STUDIES ON THE EVALUATION OF ANTIGENOTOXICITY IN

ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (Burm.f)Wall ex. Nees

ARCHA ANIL M.Sc Botany

Reg. No.140011004792 Catholicate college Pathanamthitta

Medicinal plants

Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country.

90% of the world's population use medicinal plants as medicines

Plants have been used in treating human diseases for thousands of years.

25% of modern pharmaceutical drugs contain plant ingredients

Introduction

CLASS -:Dicotyledonae Subclass -:polypetalae Series -:Bicarpellatae Order -:personales Family -:Acanthaceae Genus -:Andrographis Species -:paniculata

TAXONOMIC POSITION

COMMON NAMES

Hindi :Kiryat , Kirayat English :Chiretta plant Malayalam: Kiriyath , Nilavepp Sanskrit:kiratatikta,Kandatikta,Bhoonimba

Is an important medicinal plant and widely used around the world .this is an annual erect plant reaches height 60-125cm,branching ,cylindrical belw and four angled upwards, ovate leave greenish yellow ,tingled purple in large leafy plant

It is known by different names such as kiratatikta , kandatikta , bhoonimba , Tiktaka , Nilavepp.

it is an excellent the stomach and promoting the Action remedy for strengthening

.It is used in the treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhea. It stimulate the digestion and helps to normalize blood suger , which makes it useful for diabetics.

This herb reduce the sugar levels only when they are high, Which lowers the risk of hypoglycemia. The bitterness of the herb stimulates the saliva and gastric juices which help stop nausea, bloating indigestion and hiccups.

About the plant

There are substances that can reduce the activity of genotoxins. These are Antigenotoxins

Antigenotoxic studies

Genotoxins are substances that alter the structure of DNA.

1. Evaluation of anti- genotoxic effect of leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata

2. Evaluation of anti- genotoxic effect of Stem extract of Andrographis paniculata

3. Evaluation of anti- genotoxic effect of root extract of Andrographis paniculata

Objectives of the study

Plant collection: Plants were shade dried and powdered (leaf ,stem , root separately)

Onion bulbs

positive control (C+ve)-onion root in 7% H2O2 (1h)

negative control (C-ve)-germinated in distilled water (72 h) onion bulb germinate in distilled water-24h onion bulbs were placed on different concentrations of (leaf,

stem,root) extracts (Ex1-Ex4)-24h washed and the onion bulbs were placed on distilled water-24h

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Onion bulbs germinated in distilled water- 24 hours.

After 24 hours, onion bulbs were treated with 7% H2O2 -1 hour.

Onion bulbs were treated with seven different concentrations of (leaf,stem,root) extracts (Hex1, Hex2, Hex3, Hex4, ) - 24 hours

Onion bulbs were placed in distilled water -24 hours. The roots fixed-carnoy’s fluid

Mitotic slides are prepered using acetocarmine

C0NTD…………

RESULTS

There was significant difference in root number and root length between the control groups and treatment groups.  The average root length in treatment groups were significantly lower than the negative and positive controls. The negative control showed normal mitotic divisions

Table 1.root number and root length of germinated onion bulbs in controls and leaf extracts of various controls

Sl no concentration No of roots Average length of roots

1 C-ve(D.H2O) 34 1.61

2 C+ve(H2O2 29 1.50

3 Ex1 19 0.93

4 EX2 17 1.38

5 Ex3 19 1.43

6 Ex4 30 1.46

7 HEx1 23 1.49

8 HEx2 24 1.56

9 HEx3 24 1.58

10 HEx4 22 0.92

Graph showing the mitotic index of leaf extract treatments and control

concen-tra-tion

c+ve c-ve Ex1 Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 HEX1 HEX2 HEX3 HEX40

102030405060708090

MIT

OTI

C IN

DE

X

Table 2.root number and root length of germinated onion bulbs in controls and stem extracts of various controls

sl.n0 concentration No of roots Average lengh of roots

1 c-ve(D.H 20 1.5

2 c+ve 19 1.42

3 EX1 16 0.9

4 Ex2 24 0.63

5 Ex3 26 1.31

6 EX4 29 1.4

7 HEX1 30 1.8

8 HEX2 20 1.23

9 HEX3 18 1.8

10 HEX4 16 sss

Graph showing the mitotic index of stem extract treatments and control

concen-tration

c+ve c-ve Ex1 Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 HEX1 HEX2 HEX3 HEX40

102030405060708090

Mitotic index

Sl no Concentration No of roots Average length ot the roots

1 C-ve(D.H2O) 21 1.43

2 C+ve(H2o2) 16 1.32

3 Ex1 11 0.43

4 EX2 14 0.45

5 EX3 14 1.32

6 EX4 11 1.34

7 HEX1 13 1.21

8 HEX2 14 1.18

9 HEX3 13 0.69

10 HEX4 11 0.76

Table3.Root number and root length of germinatd onion bulbs in controls and various root extract tratments

Graph showing the mitotic index of various root treatments and control

concentra-tion

c+ve c-ve Ex1 Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 HEX1 HEX2 HEX3 HEX40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mto

tic in

dex

Different stages in mitosis observed in roots grown in distilled water

concentration Total no cells No.of dividing cells

% of aberration

Interphase prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

C+ve 96 65 40 24 3 4 0

c-ve 78 54 38 20 2 3 0

Ex1 64 54 39 17 4 2 0

EX2 61 48 29 14 3 0 0

EX3 70 55 39 19 1 0 0

EX4 77 58 33 11 0 3 0

HEX1 88 64 44 12 2 0 0

HEX2 98 73 52 15 1 1 0

HEX3 76 65 48 18 0 1 0

HEX4 84 69 46 11 0 3 0

Table4.Chromosomal aberrations in controls and Leaf extract treated A.Cepa root tips

concentration

Total no of cells

Noof dividing cells

% of aberration

Interphase prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

C+ve(D.H2O)

85 66 32 3 4 0 0

C-ve(H2O2

)

74 43 18 10 2 1 0

Ex1 82 44 24 14 2 0 0

Ex2 77 41 16 11 1 0 0

Ex3 66 44 14 8 0 0 0

Ex4 90 60 24 11 0 1 0

HEx1 82 63 32 14 3 0 0

HEx2 70 43 19 11 2 0 0

HEx3 82 53 24 14 4 0 0

HEx4 75 45 23 9 3 0 0

Table5. chromosomal aberrations in controls and stem extract treated A.Cepa root tips

Concentration

Total no of cells

No of dividing cells

% of aberration

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

C+ve(D.H2O)

96 75 45 2 3 3 0

C-ve(H2O2

)

110 90 53 8 7 0 0

Ex1 80 65 32 2 2 0 0

Ex2 65 38 18 3 1 1 0

Ex3 77 46 14 0 0 1 0

Ex4 87 62 11 0 0 0 0

HEx1 98 72 8 0 1 0 0

HEx2 86 69 7 1 0 0 0

HEx3 77 58 8 2 0 0 0

HEx4 85 53 22 2 1 0 0

Table 3 chromosomal aberrations in controls and root extract treated A.cepa root tips

mmmjk double leision in interphase

In leaf treatment groups, Interphase lowest percentage of aberration was observed with Ex2

various concentrations of HEx(Extract treatment after H2O2 treatment),Highest percentage of aberration, was noticed with HEx2 and lowest in HEX1

lowest percentage of aberration among extract treatment group was noticed in EX4 and it was increased with EX1 and EX3

in various HEx groups highest percentage of In metaphase and Anaphase are very low percentage of aberration. Telophase, which do not show aberration.aberration was noticed with HEx3 and lowest was found with HEx4. ,

SUMMARY

In interphase among stem treatment groups lowest percentage of aberration was observed with Ex3, highest percentage of aberration was observed with Ex1

various concentrations of HEx(extract treatment after H2O2treatment),highest percentage of aberration ,was noticed with HEx1 . In various HEx groups highest percentage of aberration was noticed with HEx4.

In prophase the lowest percentage of aberration among extract treatment was noticed in Ex3 and it was increased with Ex1. In various HEx groups highest percentage of aberration was noticed with HEx4

In metaphase and anaphase are very low percentage of aberration. Telophase , which do not show aberration

and lowest with HEx2.

CONTD...

In root treatment groups, interphase lowest percentage of aberration was observed with Ex4, highest percentage of aberration was observed with concentration of Ex1

various concentration HEx highest percentage of aberration,was noticed with HEx4.

In prophase, the lowest percentage aberration among extract treatment group was noticed in Ex3 and Ex4 and lowest with HEx2.

In various HEx groups highest percentage in HEx3 and HEx4 and lowest was found with.

In metaphase and anaphase are very low percentage of aberration. Telophase which do not show the aberration.

HEx1 and HEx2

CONTD.....

The anti-mitotic and anti genotoxic effects of Andrographis paniculata plant extracts were evaluated

The effects of plant extracts(of varying concentrations) were observed.

Chromosomal aberrations like lesion ,Double lesion ,giant cells, and polar nuclei were noticed in various treatment groups and control.

CONCLUSION

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