Study and Performance Analysis of FACTS-incorporated Transmission Line

Presented ByShahadat Hossain Rashed, ID: 021-113-065

MD Sahbaz Sahria Iqbal Suzon, ID: 021-121-016Abu Sayed Md Rizvi, ID: 021-121-067

MD. Shakwhat Hossain, ID: 021-113-031

Supervised ByMohammad Wahiduzzaman Khan

CONTENTS

• Concept of FACTS and General System • Objectives of FACTS• Benefits of FACTS Technology• Types of FACTS Controllers • Transmission line Parameters & Design

of FACTS Controllers • Conclusion • References

General System

• Designed to operate efficiently

• Various load centers with high reliability

• Located at distant locations

• Environmental and safety reasons

FACTS

• Composed of static equipment

• Enhance controllability

• Increase power transfer capability

• Loaded up to its full thermal limit

• Power electronics-based system

FACTS device and project

of substation

Background Of FACTS

• The shunt-connected Static VAR Compensator was first demonstrated in Nebraska

in 1974

• The first series connected Controller, NGH-SSR Damping Scheme, invented in 1984

(Demonstrated in California)

• Co-author Hingorani and Gyugyi has been at the forefront of such advanced ideas

Nebraskaa California

Objectives Of FACTS

• Solve Power Transfer Limit & Stability Problems

• Increase (control) power transfer capability of a line

• Mitigate sub synchronous resonance

• Power quality improvement

• Load compensation

• Limit short circuit current

• Increase the load ability of the system

Benefits of FACTS Technology

• Environmental benefit

• Increased stability

• Increased quality of supply

• Flexibility and uptime

• Financial benefit

• Reduced maintenance cost

Overview Of System

Source orGeneration

House Industry

Load

SeriesCompens

ation

ShuntCompens

ation

Transmission Line

FACTS Intelligence System

Types of FACTS ControllersFC

FC

FC

FC

FC

Series ControllersLine

LineShunt Controllers

DC LinkFC

Line

Combined series-seriesControllers

Combined series-shuntControllers

Line

FACTS Controllers• Series controllers such as TCSC, TCPST and TCVR• Shunt controllers such as SVC and STATCOM• Combined series-shunt controllers such as UPFC FACTS devices: (a)

SVC. (b) TCVR. (c) TCSC. (d) TCPST. (e) UPFC.

Effects of FACTS devices on variables in active power flow equation.

Series Controllers

• Variable impedance (capacitor, Inductor)

To control

• Frequency

• Subsynchonous and

• Harmonic frequencies

• Inject a voltage

• Supplies or consumes reactive power

• Control of both active and reactive power

Basic module of Thyristor

Controlled Series Capacitor

Series Controllers

• Current control

• Damping Oscillations

• Transient and Dynamic stability

• Voltage stability

• Fault current limiting

• If > 0; The combined reactance is Capacitive. • If < 0; The combined reactance is Inductive.

Shunt compensation

• Variable impedance (capacitor, Inductor)

• Inject a current

• Consumes reactive power

• Involves control of both active and reactive power

• Improves system stabilities and pf

FACTS Implemented On a ModelSpecification:

• Line is 350 Km (218.75 mile)

• Conductor Mallard (ACSR)

• Flat horizontal Spacing is 7.25 m (23.8 ft)

• Frequency is 50 Hz

• Receiving end voltage is 230KV

• Receiving end Power is 138.45MW

• Power Factor is 1 (100%)

== = 30.0 ft

Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) longMedium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) longLong = longer than 240 km long

Calculation of Transmission line Parameters (R, L & C)

Resistance (R)• R60 = 0.127 Ω/mile• R50 = 0.127

Inductance (L)• XL60 = (Xa+ Xd) = (0.393 + 0.4127) = 0.8057 Ω/mile• XL50 = 0.8057• L50 =

Capacitance (C)• XC60 = (Xa+ Xd) = (0.0904 + 0.1009) = 0.1913 Ω/mile• XC50 = 0.1913• C50 =

Performance of Resistive Load without Compensation

Performance of Series Compensation with Resistive Load

Performance of Shunt Compensation with Resistive Load

Results

25 50 75 100 125 138.45 150 175 200 225 2500

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 Receiving End Voltage (KV) vs Resistive Load (MW)

Uncompensated Receiving End Voltage (KV) with Resistive Load

Series Compensated Receiving End Voltage (KV) with Resistive Load

Shunt Compensated ReceivingVoltage (KV) with Resistive Load

Load (MW)

Rece

ivin

g En

d V

olta

ge(K

V))

Results

25 50 75 100 125 138.45 150 175 200 225 2500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2 Sending End pf vs Resistive Load (MW)

Uncompensated Sending End pf with Resistive Load

Series Compensated Sending End pf with Resistive Load

Shunt Compensated Sending End pf with Resistive Load

Load (MW)

Send

ing

End

pf

Performance of Resistive and Inductive Load without Compensation

Performance of Series Compensation with Resistive and Inductive Load

Performance of Shunt Compensation with Resistive and Inductive Load

Results

25 50 75 100 125 138.45 150 175 200 225 2500

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 Recieving End Voltage (KV) vs R-L Load (MW)

Uncompensated Receiving End Voltage (KV) with R-L Load

Series Compensated Receiv-ing End Voltage (KV) with R-L Load

Shunt Compensated Receiv-ing End Voltage (KV) with R-L Load

Load (MW)

Rece

ivin

g En

d V

olta

ge(K

V)

Results

25 50 75 100 125 138.45 150 175 200 225 2500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2 Recieving End pf vs R-L Load (MW)

Uncompensated Sending End pf with R-L Load

Series Compensated Sending End pf with R-L Load

Shunt Compensated Sending pf with R-L Load

Load (MW)

Reci

evin

g En

d pf

Static Var Compensator• Operate at both inductive and capacitive compensation• The device provides reactive power• In capacitive case it absorbs reactive power

One Line Diagrams

Transmission line parametersFrom To Resistance per

KmReactance per

Km

Bus 1A Bus 2A 0.066 0.52Bus 1A Bus 2B 0.066 0.52Bus 2A Bus 3A 0.066 0.52Bus 2A Bus 3B 0.066 0.52Bus 2B Bus 3C 0.066 0.52Bus 2B Bus 3D 0.066 0.52Bus 3A Bus 4A 0.066 0.52Bus 3B Bus 4B 0.066 0.52Bus 3C Bus 4C 0.066 0.52Bus 3D Bus 4D 0.066 0.52

Transformer parameters

Transformer Primary Voltage (KV)

Secondary Voltage (KV)

MVA

Trans 1 11 230 5

Trans 2 11 230 5

Trans 3 230 0.230 200

Trans 4 230 0.230 100

Trans 5 230 0.230 50

Trans 6 230 0.230 25

Results of Load Flow

Results

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1198.6

98.8

99

99.2

99.4

99.6

99.8

100

100.2 Voltage Profile Improvement by SVC

Without SVCVoltage Profile (%)

With SVCVoltage Profile (%)

Bus Number

Volta

ge P

rofil

e (%

)

Results

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Performance Active Power

Without SVCActive power (KW)

With SVCActive power (KW)

Bus Number

Activ

e po

wer

(KW

)

The benefits of SVC to power transmission

• Stabilized voltages in weak systems

• Reduced transmission losses

• Increased transmission capacity, to reduce, defer or eliminate the need for

new lines

• Higher transient stability limit

• Increased damping of minor disturbances

• Greater voltage control and stability

• Better adjustment of line loadings

Conclusion

• Application of power electronics

• Makes a system ‘flexible’

• Play important role in active and reactive power control

• Helps to improve the capacity of an existing system

• Improve the power quality and stability

• The most viable and secure option to meet the power demand optimally.

Reference• Facts controllers in power transmission and distribution by k. R. Padiyar

• Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems by Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi.

• Flexible Ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) by Yong-Hua Song, Allan Johns

• IET Generation, Transmission, and Distribution “Long-term economic model for allocation of FACTS devices in restructured power systems integrating

wind generation” by Akram Elmitwally, Abdelfattah Eladi, John Morrow

• FACTS: Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks by John Wiley & Sons

• W.N. Chang and C.J. Wu, “Developing static reactive power compensator in a power system” ,IEEE Trans. on Power Systems

• K.R. Padiyar and R.K. Varma, “Damping torque analysis of static VAR system controllers”,

• N.G. Hingorani , “Flexible ac transmission”,

• Power Semiconductor Devices and Circuits, Brown Boveri symposia series, Baden Datettwil

• Proposed terms and definitions for flexible AC transmission system(FACTS).

• Hingorani, N.G., "High Power Electronics and Flexible AC Transmission System

• L. Gyugyi, IEE Proceedings C, Generation, Transmission and Distribution 139(4), 323 (1992).

• Y.-H. Song, T. A. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS.

• Transmission System Application Requirements for FACTS Controllers, A Special Publication for System Planners.