1962Cruise.html  http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=Cuban*Missile*Crisis&results=10