student learning objectives 1. discuss the history and importance of the chrysanthemum. 2. explain...

Student Learning Student Learning ObjectivesObjectives

1. Discuss the history and 1. Discuss the history and importance of the importance of the chrysanthemum.chrysanthemum.

2. Explain the classifications of 2. Explain the classifications of chrysanthemums.chrysanthemums.

3. Describe how chrysanthemums 3. Describe how chrysanthemums are propagated.are propagated.

4. Schedule a potted 4. Schedule a potted chrysanthemum crop.chrysanthemum crop.

5. Identify major chrysanthemum 5. Identify major chrysanthemum pests and disorders, as well as pests and disorders, as well as

controls.controls.

What is the history and importance of What is the history and importance of the chrysanthemum?the chrysanthemum?• ChrysanthemumsChrysanthemums, commonly referred to as

mums, have their origin in China, Japan and Europe.

• A. Up until the 1940s, chrysanthemums were grown in the United States primarily as garden plants. Since then, they have been grown widely as cut flowers and potted flowering plants.

• Chrysanthemums rank second to poinsettias in terms of the number of pots sold in the United States.

• B. Chrysanthemums are photoperiodic and thermoperiodic.

What are the classifications of What are the classifications of chrysanthemums?chrysanthemums?

• Chrysanthemums are classified based on their Chrysanthemums are classified based on their response group, plant height, and flower response group, plant height, and flower forms.forms.

• A. A. Response groupResponse group refers to the number of refers to the number of weeks it takes for the chrysanthemum to weeks it takes for the chrysanthemum to flowerflowerfrom the time they begin receiving short day from the time they begin receiving short day treatments.treatments.

• 1. Response groups range from 6 weeks to 15 1. Response groups range from 6 weeks to 15 weeks.weeks.

• 2. Most potted chrysanthemums fall into the 9-2. Most potted chrysanthemums fall into the 9-week or 10-week response groups.week or 10-week response groups.

What are the classifications of What are the classifications of chrysanthemums?chrysanthemums?

• B. Chrysanthemum varieties are classified as B. Chrysanthemum varieties are classified as being short, medium or tall.being short, medium or tall.

• 1. Short varieties grow less than 15" in height.1. Short varieties grow less than 15" in height.• 2. Medium varieties grow around 15" in height.2. Medium varieties grow around 15" in height.• 3. Tall varieties grow more that 15" in height.3. Tall varieties grow more that 15" in height.

• C. Chrysanthemums are grouped in one of nine C. Chrysanthemums are grouped in one of nine major flower forms including standard, spray, major flower forms including standard, spray, button, spoon, decorative, daisy, spider, button, spoon, decorative, daisy, spider, pompon, and anemone.pompon, and anemone.

How are chrysanthemums How are chrysanthemums propagated?propagated?• Chrysanthemums are propagated asexually Chrysanthemums are propagated asexually

by stem cuttings.by stem cuttings.• A. A few major companies produce 95% of A. A few major companies produce 95% of

the cuttings used in commercial production.the cuttings used in commercial production.• Those companies provide rooted or non-Those companies provide rooted or non-

rooted cuttings free of viral disease.rooted cuttings free of viral disease.• B. Steps to propagating chrysanthemums B. Steps to propagating chrysanthemums

are as follows:are as follows:• 1. Take cuttings 2 to 3 inches in length with 1. Take cuttings 2 to 3 inches in length with

three leaves.three leaves.• 2. Treat the cutting with a medium-strength 2. Treat the cutting with a medium-strength

rooting hormone.rooting hormone.

How are chrysanthemums How are chrysanthemums propagated?propagated?

• 3. Stick the cuttings and place under an 3. Stick the cuttings and place under an intermittent mist system.intermittent mist system.

• 4. Maintain bottom heat between 70 and 4. Maintain bottom heat between 70 and 75°F.75°F.

• 5. Light the cuttings to maintain 5. Light the cuttings to maintain vegetative growth.vegetative growth.

• 6. Fast rooting cuttings form roots in about 6. Fast rooting cuttings form roots in about 18 days.18 days.

What is a growing schedule for a What is a growing schedule for a potted chrysanthemum crop?potted chrysanthemum crop?

• In preparing a production schedule, first In preparing a production schedule, first determine the sale date. Then count back determine the sale date. Then count back the number of weeks the plant requires the number of weeks the plant requires short day treatment and another 2 weeks short day treatment and another 2 weeks for vegetativefor vegetative

growth. After potting, a potted growth. After potting, a potted chrysanthemum schedule can be divided chrysanthemum schedule can be divided into the followinginto the following

periods.periods.


• The quality of the crop often hinges on the The quality of the crop often hinges on the care taken at planting time.care taken at planting time.

• 1. 1. Grade cuttingsGrade cuttings or sort them according to or sort them according to the number of roots, the diameter of thethe number of roots, the diameter of the

• stem, and the length of the stem before stem, and the length of the stem before potting. This ensures uniform growth in eachpotting. This ensures uniform growth in each

• pot.pot.• 2. Use a growing medium with a pH between 2. Use a growing medium with a pH between

6.0 and 6.5.6.0 and 6.5.• 3. Plant cuttings shallow and angle them 3. Plant cuttings shallow and angle them

outwards over the lip of the pot at about outwards over the lip of the pot at about 45°F.45°F.


• The most important stage of growth is the The most important stage of growth is the vegetative stage. Strong roots and vegetative stage. Strong roots and reserves of sugars must be established.reserves of sugars must be established.

• 1. Fertilize at a rate of 250–350 parts per 1. Fertilize at a rate of 250–350 parts per million nitrogen at the first watering.million nitrogen at the first watering.

• 2. Drop the rate to 200–300 parts per 2. Drop the rate to 200–300 parts per million nitrogen and potassium with million nitrogen and potassium with followingfollowing

• waterings.waterings.• 3. Provide 65 to 70°F night temperatures 3. Provide 65 to 70°F night temperatures

and 75 to 80°F day temperatures.and 75 to 80°F day temperatures.


• 4. Maintain vegetative growth by interrupting 4. Maintain vegetative growth by interrupting the darkness by lighting between 10:00 p.m. the darkness by lighting between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m.and 2:00 a.m.

• 5. Grow the plants until the roots appear at 5. Grow the plants until the roots appear at the bottom of the pots, then pinch to produce the bottom of the pots, then pinch to produce a well-branched plant with many flowers.a well-branched plant with many flowers.

• a. Use a a. Use a roll out pinchroll out pinch or the removal of just or the removal of just the tip of the stem in winter.the tip of the stem in winter.

• b. Use a b. Use a soft pinchsoft pinch or the removal of ½ to ¾ or the removal of ½ to ¾ inch of the stem and leaving five to six inch of the stem and leaving five to six leaves.leaves.

• c. Use a c. Use a hard pinchhard pinch to remove all but three to remove all but three or four leaves in the summer.or four leaves in the summer.


• d. Flower bud initiation is accomplished by d. Flower bud initiation is accomplished by turning off the lights to provide a short day turning off the lights to provide a short day treatment. Covering the crop with black treatment. Covering the crop with black cloth might be necessary to simulate short cloth might be necessary to simulate short day conditions.day conditions.

• e. Lower temperatures to 62 to 65°F at e. Lower temperatures to 62 to 65°F at night.night.

• f. Reduce fertilizer rates to 200–250 parts f. Reduce fertilizer rates to 200–250 parts per million nitrogen and potassium.per million nitrogen and potassium.


• The flower bud development stage focuses The flower bud development stage focuses on forming the flower buds.on forming the flower buds.

• 1. Drop night temperatures to 60 to 62°F.1. Drop night temperatures to 60 to 62°F.

• 2. Fertilize at a rate of 200 to 250 parts per 2. Fertilize at a rate of 200 to 250 parts per million nitrogen and potassium.million nitrogen and potassium.

• 3. Perform 3. Perform disbudding disbudding or the removal of or the removal of selected developing flower buds to improveselected developing flower buds to improve

overall quality. overall quality. Center bud removalCenter bud removal

What are major chrysanthemum pests What are major chrysanthemum pests and diseases and some means ofand diseases and some means ofcontrol?control?

• Chrysanthemums have both pests and Chrysanthemums have both pests and disorders that require attention.disorders that require attention.

• A. The major pests include aphids, whiteflies, A. The major pests include aphids, whiteflies, leaf miners, spider mites, cutworms and leaf miners, spider mites, cutworms and cabbage loopers. An IPM program should be cabbage loopers. An IPM program should be followed to reduce pest problems.followed to reduce pest problems.

• B. The major diseases include botrytis, B. The major diseases include botrytis, mildews, mildews, PythiumPythium, , RhizoctoniaRhizoctonia, and , and PhytophthoraPhytophthora..

• Proper watering and controlling humidity Proper watering and controlling humidity levels reduces disease problems.levels reduces disease problems.

student learning objectives 1. discuss the history and importance of the chrysanthemum. 2. explain...

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