stroed product.2014

8/20/2019 Stroed Product.2014

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Insect Pest of Stored

Products


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!"o #est $ategories

• #rimary – $ause initial inury

• Secondary – !a&e advantage ofinury'


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!ypes of losses due to

pests• (irect

• )ndirect


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(irect losses

– *ctual consumption

• loss of "eight,

•

loss of nutrients,• lo"er germination,

• reduced grade

• lo"er mar&et value

– $ontamination

– (amage to structures or containers


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)ndirect losses

•

"et grain heating• bacteria

• fungi

•

al+atoxins• parasites of humans

• control and application costs

• excessive pesticide residues

• loss of consumer condence


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Insects Attacking StoredProducts

• complete their life cycles - 30 to 3 days• lay many eggs resulting damage "ithin short

period of time• .ost either beetles or moths' /oth have complete

metamorphosis'• !he adults of most of the storedproduct beetles

live and feed in the same food materials as thelarvae' /oth have che"ing mouthparts'

• !he larvae are caterpillars do not resemble the

adults and have che"ing mouthparts "hile adultshave coiled siphoning mouthparts' Since liuidsare usually not available, adults normally do notfeed and only live long enough to mate and layeggs'


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• Storedproduct insects are small andoften not noticed unless carefully loo&edfor'

• !emperature and moisture content of thefood source play an important

• Sources of infestation on farms are seed

grains, stored grains, animal feeds orfeeders, grain handling euipment andsmall accumulations at various locations'


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Rice weevil - Sitophilus oryzae(L)

• ead is elongated into a snout, at the end of "hich are

strong teethli&e mandibles'• *dults are about 3 millimeters long, dar& bro"n "ith t"o

rather large, yello"ish spots on each "ing cover'• #its on the pronotum top of prothorax, ust behind head4

are nearly round and are close together'•

5sually found only in "hole cereal grains "heat, corn,sorghum, rice4' 6ot a problem in +ours, meals, etc'• 7emale che"s a hole in the &ernel, deposits an egg in it

and seals the hole "ith a gelatinous material'• !he "hite, legless, grubli&e larva hatches from the egg

after a fe" days, feeds and completes development to

adult inside the &ernel' !he adult che"s its "ay out ofthe &ernel and continues to feed on the grain'• !he rice "eevil may +y and infest grain maturing in the

eld'• *dults live four to ve months and females lay 300 to

00 eggs' $omplete life cycle may be as short as 29

days but averages about 3 days'


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Red Flour Beetle—Trioliu! castaneu!"erst

• *dults are uniform reddishbro"n, shiny, about 3millimeters long and some"hat +attened'

• /oth adults and larvae feed in a variety of materials:+our, meals, nuts, dried fruits and "hole grain if

moisture is su;cient ande and distinctly larger than the adacent

ones'• *dults live several months and lay 00 to 00 eggs

per female' $omplete life cycle averages 3 to 0days'


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Indian #eal #ot$

• *dult moth is about 10 millimeters

• ?arvae are caterpillars that "eb food particlestogether "ith sil& and often "ander out of the foodmaterials in search of places to pupate'

• )nfest a variety of materials including cereal products,

meals, feed, dried fruit, nuts and "hole cereal grains'• * common pest in grain' )t infests ust the upper fe"

inches of the grain mass but may be so numerousthat surfaces may be covered by a mat of sil&"ebbing' @arly infestations are evidenced by several

&ernels "ebbed together in clumps'

• *dults do not feed and live ust a fe" days' 7emaleslay 200 eggs each' ?ife cycle averages 3 to 0 days'


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%er!estid Beetles - &rain %er!estids (Trogoder!a s'ecies)

• (ar&, oval beetles, from 2 to 3 millimeters in length, "ith hairs on the"ing covers may be rubbed oA, then beetle appears shiny4 and ratherindistinct patterns of bro"n and blac&' 7emales are larger than males'

• ?arvae have long hairs and thic& tufts of smaller bro"n hairs on a fe" ofthe posterior segments and have a BringedC appearance' !he "idth ofthe body is nearly uniform throughout its length'

• )nfestations are revealed by cast Bs&insC of the larvae, "hich are shed ateach molt, and may be numerous on the surface of the food material,sac&s and pac&ages'

• !hey infest many &inds of cereal products, meals and sometimes grain'

• *dults do not feed in the same food materials as larvae and are shortlived, not readily observed in infested foods as larvae'

•

!he life cycle may be completed in 2 to 3 days, but often is longer'• ?arvae are capable of living more than a year "ithout food'

• Dhapra beetle infrestation via accidental importations in .alaysia


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#onitoring

• promising techniue that has been developed, andcontinues to be rened, is monitoring populations"ith insect pheromones and


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Bulk o!!unit Storage#onitoring

• =bservation of the commodity surface and overspace forinsects and


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• 7ood attractantE* natural food, food extract, orsynthesi>ed scent that "ill attract a select group ofinsects' )n some cases it is impregnated into an

articial medium'

•

?ureE* small rubber or plastic device impregnated"ith or retaining a pheromone or food attractant,designed to release the attractant gradually over adesignated period of time, either passively orcontrolled'

• #heromoneE* chemical compound produced by anorganism that initiates a behavioural activity in othersof the same species' Such compounds are synthesi>ed

for attracting target insect species'


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• *ggregation pheromoneE * communicationchemical predominantly produced by males thatattracts both sexes' @Aective compounds havebeen synthesi>ed for storedproduct insect species

"ith longlived adults e'g' Tribolium, Rhyzopertha4and species "hich need to feed to reproduce'

• Sex attractant pheromoneE* communicationchemical usually produced by females to attract

the opposite sex' @Aective compounds have beensynthesi>ed for storedproduct insect species "ithshortlived adults and adults that do not need tofeed to reproduce e'g',Plodia, Ephestia4'


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Pre "arvest Pre'aration

• /ins and adacent structures should be thoroughly cleaned ofold grain, grain residues, dust and any other material thatmay harbor stored grain insects and be a source of infestationof ne" grain'

• $lean up spilled grain outside of building such as alongrailroad trac&s and around loading or unloading areas'

• #roperly dispose of above materials so they "ill not infest anystored grain or products near the disposal site'

• Fepair, replace, plug or other"ise correct conditions thatallo" entrance of rodents, birds or other pests into thebuildings'

• $lean grounds of "eeds, debris and other materials that mayprovide shelter for insects, rodents or birds' Store euipmentproperly'


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Pre "arvest Pre'aration (cont)

•

!rain personnel in recognition of pests, safe use ofpesticides, overall safety and emergency procedures'

• )nstall temperature monitors'

• *pply residual insecticidal spray to interior "alls andceilings of adacent structures that have been

thoroughly cleaned4' See that the insecticide gets intocrac&s, crevices and outofthe"ay niches' See sectionon Fesidual Sprays'

• )t may be necessary to fumigate the empty structure toeliminate hidden infestations such as those belo"

perforated +oors "here cleaning is impractical'• 7umigate any grain that "ill remain in storage, if it has

insects, "hen ne" grain is being accepted'


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"arvest *'eration

• (o not store the rst fe" bushels of grain passing

through harvesting euipment' !his grain scoursout hidden infestations attac&ing residual grainleft over from the last harvest'

• Gisually chec& incoming grain for presence of

stored grain insects' /e alert for previously storedgrain that may come in as though it "ere Bne"grain'C

• )f deemed necessary, incorporate a fumigant or

grain protectant into ne"ly received grain as itgoes into storage'

• Fegularly cleanup around dump pits andconveying euipment'


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• Separate excess doc&age and nes from grain goingto storage' 5se distributors to spread allo"abledoc&age and nes throughout grain mass'

• Separate doc&age and nes from grain going to a

dryer' (o not recombine'• 5se separate bins for BdryC and B"etC grain' Splitting

of "et grain into B"etC and Bvery "etC may benecessary to do an orderly ob of &eeping grain in

condition and ma&ing eAective use of dryers andaeration euipment'

• Hatch for evidence of rodent or bird invasion "henharvest approaches completion'


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Post $arvest *'eration• .onitor all bins of stored grain by appropriate means'

!emperature increase may indicate insect activity'

• $hec& Bhot spotsC for insect activity by using samplingprobes'

• 5se BturningC to brea& up hot spots due to mold orbacterial activity' Sample grain at bin discharge for

possible insect infestation'• )f insect infestation is found or suspected, use fumigants

to control the infestation'

• )nspect transport euipment before loading out grain for

shipment to prevent contamination of grain

• ave regular chec&s of pest bait stations and


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+se of S'ras and Protectants

Residual S'ras

• !he purpose is to &ill insects that arelocated in crac&s, crevices and other

locations "hich "ill, if not controlled, infestne"ly stored grain'

• 7or approved pesticides, be sure to refer tocurrent recommendations and actual

product labels'• !ime application one to four "ee&s before

harvest or lling the bin'


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&rain Protectants

• #rotectants are insecticides that are designed to remain on thegrain as a protective shield of toxic residues and are designedto be applied directly to the grain'

• !he purpose of these products is to 'revent infestation ofstored grain' !hey are not as eAective as fumigants in &illingstored grain insects "hich alread e,ist in t$e grain !ass

• Fu!igants penetrate into infested grain &ernels but alsodiAuse out of grain and structure in a relatively short time

leaving no protective residue'

• 7or approved pesticides, refer to current recommendations andactual product labels'

• !ime the application for immediately after harvest as grain rstenters storage or during transfer from one bin to another'

• #rotectants are most appropriate "here harvested grain isstored into the next calendar


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Fu!igants

• 7umigants are dened as those pesticides "hich by

themselves or in combination "ith any other substances are orbecome a gas or a mixture of gases'

• 7umigants "ill &ill or control a pest and also are toxic tohumans

• 7umigants penetrate crac&s, crevices and the commodity

being treated' !hey must reach the target pests as gases to beeAective'

• *s soon as a fumigant diAuses from the target area,reinfestation can occur'

• 7umigants must be applied in enclosed areasI the gas released

must reach a lethal concentration in all parts of the infestedstorage environment and the concentration must be held for aminimum amount of time to be eAective'


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%isadvantages

• !oxic to humans'

• Feuire trained applicators'

• !arget area or commodity must be

enclosed'

• .ay inure seed germination

• $ontrol is temporaryEno residual action'

• .ay damage some commodities and


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Selection of Fu!igants

• !oxicity to the target pest'

• Golatility and ability to penetrate'

• $orrosive, +ammability and explosivepotential'

•

Harning properties and detection methods'• @Aect on seed germination and nished

product uality'

• Fesidue tolerances'

• *vailability'

• @ase of application'

• $ost'


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Fu!igation .ariales• Several factors can change the e;ciency of fumigants'

$onsider these "hen selecting a formulation and dosage'

Te!'erature• !he fumigant may not &ill the pests if the product or space

being fumigated is belo" 10K$ 0K74 or above LK$ 11K74'

• !he eAect of temperature varies according to the specicfumigant being used'

#oisture• *s the moisture content of a commodity increases, it becomes

more di;cult for a fumigant to penetrate it' !his ma&esfumigants less eAective on insects'

• 7or some fumigants, this also increases the potential for

residues exceeding legal tolerances' *deuate moisture isreuired for the generation of some fumigants'


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Pests

• Susceptibility to fumigants depends on species, habitat andstage of development'

• (uring some stages of their life cycle, they are lesssusceptible than during others'

• *ctive insects are more susceptible than sluggish, restingforms'

Structure

• $onsider the condition of the structure, the type ofconstruction and the product it contains'

• * "ooden structure, even "hen sealed "ell, "ill not retainfumigants as "ell as metal, plastic, masonry or concrete'

•7umigation in vacuum chambers allo"s increasede;ciency'

• .acuu! c$a!ers !ust never e used for'$os'$ine

Alu!inu! and #agnesiu!


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Alu!inu! and #agnesiu!P$os'$ides

#roperties:

• Garious forms of aluminum or magnesiumphosphides react "ith moisture to evolvephosphine gas #34'

• ydrogen phosphide gas is highly toxic toinsects, burro"ing pests, humans and otherforms of animal life'

• )n addition to itMs toxic properties, the gas

"ill corrode certain metals and may ignitespontaneously in air at concentrations aboveitMs lo"er +ammable limit of 1'8% v


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• #hosphine easily penetrates into products, butbeing only slightly heavier than air sp' gr: 1'214can easily be moved by convection or other aircurrents'

• !o maintain toxic concentration of the gas reuirestight sealing of the space being fumigated'

• !ablets and pellets are formed by adding para;nand commonly include ammonium carbonate "hich

liberates ammonia and carbon dioxide' !hese gasesare essentially non+ammable and act as inertagents to reduce re ha>ards' *mmonia gas alsoserves as a "arning agent'


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uman a>ards:

• !ablets, pellets or dust that are s"allo"ed, or if gas

is inhaled, are highly toxic to humans'• !he maximum safe exposure limit for 0

hours


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#hysicalards:

• *luminum and magnesium phosphide tablets,pellets and dust "ill rapidly release #3 "henexposed to moisture in the air, or to "ater orother liuids'

• igh concentrations of gas may cause anincrease in temperature and may ignitespontaneously'

•

.etals such as copper, brass and other copperalloys, and precious metals such as gold andsilver are subect to corrosion by phosphine'


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5ses:

• F@*( !@ ?*/@?' !ablets usually are probed intograin in shallo" storage structures' #ellets usuallyare introduced in grain' Sachets and various otherforms of pac&aged aluminum or magnesium

phosphide are used in other speciali>ed types offumigation'

• Fefer to product technical labeling for specicapplications and uses'

•

!olerances have been set for residues on ra"agricultural commodities and on processed cerealproducts


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#et$l Bro!ide (#B)

#roperties:

•

*t normal temperatures and pressures, methylbromide is an odorless, colorless gas'

• )t is generally transported in cylinders under pressureas a liuid' !he gas is over three times heavier thanair sp' gr: 3'294'

• ./ uic&ly and deeply penetrates into grains andcereal products under normal atmospheric conditionsand follo"ing fumigation the vapors dissipate rapidly'

• Fepeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of

seeds or cereal product may result in reducedviability of the seeds and cumulative increase ininorganic bromide residues in ra" agriculturalproducts and processed cereal products'


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uman a>ard:

• !his gas is not as toxic as some other fumigants,ho"ever, because it lac&s an odor it must be handled

"ith extreme caution'

• ?iuid ./ in contact "ith the s&in "ill cause severeblisters'

• !he maximum safe exposure limit is ppm'

• *cute and chronic symptoms may occur'• *cute exposure causes pulmonary inury and

circulatory failure'

• $hronic exposures result in neurological symptoms

headache, incoordination, visual disturbances4 "hichare often irreversible'

• (elayed symptoms and lac& of odor ma&e thisfumigant ha>ardous to use'


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#hysicalards:

• .ethyl bromide in air is considered non+ammable

• liuid methyl bromide in contact "ithaluminum may result in spontaneousignition'

• $ertain commodities iodi>ed salt, sponge

rubber, leather goods, viscose rayons,photo chemicals, etc'4 should not beexposed to ./'


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A''lication of Insecticides

Surface treatment

• .alathion, pirimiphos methyl,bromphos, chlorpyriphos methyl,iodofenphos, fenitrothion, phoxim,synthetic pyrethroids

• *pplied at 2 ?


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7og, mist and aerosol

• #rimiphos methyl, fog

•

/ioresmithrin, resmethrin,bioallethrin, pyrethrum, tetramethrin,

• (ichorvos, fpg, mist

•

.alathion, fog, mist, aerosol


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(irect admixture "ith foodstuAs

• .alathion at max 8 ppm

•

#irimiphos methyl at max 10 ppm• /ioresmethrin at max ppm

• #yrethrum at max 3 ppm

stroed product.2014

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