stress changes in english agentive nominalization of

STRESS CHANGES IN ENGLISH AGENTIVE

NOMINALIZATION OF SUFFIXES

{-EE} AND {-ANT}

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

IKA SEPTIYANA

Student Number: 144214132

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

STRESS CHANGES IN ENGLISH AGENTIVE

NOMINALIZATION OF SUFFIXES

{-EE} AND {-ANT}

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

IKA SEPTIYANA

Student Number: 144214132

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2018


vii

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viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to God who gives me

a chance in my life to complete my studies so that I can finish this undergraduate

thesis.

My sincere thanks also goes to my thesis advisor, Arina Isti’anah S.Pd.,

M.Hum., for all her time, guidance, patience and advice in writing this

undergraduate thesis. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and

writing this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better thesis advisor for my

linguistic study. I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Adventina Putranti

M.Hum., for the correction, suggestion, and motivation, so I can improve my

writing.

Besides my thesis advisor, my gratitude also goes to my beloved family

for never being tired to support me in any situation. I am owning gratitude to my

father, Supriyanto, for his support both financial and spiritual and my mother,

Jarwati, for her trust and love to me. Moreover, I feel grateful for having brothers

and sisters who really care of me.

I would like to thank my friends: Elsa, Rea, Handy, Agung, and Gaby for

being my second family in Yogyakarta and for making good memories together.

Especially I thank Luthfi who kindly supports me for the last four years and never

being tired to accompany me in any condition. Last but not least, I would thank

my KKN friends for being really nice to me and making more colors in my life.

Ika Septiyana


ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................. v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH ............................................................................................................. vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... xii

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xiv

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xv

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 5

C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 5

D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 7

B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................... 11

1. Morphology ........................................................................................ 11

a. Morpheme ...................................................................................... 11

b. Suffix ............................................................................................. 12

2. Phonology .......................................................................................... 14

a. Types of Stress ............................................................................... 14

i. Ultimate Stress ........................................................................... 15


x

ii. Penultimate Stress ..................................................................... 15

iii. Antepenultimate Stress ............................................................. 16

b. Syllable Weight .............................................................................. 16

c. Morphophonemic Process .............................................................. 18

C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 20

A. Object of the Study ................................................................................. 20

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................ 20

C. Method of the Study ............................................................................... 21

1. Data Collection ................................................................................... 21

2. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS).................... 24

A. Base Categories in English Agentive Nominalization of Suffixes {-ee}

and {-ant} ............................................................................................... 24

1. Base Categories of the Suffix {-ee} .................................................... 25

a. Adjective Bases .............................................................................. 25

b. Noun Bases .................................................................................... 26

c. Verb Bases ..................................................................................... 28

2. Base Categories of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................... 30

a. Verb bases ...................................................................................... 30

B. Stress Types Change in English Agentive Nominalization of Suffixes

{-ee} and {-ant} ..................................................................................... 32

1. Types of Stress Change in English Agentive Nominalization of

the Suffix {-ee} .................................................................................. 33

a. Primary Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee} ...................... 33

b. Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee} ..................... 35

c. Penultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee} ................ 38

d. Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee} ................ 40


xi

2. Types of Stress Change in English Agentive Nominalization of

the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 43

a. Primary Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant} ................ 43

b. Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant} .............. 46

c. Penultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant} .. 48

d. Penultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}.......... 51

e. Ultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant} ....... 52

f. Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant} .................... 54

g. Antepenultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ........................................................................ 56

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 59

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 61

APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 64

Appendix 1: The Words Attached by the Suffix {-ee} ................................ 64

Appendix 2: The Words Attached by the Suffix {-ant} ............................... 67


xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 The Syllable Structure of the Words “grand” and “train” ...................... 34

Figure 2 The Syllable Structure of the Word “grandee” ...................................... 35

Figure 3 The Syllable Structure of the Word “trainee” ....................................... 35

Figure 4 The Syllable Structure of the Word “intern” ......................................... 36

Figure 5 The Syllable Structure of the Word “return” ......................................... 37

Figure 6 The Syllable Structure of the Word “internee” ..................................... 37

Figure 7 The Syllable Structure of the Word “returnee” ..................................... 38

Figure 8 The Syllable Structure of the Word “mortgage” ................................... 40

Figure 9 The Syllable Structure of the Word “mortgagagee” .............................. 40

Figure 10 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commit” .................................... 41

Figure 11 The Syllable Structure of the Word “employ” .................................... 42

Figure 12 The Syllable Structure of the Word “committee” ................................ 42

Figure 13 The Syllable Structure of the Word “employee” ................................. 43

Figure 14 The Syllable Structure of the Words “claim” and “serve” ................... 44

Figure 15 The Syllable Structure of the Words “claimant” and “servant” ........... 45

Figure 16 The Syllable Structure of the Word “inform” ..................................... 47

Figure 17 The Syllable Structure of the Word “account” .................................... 47

Figure 18 The Syllable Structure of the Word “informant” ................................. 48

Figure 19 The Syllable Structure of the Word “accountant” ............................... 48

Figure 20 The Syllable Structure of the Word “combat” ..................................... 50

Figure 21 The Syllable Structure of the Word “combatant” ................................ 50

Figure 22 The Syllable Structure of the Word “enter” ........................................ 51

Figure 23 The Syllable Structure of the Word “entrant” ..................................... 52

Figure 24 The Syllable Structure of the Word “command” ................................. 53

Figure 25 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commune” ................................. 53

Figure 26 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commandant” ............................ 54

Figure 27 The Syllable Structure of the Word “communicant” ........................... 54

Figure 28 The Syllable Structure of the Word “confide” .................................... 55

Figure 29 The Syllable Structure of the Word “confidant” ................................. 56

Figure 30 The Syllable Structure of the Word “celebrate” .................................. 57

Figure 31 The Syllable Structure of the Word “deviate” ..................................... 57


xiii

Figure 32 The Syllable Structure of the Word “celebrant” .................................. 58

Figure 33 The Syllable Structure of the Word “deviant” ..................................... 58


xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-ee} ....................................................... 26

Table 2 Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ee} ............................................................. 27

Table 3 Verb Bases of the Suffix {-ee} .............................................................. 28

Table 4 Verb Bases of the Suffix {-ant} ............................................................. 30

Table 5 Stress Changes from Primary Stress to Ultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ee} ................................................................................. 33

Table 6 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ee} ................................................................................. 36

Table 7 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ee} ................................................................................. 39

Table 8 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ee} ................................................................................. 41

Table 9 Stress Changes from Primary Stress to Penultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 44

Table 10 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 46

Table 11 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 49

Table 12 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 51

Table 13 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 52

Table 14 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Ultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 55

Table 15 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Ultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant} ................................................................................ 56


xv

ABSTRACT

SEPTIYANA, IKA. (2018). Stress Changes in English Agentive

Nominalization of Suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. Yogyakarta: Department of English

Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Stress is one of phenomenon in linguistics which has an important role in

communication. Stress is important because different stress placement on words

might change the meaning of words. Therefore, this study focuses on stress

changes in English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The aim

is to know the change of stress types in words with additonal of suffixes {-ee} and

{-ant}.

There are two objectives in this study. The first is to find out the base

categories in English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The

second is to find out the stress types changed in English agentive nominalization

of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary was used as the source in

collecting the data. Based on the source, there were 49 words which could be

attached to suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} in forming agentive nominalization.

Furthermore, to make it more specific, morphological approach was used to find

out the base categories and phonological approach was used to find out the stress

types change.

Based on the problem formulation, the first finding is that there were 1

adjective bases, 5 noun bases, and 17 verb bases ending with the suffix {-ee}.

Moreover, there were 26 verb bases ending with suffix {-ant}. The second finding

is that there were 4 types of stress changes in English agentive nominalization of

the suffix {-ee}: primary stress to ultimate stress, ultimate stress to ultimate stress,

penultimate stress to ultimate stress, and ultimate stress to penultimate stress.

Furthermore, there were 7 types of stress changes in English agentive

nominalization of the suffix {-ant}: primary stress to penultimate stress, ultimate

stress to penultimate stress, penultimate stress to antepenultimate stress,

penultimate stress to penultimate stress, ultimate stress to antepenultimate stress,

ultimate stress to ultimate stress, and antepenultimate stress to antepenultimate

stress. In conclusion, stressed syllable must be heavy, meanwhile a heavy syllable

does not have to be stressed. In addition, most of the ambisyllabic words were

heavy syllables.


xvi

ABSTRAK

SEPTIYANA, IKA. (2018). Stress Changes in English Agentive

Nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra

Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penekanan adalah salah satu fenomena dalam bidang bahasa yang

mempunyai peranan penting dalam komunikasi. Penekanan adalah hal yang

penting karena perbedaan penempatan penekanan pada sebuah kata dapat

mengakibatkan perubahan makna pada kata tersebut. Oleh karena itu, studi ini

difokuskan pada perubahan penekanan pada kata benda orang yang berimbuhan

dengan imbuhan {-ee} and {-ant} dalam bahasa Inggris. Tujuannya adalah untuk

mengetahui perubahan tipe penekanan pada kata-kata yang berimbuhan {-ee} dan

{-ant}.

Ada dua tujuan utama dalam studi ini. Yang pertama adalah untuk

menemukan kata dasar bahasa Inggris apa saja yang dapat menyandang imbuhan

{-ee} dan {-ant} yang berfungsi sebagai kata ganti orang. Yang kedua adalah

untuk menemukan perubahan tipe penekanan pada kata benda orang yang

berimbuhan dengan imbuhan {-ee} and {-ant} dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kamus Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary digunakan sebagai sumber

untuk mengumpulkan data. Berdasarkan sumber, ditemukan 49 kata dasar yang

dapat menyandang imbuhan {-ee} dan {-ant} agar membentuk kata benda orang.

Selanjutnya, untuk membuat studi lebih spesifik, metode morphology digunakan

untuk menemukan kata dasar dan metode phonology digunakan untuk

menemukan perubahan tipe penekanan.

Berdasarkan formulasi masalah, penemuan yang pertama adalah bahwa

ada 1 kata sifat, 5 kata benda, dan 17 kata kerja yang berakhir dengan imbuhan {-

ee}. Selain itu, ada 26 kata kerja yang berakhir dengan imbuhan {-ant}. Penemuan

yang kedua adalah ada 4 tipe perubahan penekanan pada kata benda orang yang

berimbuhan dengan imbuhan {-ee} dalam bahasa Inggris: penekanan kata primer

ke suku kata terakhir, penekanan pada suku kata suku kata terakhir, penekanan

kata pada suku kata kedua dari belakang ke suku kata terakhir, dan penekanan

pada suku kata terakhir ke suku kata kedua dari belakang.

Selanjutnya, ada 7 tipe perubahan penekanan pada kata benda orang yang

berimbuhan dengan imbuhan {-ant} dalam bahasa Inggris: penekanan kata primer

ke suku kata kedua dari belakang, penekanan pada suku kata suku kata terakhir ke

suku kata kedua dari belakang, penekanan pada suku kata kedua dari belakang ke

suku kata ketiga dari belakang, penekanan pada suku kata kedua dari belakang ke

suku kata kedua dari belakang, penekanan pada suku kata suku kata terakhir ke

suku kata ketiga dari belakang, pada suku kata suku kata terakhir ke suku kata

terakhir, dan penekanan pada suku kata ketiga dari belakang ke suku kata ketiga

dari belakang. Pada kesimpulannya, penekanan biasanya jatuh pada suku kata

yang berat, sedangkan suku kata berat belum tentu memiliki penekanan. Ditambah

lagi sebagian besar suku kata yang ambisyllabic merupakan suku kata berat.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language has an important role in human life, especially as a tool of

communication. Through language, people can communicate to each other as long

as they know language. However, at this time people have spread widely and far

from their own region. Therefore, learning other languages beside our native

language is important in order to improve the ability of communication.

According to Crystal (2006), there were approximately 400 million native

speakers of English. In addition, Crystal said that there were 400 million speakers

of English as a second language (para. 1). The fact that English is spoken by 1.5

billion people in the world makes English popular and learned by its non-native

speakers (para. 3). However, most people have difficulty to learn a new language

which has different rules and systems from their mother tongue. Moreover, the

differences of grammar, vocabularies, and other rules that are used in a language

can cause errors in communication.

Basically, through language people speak to gain information and also to

give information. However, not all of them speak in the right way. In order to

speak fluently, people have to pronounce the word correctly because wrong

pronunciation can cause misunderstanding in communication. Furthermore,

segmental and supra-segmental feature in speech have to be considered in order to

have proper communication.


2

Segmental and supra-segmental features are the classification of sounds in

phonology. On the one hand, segmental feauture studies the way speech can be

analyzed into discrete units, or segments, that constitute the basis of the sound

system (Crystal, 1981, p. 23). On the other hand, supra-segmental feature refers to

phonological property of more than sound segment. Supra-segmental feature

applies to several linguistic phenomena such as stress, pitch and intonation

(Nordquist, 2018, para. 1).

According to Ogden as cited in Nordquist (2018), suprasegmentals are

important to mark all kinds of meanings, in particular speakers' attitudes or

stances to what they are saying (or the person they are saying it to), and to mark

out how one utterance relates to another (e.g. a continuation or a disjunction)

(para. 5). Moreover, both forms and functions of suprasegmentals are less tangible

than those of consonants and vowels, and they often do not form discrete

categories (Ogden as cited in Nordquist, 2018, para. 5). Therefore, supra-

segmental feature represents kindly complex areas of this research. It can be

observed through the penomena of word stress.

Stress is important because different stress placement on words might

change the meaning of words, such as in the word “desert”. The word “desert” has

a meaning as “barren land, waterless and treeless, often sand-covered” when it is

stressed on the first syllable, whereas the word “desert” stressed on the second

syllable means “leave, go away from” (Hornby, 1995, p. 233).

Actually, as Indonesian people who are non-native speakers of English

have difficulty to determine the stress in a word since stress is not common


https://www.thoughtco.com/utterance-speech-1692576

3

feature in our language. Usually, people do not know how to stress a word and

most of them stressed the words in the first syllable or no stress at all. The

problem happens because people have not gained the knowledge before.

Moreover, stress changes can create serious barriers to intelligibility, even when

the individual sounds in a word are pronounced correctly or near correctly”

(Gilbert, 2005, p. 15). Similarly, Kenworthy (1987, p. 28) also explains that

correct word stress is very important for English learners because the wrong stress

pattern which has been produced by non-native speaker can create difficulties for

English listener in understanding the word though most of individual sounds have

been well pronounced.

In this thesis, the researcher attempts to discuss the stress changes in

English words. According to Szymanek (1989), ssuffixes are widely used in

various languages in the world and often used in daily communication (p. 63). In

order to make it more specific, this study is limited to the stress changes in

English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. Suffixes {-ee} and

{-ant} are chosen because they can influence the stress placement of a word and

formed noun agent.

Suffix is one phenomenon in morphology because it is a part of word

structure. Acording to O’Grady and Archibald (2010), affix that is attached to the

end of its base is termed a suffix (p. 6). Usually, the people who are non-native

speakers of English are confused to determine the word stress with the additional

of suffix. For instance, the word “address” which is pronounced as /əˈdres/ has

stress placement in the second syllable. After the additional of suffix {-ee} it


4

becomes “addressee” pronounced as /ˌædreˈsiː/, which undergoes stress changed

in the third syllable.

In English, stress placement is not entirely random. According to Roach

(2009), there are some information that can be used to decide stress placement

such as kind of the word, whether it is simple or complex as a result either of

containing one or more affixes (e.g. prefixes or suffixes) or of being a compound

word, the grammatical category of the word is (noun, verb, adjective, etc.), how

many syllables the word has, and the phonological structure of those syllables (p.

87). Commonly, stress in some words change position when suffixes (word-

endings) are added or changed. For example, when you add the suffix {-ion} to

the base word “acˈcommodate” the stress moves to “accommoˈdation.” (Cheung,

2015, para. 1).

This study focuses on the stress changes in English agentive nominalization

of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. In English grammar, nominalization is a type

of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or other part of speech) is used

as (or transformed into) a noun (Nordquist, 2017, para. 1). In addition, the suffixes

{-ee} and {-ant} are suffixes that construct words into noun. The method of this

study is morphophonological approach through the morphophonemic process. The

data are collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Moreover,

through this study, the base word can be categorized in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and also the types of stress change in

those words can be observed. Therefore, this study expects to give deeper


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https://www.thoughtco.com/part-of-speech-english-grammar-1691590

https://www.thoughtco.com/noun-in-grammar-1691442

5

understanding about the stress changes in English agentive nominalization of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to analyze stress changes in English agentive nominalization of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and to limit the scope of the study, the researcher

formulates the problem for this study as followed:

1. What are the base categories in English agentive nominalization of suffixes

{-ee} and {-ant}?

2. What types of stress change are found in English agentive nominalization of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, the current researcher attempts to

achieve two objectives at the end of the study. First of all, this study is aimed to

find out the word categories in the base of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and to

identify the stress of the base. The second aim is to find out stress types change in

English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding, in this part the researcher discusses

some terms dealing with what the researcher attempts to do throughout this re-

search. The important terms used in this study are agent, agentive,

nominalization, agentive nominalization, suffix, and stress. The first term is

agent. Agent is a person who does something or causes something to happen


6

(Hornby, 1995, p. 23). The second term is agentive. According to Leech (1981),

agentive are “nouns denoting the person who has some active role in a relation”

(p. 209).

The third term is nominalization. In English grammar, nominalization is a

type of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or other part of speech) is

used as (or transformed into) a noun (Nordquist, 2017, para. 1). The fourth term is

agentive nominalization. Deverbal nominalization traditionally referred to as

Names of Agents are formed in English very productively, potentially from vast

majority of verbs (Syzmanek, 1989, p. 174). Thus, Quirk and Greenbaum (1980),

argued that agentive nominalizations have the status of “full productivity” (p.

436).

The fifth term is suffix. There are two definitions of suffix. The first one,

according to O’Grady and Archibald (2010), an affix that is attached to the end of

its base is termed a suffix (p. 120). Another definition is stated by Akamajian et

al. that gives the definition that suffix is bound morpheme that are attached to the

end of another morpheme” (2001, p. 18).

The last term is Stress. According to O’Grady and Dobrovolsky (1987),

stress is “a cover term for the combined effects of pitch, loudness and length the

result of which is vowel prominence” (p. 40). Stressed syllables in English are

produced with a stronger burst in initiatory energy – a more powerful contraction

of the chest muscles – than unstressed syllables are (Giegerich, 1992, p. 179). Fur-

thermore, the stress discussed is focused on stress changes in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.


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https://www.thoughtco.com/word-formation-1692501

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https://www.thoughtco.com/part-of-speech-english-grammar-1691590

https://www.thoughtco.com/noun-in-grammar-1691442

7

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three main parts which are review of related

studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related

studies consists of review of the previous studies such as journal articles, theses,

or other studies that have similar topic to the present study. Review of related

theories consists of the theories that are relevant with this study. Moreover,

theoretical framework elaborates the distribution of the theories applied in order

to solve the problem of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

This study takes two undergraduate theses and two journal articles. Those

jounal articles and theses are needed as the comparison for the present study.

Moreover, the researcher can give suggestions, critics, or even find new

discoveries related to the previous studies. Furthermore, each related studies are

discussed below.

The first related study is taken from Sitoresmi’s undergraduate thesis

(2017) entitled A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix {-ure}. There are three

objectives in this study. First is to find out the base words that can be attached

with suffix {-ure}. Second is to discover the morphophonemic process that occurs

when a word attached to the suffix {-ure}. Third is to indentify the meaning of the

suffix {-ure} (p. 3).


8

Some results are obtained in this study which are the suffix {-ure} attaches

to the base word ending with letters ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘x’, ‘d’, ‘l’, ‘s’, ‘n’, and phonemes /t/,

/z/, /s/, /d/, /l/, /n/, and/v/. There are five phonological changes occur in the words

receiving the suffix {-ure} which are consonant change, segment insertion, vowel

change, segment deletion, and vowel reduction. The suffix {-ure} has five

meanings which are ‘the act of-‘, ‘the result of-‘, the art of-‘, and ‘the feeling of-‘

(pp. 54-55).

The second related study is taken from Denistia’s undergraduate thesis

(2009) entitled The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the suffixes {-er},

{-ist}, and {-an}. She explains that affixation is the most common process to

create a new word. The study focuses on the suffixes {-er}, {-ist}, and {-an}.

Moreover, there are three objectives in this study. First is to find out the

characteristics of stems receiving suffixes {-er}, {-ist}, and {-an}. Second is to

find out the meaning of the suffixes {-er}, {-ist}, and {-an}. Third is to find out

the distribution of the suffixes {-er} and {-an} (p. 3).

Some results are obtained in this study. First, suffixes {-er}, {-ist}, and {-

an} are derivational suffixes to form an agentive nominalization. Those suffixes

are attached to certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns, except for the suffix {-an}.

Second, Suffix {-er} has one meaning when it is attached to adjective, and eight

meanings when it is attached to certaion nouns. Suffix {-ist} has three meanings

when it is attached to certain verbs, two meanings when it is attached to

adjectives, and seven meanings when attached to nouns. Suffix {-an} has three

meanings when it is attached to adjectives, and five meanings when it is attached


9

to nouns. Third, the allomorph of the suffix {-er} are –or, -eer /ɪər/, and –ier /ɪər/,

while the allomorph of the suffix {-an} are –ian /ʃn/, -ian /ɪən/, and –ean /ɪən/ (pp.

103-105).

The third related study is taken from Haryani’s, Ohoiwutun’s, and

Hastani’s journal article (2016) entitled The Analysis of Students’ Errors in Stress

Placement in English Pronunciation. They explain that stress as one of

suprasegmental features is an essential part that need to be taught in teaching

pronunciation. There are three objectives of the study which are to identify and to

analyze the errors made by grade XI students of SMA Negeri 5 Palu in locating

stress in English pronunciation and also to find out the reason why errors occured

(p. 1).

Some results are found in the study. First, the students made an error

which categorized as inter-lingual (mother tongue factors) and intra-lingual

(target/native language errors. Third, errors occured because of the mother tongue

and their lack understanding of target language. Last, the total percentage of errors

are 74.75% which categorized as high error (pp. 8-9).

The last related study is taken from Wulandari’s journal article (2014)

entitled A Morphological Analysis of Derivational Suffixes in Short Stories. she

explains that derivational is one type of word formation in studying morphology.

In addition, word formation is a characteristic of human language which is

potential to create a new word. There are two objectives of the study which are to

describe the form and the function of derivational suffixes in short stories whether

they change the grammatical category or not (p. 1).


10

Some results are found in this study. First, there are 14 forms of

derivational suffixes which are {–ance}, {-ence}, {-ation}, {-ment}, {–ion}, {-

ness}, {–ity}, {-ize}, {–able}, {-ful}, {-less}, {-al}, {–ous}, {–ly}. Second,

suffixes {–ance}, {-ence}, {-ation}, {-ment}, and {–ion} have a function to

change verb into noun. Suffixes {–ion}, {-ness}, and {–ity} have a function to

change adjective into noun. Suffix {-ize} has a function to change noun into verb.

Suffixes {-less}, {–ous}, {–able}, {-ful}, and {-al} have a function to change

noun into adjective. Suffix {-ly} has a function to change noun into verb, verb

into adverb, and adjective into adverb (pp. 14-15).

The researcher considers that those four related studies are relevant with

this study. The first undergraduate thesis from Sitoresmi (2017) and the last

journal article from Wulandari (2014) have similarity to this study which is the

analysis of suffix. The second undergraduate thesis from Denistia (2009) also has

the similarity to this study which is the analysis of English agentive

nominalization of some suffixes. The third is journal article from Haryani,

Ohoiwutun, and Hastani (2016) has similarity in analyzing the stress placement.

However, it is different in a way that the researcher would like to do this

study on the different object. The first dissimilarity is found in the first related

study by Sitoresmi and the journal article from Wulandari. Sitoresmi discusses the

suffix {-ure} and Wulandari discusses suffixes in short stories while this study

focuses on the suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The second dissimilarity is also found in

the second related study by Denistia. She discusses the distribution of agentive

nominalization of the suffixes {-er}, {-ist}, and {-an} while this study focuses on


11

the stress changes in English agentive nominlization of the suffixes {-ee} and {-

ant}. The last dissimilarity is found in the Haryani’s, Ohoiwutun’s, and Hastani’s

journal article. They discuss the stress placement errors in English pronunciation

while this study focuses on how the stress changes.

Based on the four related studies above, this study is proposed to combine

the study about suffix and stress. It can improve the study in the field of

morphology and phonology. This present study is conducted in order to develop

the morphophonology field because the stress changes in English agentive

nominalization of the suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} have never been analyzed before.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Morphology

Morphology is a branch of linguistic dealing with the internal structure

and word formation (Szymanek, 1989, p. 13). According to Aronoff and Fudeman

(2011), the etymology of morphology is Greek: morpho- means ‘shape, form’,

and morphology is the study of form or forms. In linguistics morphology refers to

the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that

deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed (pp. 1-2). In

order to grasp the scope of morphology it is necessary to define two concepts

which are the concept of word and the concept of morpheme.

a. Morpheme

A definition of the morpheme which has become particularly influential in

modern linguistics is the one offered by (Bloomfield, 1933, p. 161), a linguistic

form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form, is a


12

simple form or morpheme. According to Hockett (1958), morpheme is the

smallest individually meaningful element in the utterances of a language (p. 123).

Basically, there are two kinds of morphemes, which are free morpheme

and bound morpheme. Since it can function as an independent word called free

morpheme such as mean, the, element, etc. Meanwhile, bound morpheme is a

morpheme which can never occur in isolation, so as to form an independent word.

Affixes are instances of bound morpheme (Szymanek, 1989, p. 14).

Affixation is probably the most frequent and wide-spread method of

producing morphologically complex words in human language. In general, it may

be defined as the combination of a bound (derivational or inflectional) morpheme

with a stem or root. This morpheme added the stem is called an affix (Szymanek,

1989, pp. 62-63). According to O’Grady and Archibald (2010), affixes can be

divided into some types, depending on the position of an affix attached to its base

word. There are three types of affixes which are prefix, infix, and suffix (p. 120).

Prefix is an affix which attached in front of the base form. It is contrast with

suffix, which is an affix that follows the base form. Meanwhile, infix is an affix

that inserted into the base form (Szymanek, 1989, pp. 63-65).

b. Suffix

According to O’Grady and Archibald (2010), an affix which is placed in

the end of the base word or its base is called a suffix (p. 120). There are many

examples of suffixes such as suffix {-ity} in the word personality, {-ic} in the

word dinamic, {-ing} in the word singing, {-ment} in the word judgement, and so

on.


13

Suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} are the other examples of suffix that affect the

stress placement. Those two suffixes are belong to the category of agentive

nominalization. Traditionally, deverbal nominalizations referred to as Names of

Agents are formed in English very productively, potentially from a vast majority

of verbs (Syzmanek, 1989, pp. 174-182). First, suffix {-ee} clearly conveys the

idea of a human agent. However, people sometimes confused to determine the use

of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

Evidently the meaning of “standee” is somebody who stands is in all

important respects analogical to the meaning of “walker” somebody who walks

(Syzmanek, 1989, p. 182). In short, suffix {-ee} indicates that something happens

to a person while suffix {-er} indicates that a person does something. Therefore,

suffix {-ee} categorizes as agentive nominalization while suffix {-er} categorizes

as instrumental nominalization. In four cases blocking appears to prevent the use

of {-er}: “adaptee” (“adapter” is an instrument), “knockee” (“knocker” is an

instrument, “mergee” (“merger” is what the mergees are a party to) and “waitee”

(“waiter” is a profession) (Bauer as cited in Syzmanek, 1989, p. 182).

Second, suffix {-ant} appears chiefly with base verbs of Latinate origin.

When approached from the formal point of view, its major function is that of

deriving deverbal adjectives (e.g. “depend” – “dependant”). But {-ant} has given

rise, as well, to a considerable number of agentive nouns (Syzmanek, 1989, p.

180). Some examples of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} such as in the word “apply” and

“employ” which are verb after attached to the suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} became

“applicant” and “employee” are noun or the agent.


14

2. Phonology

According to Collins and Mess (2003), phonology produces deeper

insights into the structures and patterns of language sound systems. In phonology,

sounds emitted by organs of speech work together with supra segmental aspects;

stress, rhythm, and intonation (pp. 76 – 108).

a. Types of Stress

According to O’Grady and Dobrovolsky (1987), stress is a cover term for

combined effects of pitch, loudness, and length the result of which is vowel prom-

inence (p. 40). The stress is done by “saying that syllable slightly louder, holding

the vowel a little longer, and pronouncing the consonants very clearly” (Kenwor-

thy, 1987, p. 10).

Word stress is the best way to understanding spoken English. Native

speakers of English use word stress naturally. Moreover, native speaker of Eng-

lish don't even know they use word stress. Non-native speaker who speak English

to native speakers without using word stress, find two problems which are they

find it difficult to understand native speakers, especially their speaking fast and

the native speakers find difficulties to understand non-native speaker.

According to Englishclub (1997-2018), there are two very simple rules

about word stress. First, one word has only one stress. It is true that stress divided

into two kinds that are primary stress and secondary stress, but secondary stress is

less important than primary stress. Therefore, the study is focus on the primary

stress of the words. Second, stress tends to fall on the heavy syllable (para. 1).


15

Stress is important to study in English language because it is part of lan-

guage. According to Prator and Robinett (1972), stress is the key to the pronuncia-

tion of an English word, and the location of the accent should always be learned

with the word. Moreover, they argued that if the wrong syllable is stressed, it may

be quite impossible for anyone listening to understand what you are trying to say

(p. 16). In addition, the error placement of word stress could change the part of

speech of the words. For example, in the word “pervert” which has two syllables,

if we stress the word in the first syllable it becomes a “noun” but if we stress the

word in the second syllable it becomes a “verb”. Furthermore, there are three

types of stress which help to identify the stress changes which are ultimate,

penultimate, amd antepenultimate stress.

i. Ultimate Stress

According to Torkenczy (2013), ultimate stress is a stress position on the

last syllable (p. 6). The example of the words which bear ultimate stress such as

word “permit” (verb) /pə.’mɪt/, “command” (verb) /kə.ˈmɑːnd/, “escape” (noun)

/ɪˈskeɪp/, and so on as long as the word has the primary stress on the first syllable

from the end.

ii. Penultimate Stress

Stress on the penultimate means the words have stress on the second

syllable from the end (Giegerich, 1992, p. 187). For exampe are in the word

/ˈlaɪ.sns/, /tə.ˈmɑː.təʊ/, /ˈgræfɪk/, and so on. Moreover, according to Kopecky

(2010), there are some rules to bear stress on penultimate syllable:


16

With words (adjectives) ending in suffix {–ic}, such as “syllabic” /sɪˈlæbɪk/,

“epidemic” /epɪˈdemɪk/, “intrinsic” /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/, “autocratic” /ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/,

“historic” /hɪˈstɔːrɪk/.

With words (nouns) ending in suffix {–sion} or {–tion}, such as

“distribution” /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/, “decision” /dɪˈsɪʒən/, “intuition” /ˌɪntjuːˈɪʃən/,

“prevention” /prɪˈvenʃən/

iii. Antepenultimate Stress

Stress on the antepenultimate means the words have stress two syllables

from the end for example in the word A’merica, ‘camera, and ‘dicipline

(Giegerich, 1992, p. 187). Moreover, there are some general rules to bear stress on

antepenultimate syllable (Kopecky, 2010, para. 6).

With words (nouns) ending in suffixes {–cy}, {-ty}, {-phy}, {-gy}, such as

“democracy” /dɪˈmɒkrəsɪ/, “entity” /ˈentɪtɪ/, “photography” /fəˈtɒgrəfɪ/,

“energy” /ˈenəʤɪ/.

With words (adjectives) ending in the suffix {–cal}, such as “medical”

/ˈmedɪkəl/, “surgical” /ˈsɜːʤɪkəl/, “practical” /ˈpræktɪkəl/.

b. Syllable Weight

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2009), words are composed

of one or more syllables. A syllable is a phonological unit composed of one or

more phonemes. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel (but

which may be a syllabic liquid or nasal). The nucleus may be preceded and/or

followed by one or more phonemes called the syllable onset and coda. Using the


17

IPA symbol σ for the phonological syllable, the hierarchical structure of the

monosyllabic word “splints” can be shown:

σ

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

S p l i n t s

Giegerich (1992) states that syllable weight can be divided into two, light

and heavy syllable based on its rhyme (p. 146). Syllables containing filled codas

are called heavy syllables. Syllables containing no codas (e.g. the first – and

unstressed – syllables of “appal”, “aghast”) are called light syllables (McCully,

2009, p. 103). Moreover, according to Goldsmith (1990), syllables are light if they

are of the form CV; all CV: (i.e. with a long vowel and CVC syllables are heavy

(p. 115).

Furthermore, syllable structure takes part in determining the stress

placement because they are related to each others. In order to be able to bear

stress, a syllable must satisfy certain structural requirements. First, stressed

syllables must be heavy while unstressed syllables may be light: any stressed

syllable, whether it is a monosyllable or part of a polysyllablic word, must have a

complex rhyme (Giegerich, 1992, p. 182).

Second, ambisyllabicity – the association of consonant with two syllables

at the same time is connected with stress for example in the word “pity”, the


18

medial consonant is ambisyllabic because the Syllable-Boundary-Rule places a

syllable boundary before it, thereby making the /t/ part of the second syllable,

while the complex-rhyme condition on stressed syllables ensures that this

consonant is also part of the first syllable (Giegerich, 1992, p. 182).

3. Morphophonemic Process

According to Katamba (1993), morphophonemic is a combination of

morphology and phonology. Hence, in Europe, it is known as morphophonology.

Morphophonemic process is a phonological process in a language that accounts

for realization of phonologically conditioned allomorphs of morphemes (p. 34).

Moreover, there are four phonological processes which are vowel reduction,

vowel loss, consonant loss, and assimilation (Kreidler, 2004, p. 223). First, vowel

reduction means that a vowel sound pronounced as [ə] or also known as “schwa”

instead of another tense vowel. For example, the letter “a” in the word “about” is

not pronounced [ɑ] but it is pronounced as /əˈbaʊt/ because the vowel sound [ɑ] is

reduced to [ə].

Second, vowel loss is another familiar process of rapid, casual speech. It

means that a word-initial unstressed vowel may be deleted, for example as in the

word “especially” /iˈspɛʃəli/ becomes /iˈspɛʃli/. Third, consonant loss is like vowel

loss, it is process of deleting consonant cluster as in the word “suggest” /səˈdʒɛst/

and “arctic” /ˈɑːktɪk/. The last phonological process is assimilation, a change in

which a feature of one consonant, such as [+voice], ‘spreads’ to a neighboring

consonant. For example, the regular plural suffix appears as [z] in “bags” but as


19

[s] in “cats”. The regular past tense suffix is [d] in “lived” but as [t] in “sniffed”

(Kreidler, 2004, p. 234).

C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the researcher uses three main theories. The first theory is

morphology. It consists of two parts which are morpheme and suffix. The second

theory is phonology. It consists of two parts also which are types of stress and

syllable weight. The last theory is morphophonemic process. Those three theories

are used to prove the relation among each other and to answer the problems of this

study.

The first theory is morphology from Szymanek which is applied in this

study to answer the first question of problem formulation. The theory of

morpheme is needed because this study discusses suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} which

are the examples of bound morpheme. Furthermore, the theory of suffix is used to

find out the word categories in the base of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

The second theory applied in this study is the theory of phonology from

Collin and Mess. Moreover, types of stress and syllable weight theories are used

to answer the second question of problem formulation. The contribution of those

theories are to analyze the process on how stress chganged in English agentive

nominalization of the suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The last theory is

morphophonemic process by Katamba which is applied in this study to identify

the types of stress in each data before and after the addition of suffixes {-ee} and

{-ant}.


20

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three parts which are object of the study,

approach of the study, and method of the study. First, object of the study consists

of the data description and the source of the data. Second, approach of the study

explains approaches used in analysing the data and the reason why the approaches

is used. Third, method of the study describes the method which is used in

collecting the data.

A. Object of the Study

Words with the suffixes, which were one phenomenon in phonology, were

used as object of the study. Moreover, the researcher analyzed the words which

are attached to the suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and formed agentive nominalization.

The data were taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary was chosen as the source of the data because it is

mostly used by students. The number of the data that the researcher attempted to

analyze was all of the base words in the dictionary that can be attached with

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} which formed noun agent.

B. Approach of the Study

There were two approaches that the researcher used which are

morphological and phonological approaches. First, according to Aronoff, Mark &

Fudeman (2011), morphology refers to the mental system involved in word

formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal


21

structure, and how they are formed (pp. 1-2). Based on that definition,

morphological approach was applicable in this study because it discussed the base

worsds which can be attached to suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. Moreover, this

approach was used to know the form-changing of the words which got the

additional of the suffix {-ee} and {-ant}.

The second approach used by the researcher was phonological approach.

According to Collins and Mess (2003), phonology produces deeper insights into

the structures and patterns of language sound systems. In phonology, sounds

emitted by organs of speech work together with supra segmental aspects; stress,

rhythm, and intonation (pp. 76 – 108). Based on that definition, it can be

concluded that phonological approach was applicable to this study because it

discussed supra-segmental feature which is stress. Moreover, the combination of

morphology and phonology known as morphophonology (Katamba, 1993, p. 34)

C. Method of the Study

In order to make a brief explanation, method of the study was divided into

two main parts which are data colletion and data analysis.

1. Data Collection

Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary was chosen as the primary source to

collect the data because it is mostly used by students in studying English

language. There are so many words in the dictionary. Moreover, the researcher

chosen population method to collect the data. Population method was chosen

because the researcher takes all the words which formed agentive nominalization

as the data (Creswell, 2012, p. 142). Moreover, the study limited the data on the


22

base words that can be attached with suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and those suffixes

have a function to form agentive nominalization, the words which are not

included as agentive nominalization were rejected. Furthermore, 23 words ending

with the suffix {-ee} and 26 words ending with the suffix {-ant} which formed

noun agent were found out in the dictionary as the data.

2. Data Analysis

There were some steps organized to analyze the data. The first step was

collecting all the words ending with suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} which formed noun

agent from dictionary. The second step was looking for the base word from the

dictionary. The third step was writing down the transcription from the dictionary

and composing the syllabification of each word to determine the stress placement.

The fourth step was classifying the data into syllable. The fifth step was

combining the base words with suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The sixth step was

analyzing the stress changes which might be happened in the base words which

have been collected by the researcher. The last step was drawing conclusion from

the data analysis.

From those steps the researcher was able to answer the problem

formulation that appears. There were two problems which are analyzed: base

categories of English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} and

types of stress change in English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-

ant}. First, in order to find out the base words categories in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, the data had been analyzed by using


23

morphological method from Szymanek. Morphological method was used to

analyze the base word that can be attached to suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

Second, in order to identify types pof stress change in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, the data had been analyzed by using

phonological method from Collin and Mess. First was identifying the base

categories of the words that can be attached to suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. After

that, the words would be transribed in order to identify the stress placement.

Moreover, morphophonemic process which occured in the data was able to be

analyzed including the stress changes.


24

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists the analysis of this study which is conducted to solve

the problem formulation mentioned in chapter one. There are two parts discussed

in this chapter. The first part discusses the base categories of words that can be

attached to suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, whether they are verbs, nouns, adjectives or

other lexical categories. The second part discusses the process on how the word

stress changed after the attachment of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

The data of this study are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary. Moreover, the present researcher has found 23 words ending with

suffix {-ee} and 26 words ending with suffix {-ant}. Actually, the present

researcher has found more or less 254 words ending with suffixes {-ee} and {-

ant}. However, the present researcher only chosen the words that have a function

as agentive nominalization.

A. Base Categories in English Agentive Nominalization of Suffixes {-ee} and

{-ant}

Base category or lexical category is used to identify whether the meanings

of the words before and after the addition of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} are related

or not. Based on the data collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

there are 23 words attachhed to the suffix {-ee} and 26 words attached to the

suffix {-ant}. Moreover, the data collected have the different base category. There

are three base categories found on the base of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} which are


25

adjective, verb, and noun. The base category which mostly found is verb and the

rests are noun and adjective. Some examples of the data are shown as follows:

Grand (Adj) Grandee (N)

Train (V) Trainee (N)

Pay (N) Payee (N)

Claim (V) Claimant (N)

The words on the left side are bases with their categories while the words

on the right side are the result after the addition of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. The

word “grand” is an adjective, “train” and “claim are verb, and “pay” is a noun.

Moreover, after the addition of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, their base categories

turn into nouns. The process of word formation which formed nouns known as

nominalization.

1. Base Categories of the Suffix {-ee}

Based on the data collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

23 base words that can be attachhed to the suffix {-ee} consisting of 1 adjective, 5

nouns, and 17 verbs. The further analysis will be discussed in the following

explanation:

a. Adjective Bases

In this part, the data are analyzed based on the classification of word

categories as adjectives which can be attached to the suffix {-ee}. Based on the

dictionary which used as the source of data collection, the researcher has found

one base included as adjective base of the suffix {-ee}. The data are shown in the

table below.


26

Table 1 Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-ee}

Word

Categories

No. Base Stem (N)

Adjective 1. Grand Grandee

The adjective base is “grand” which has meaning as “magnificent,

splendid, big, of great importance”. After the addition of the suffix {-ee}, it

becomes a noun agent “grandee” which means “a person of high rank or

impportance” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).

However, there are some adjective bases that are not included as adjective

bases of the suffix {-ee}. For example, the word “puree” is not involved as the

data though “pure” is clasified as an adjective. It is because the meaning of the

word “pure” and “puree” is not related. The adjective base “pure” has a meaning

as “not mixed with any other substance, colour, emotion, etc”. Meanwhile, the

word “puree” which is noun has a meaning as “food in the form of a thick liquid

made eg by crushing fruit or cooked vegetables in a small amount of water”

(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).

b. Noun Bases


categories as nouns which can be attached to the suffix {-ee}. Based on the

dictionary which used as the source of data collection, the researcher has found 5

bases included as noun bases of the suffix {-ee}. The data are shown in the table

below.


27

Table 2 Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ee}

Word

Categories

No. Base Stem (N)

Nouns

1. Franchise Franchisee

2. License Licensee

3. Refuge Refugee

4. Town Townee

5. Pay Payee

According to the table above, there are 5 noun bases which can be attached

to the suffix {-ee}. Even though all the base words do not undergo change of

lexical categories, which are nouns, the meaning of the words after the addition of

the suffix {-ee} change into noun agentive. For instance, first is the word “town”

which is a noun and has a meaning as “a place with many houses, shops and other

buildings that is larger than a village but smaller than a city” changed into

“townee” which is a noun agentive with the meaning as “a person who lives in a

town or city, especially one who is ignorant of country life” (Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).

The second is the word “pay” which has meaning as “money paid to

someone for doing work” changed into “payee” which has meaning as an agent of

“a person to whom something is paid or person that receives miney” (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).

The third noun base is “license” which has meaning as “an official

document showing that permission has been given to do, own or use something”

changed into “licensee” which has meaning as “a person who has a license,

especially to sell alcoholic drinks” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

1995).


28

c. Verb Bases


categories as verbs which can be attached to the suffix {-ee}. Based on the


bases included as verb bases of the suffix {-ee}. The data are shown in the table

below.

Table 3 Verb Bases of the Suffix {-ee}

Word

Categories

No. Base Stem (N)

Verbs

1. Appoint Appointee

2. Absent Absentee

3. Address Addressee

4. Commit Committee

5. Draft Draftee

6. Detain Detainee

7. Devote Devotee

8. Employ Employee

9. Escape Escapee

10. Enroll Enrollee

11. Intern Internee

12. Mortgage Mortgagee

13. Patent Patentee

14. Return Returnee

15. Refer Referee

16. Train Trainee

17. Trust Trustee

Based on the data, the words that can be attach to the suffix {-ee} are

mostly found in a verb base. There are 17 verb bases from the data that have been

collected. The analysis shows that all the words undergo change of base

categories from verb into noun agentive. The first is “train” which is a verb and it

has meaning as “to teach a person or an animal to perform a particular job or skill


29

well, or to behave in a particular way, by regular instruction and practice”

changed into noun agentive “trainee” which means “a person being trained for a

job, etc” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).

The second is the verb base “appoint” which means “to choose somebody

for a job or position of responsibility” changed into noun agentive “appointee”

that has meaning as “a person appointed to a job or position” (Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, 1995). The agent is shown in the word “appointee” bacause

the addition of the suffix {-ee} which means a person who is doing something.

The third is “employ” which is a verb with the meaning of “to give work

to somebody usually for payment” changed into noun agentive “employee” which

has meaning as “a person who works for somebody or for a company in return for

wages” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995). The agent is shown in the

word “employee” bacause the addition of the suffix {-ee} which means a person

who is doing something.

Moreover, there are some words which have more than one base

categories such as the word “absent” which has two lexical categories. The first

one is “absent” as an adjective which means “not present; at another place”. The

second one is “absent” as a verb which means “to decide not to be present; to stay

away”. However, most of the data have the verb patterns. Therefore, the verb base

of the word “absent” which means “to decide not to be present; to stay away at

another place” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995) is chosen as the

words that can be attached to the suffix {-ee}.


30

2. Base Categories of the Suffix {-ant}

Based on the data collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

26 base words that can be attachhed to the suffix {-ant}. All of the words are in

the form of verb bases. There are no adjective and noun bases. The data are served

with the table as follows:

a. Verb Bases


categories as verbs which can be attached to the suffix {-ant}. Based on the


bases included as verb bases of the suffix {-ant}. The data are shown in the table

below.

Table 4 Verb Bases of the Suffix {-ant}

Word Categories No. Base Stem (N)

Verbs

1. Account Accountant

2. Apply Applicant

3. Assail Assailant

4. Assist Assistant

5. Attend Attendant

6. Celebrate Celebrant

7. Claim Claimant

8. Combat Combatant

9. Command Commandant

10. Commune Communicant

11. Complain Complainant

12. Confide Confidant

13. Consult Consultant

14. Defend Defendant

15. Depend Dependant

16. Descend Descendant

17. Determine Determinant

18. Deviate Deviant

19. Emigrate Emigrant

20. Enter Entrant


31

Verbs

21. Inform Informant

22. Inhabit Inhabitant

23. Litigate Litigant

24. Migrate Migrant

25. Participate Participant

26. Serve Servant

Based on the data collection, verbs become the most frequent base that can

be attached to the suffix {-ant}. Moreover, there are some rules applied to the

words ending with the suffix {-ant} especially when the base word is a verb. First,

when the verbs ending in {-ate}, the suffix {-ant} can be used to change the verb

into noun. For example, in the word “participate” which is verb can be attached

with the suffix {-ant} to form noun which is “participant”. Second, suffix {-ant}

can be attached to the base words “confide”, “determine”, and “serve” which turn

into noun forms “confidant”, “determinant”, and “servant”.

The researcher has found 26 verb bases that can be attached to the suffix

{-ant}. All the verb bases undergo change into noun agentive after the the addition

of suffix {-ant}. The first is the verb base “apply” which has meaning as “to make

a formal request” changed into noun agentive “applicant” with the meaning of “a

person who applies for something, eg for a job, a place on a course, or a loan”


The second is “serve” which is a verb and it has meaning as “to work for

somebody, especially as a servant” changed into noun agentive “servant” which

has meaning as “a person who works in somebody else’s household for wages,

and often for food and lodging” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995).


32

The third is verb base “inhabit” which means “to live in a place; to occupy

something” changed into noun agentive “inhabitant” which has meaning as “a

person or an animal living in a place” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

1995). The agent is shown in the word “inhabitant” bacause the addition of the

suffix {-ant} which means a person who is doing something.

The last example is the verb base “assist” with the meaning of “somebody

in doing something to help” changed into noun agentive “assistant” which has

meaning as “a person who helps or supports somebody, especially in their job”


Furthermore, there are some words that have more than one base

categories such as “account”, “claim”, “contest”, and “combat”. Those words

have two base categories as noun and verb. However, verb bases are chosen as the

data because verbs are the frequent pattern found by the researcher.

B. Stress Type Changes in English Agentive Nominalization of Suffixes {-ee}

and {-ant}

Stress changes in english agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-

ant} are the main problems that will be discussed in this part. Based on the

previous discussion, the researcher has classified the data into some base

categories in order to make the analysis of stress chages easier. Moreover, in this

part the data will be classified based on the types of stress changes in order to

identify how stress changed in english agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee}

and {-ant}.


33

1. Types of Stress Change in English Agentive Nominalization of the Suffix

{-ee}

Based on the previous analysis of base categories in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, the researcher has found 23 base

words that can be attached to the suffix {-ee}. Moreover, stress changed in those

words can be analyzed based on the classification of stress types. For further

analysis is presented in the table as follow.

a. Primary Stress to Ultimate Stress of the suffix {-ee}

Mostly monosyllabic words have primary stress, which is stress that falls

on its syllable because there is no other syllable (Gussenhoven and Jacobs, 2011,

p. 216). Meanwhile, according to Torkenczy (2013), ultimate stress is a stress

position on the last syllable. In this part, the researcher discusses the process on

how stress changed from primary stress to ultimate stress. In order to make the

analysis more detail, the researcher has been served the data in the table below:

Table 5 Stress Changes from Primary Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix

{-ee}

Word

Categories

Base Stem (N) Types of Stress

Adjective /ˈgrænd/ /grænˈdiː/ Primary stress ultimate

Nouns /ˈtaʊn/ /taʊˈniː/ Primary stress ultimate

/ˈpeɪ/ /ˌpeɪˈiː/ Primary stress ultimate

Verbs

/ˈdrɑːft/ /ˌdrɑːfˈtiː/ Primary stress ultimate

/ˈtrʌs/ /trʌˈstiː/ Primary stress ultimate

/'treɪn/ /ˌtreɪˈniː/ Primary stress ultimate

Based on the table above, there are 6 monosyllable words that have been

classified. They consist of 1 adjective, 2 nouns, and 3 verbs. The analysis shows


34

that all the base words which are monosyllable words have the primary stress on

the syllable itself or they are automatically stressed on the available syllable.

Stress syllables happened on those monosyllabic words because they are heavy

syllable. Heavy syllable is the syllable which contains tense vowel, diphtong, or

filled codas (McCully, 2009, p. 103). For example in the word /ˈgrænd/ and

/'treɪn/. The syllable structure can be seen by the tree diagram as follows:

Figure 1 The Syllable Structure of the Words “grand” and “train”

From the tree diargram above, we can see that primary stress falls on the available

syllable because the word “grand” and “train” are monosyllabic words. Moreover,

those two words are heavy syllable with the existence of diphthong [æ]; codas [n,

d] in the word /grænd/ and diphthong [eɪ]; coda [n] in the word /'treɪn/.

After the addition of the suffix {-ee}, the word /ˈgrænd/ and /'treɪn/

undergo stress changed on the ultimate position /grænˈdiː/ and /ˌtreɪˈniː/. Ultimate

stress is stress position on the last syllable. Stress changes happen because the

attachment of the suffix {-ee} causes the change of the syllable number. The

syllable structure can be seen by the tree diagram as follows:


35

Figure 2 The Syllable Structure of the Word “grandee”

Figure 3 The Syllable Structure of the Word “trainee”

Based on the tree diagrams above, stress changed from primary stress to the

ultimate stress because the last syllables of the word /grænˈdiː/ and /ˌtreɪˈniː/ have

tense vowels /iː/ which indicate heavy syllable.

b. Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee}


last syllable. In this part, the researcher discusses the process on how stress

changed from ultimate stress to ultimate stress. In order to make the analysis more

detail, the researcher has been served the data in the table below:


36

Table 6 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix

{-ee}

Word

Categories


Verbs

/əˈdres/ /əˌdreˈsiː/ Ultimate ultimate

/əˈpɔɪnt/ /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː/ Ultimate ultimate

/dɪˈteɪn/ /ˌdiːteɪˈniː/ Ultimate ultimate

/dɪˈvəʊt/ /ˌdevəˈtiː/ Ultimate ultimate

/ɪˈskeɪp/ /ɪˌskeɪˈpiː/ Ultimate ultimate

/ɪnˈrəʊl/ /ɪnˌrəʊˈliː/ Ultimate ultimate

/ɪnˈtɜːn/ /ˌɪntɜːˈniː/ Ultimate ultimate

/rɪˈtɜːn/ /rɪˌtɜːˈniː/ Ultimate ultimate

/rɪˈfɜː(r)/ /ˈrefə'riː/ Ultimate ultimate

Based on the data, the researcher has found 8 bisyllabic words which

undergo stress change from ultimate to ultimate as the data which consist of 8

verbs. From the data we can see that all of the base words bear the ultimate stress.

Ultimate stress has been found in the bisyllabic words where the second syllable

is heavy. Heavy syllable is the syllable which contains tense vowel, diphtong, or

filled codas (Giegerich, 1992, p. 146). For example in the word /ɪnˈtɜːn/ and

/rɪˈtɜːn/. The syllable structure can be seen by the tree diagram as follows:

Figure 4 The Syllable Structure of the Word “intern”


37

Figure 5 The Syllable Structure of the Word “return”

Based on the tree diagrams above, the words /ɪnˈtɜːn/ and /rɪˈtɜːn/ have

tense vowel /ɜː/ in the second syllable which indicates a heavy syllable.

Meanwhile, the first syllable is light because it has a lax vowel [ɪ]. Therefore, the

second syllable of the words /ɪnˈtɜːn/ and /rɪˈtɜːn/ bear the primary stress.

After the addition of the suffix {-ee}, the word /ɪnˈtɜːn/ and /rɪˈtɜːn/

changed into noun agentive /ˌɪntɜːˈniː/ and /rɪˌtɜːˈniː/. Moreover, the number of

the syllable of those words have changed and it affects the stress placement. The

stress changes of the word /ˌɪntɜːˈniː/ and /rɪˌtɜːˈniː/ can be seen through the tree

diagrams below:

Figure 6 The Syllable Structure of the Word “internee”


38

Figure 7 The Syllable Structure of the Word “returnee”

Based on the tree diagrams above, after the suffix {-ee} is attached to the

base words /ɪnˈtɜːn/ and /rɪˌtɜːˈniː/, the stress changed to the third syllable because

the third syllable is heavy with the existence of tense vowels [iː]. Even though the

stress has changed, the type of stress does not undergo change which is from ulti-

mate to ultimate because of the changed of syllable number after the addition of

the suffix {-ee}. This situation happens because the number of the syllable also

changes and the stress falls on the first syllables from the end which are heavy

syllable.

Moreover, ultimate stress also found in the bisyllabic words which has a

schwa [ə] such as in the word /əˈdres/ and /əˈpɔɪnt/. In this case, schwa [ə] can

not bear a stress because it is a reduced vowel. Therefore, the stress falls on the

ultimate position /’dres/ which has a lax vowel /e/ and one coda /s/ which

indicates a heavy syllable.

c. Penultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee}

Penultimate stress is a stress position on the second syllable from the end.

Meanwhile, ultimate stress is a stress position on the last syllable. In this part, the

researcher discusses the process on how stress changed from penultimate stress to


39

ultimate stress. In order to make the analysis more detail, the researcher has been

served the data in the table below:

Table 7 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the

Suffix {-ee}

Word

Categories


Nouns

/ˈfrænʧaɪz/ /ˌfrænʧaɪˈziː/ Penultimate ultimate

/ˈpæt(ə)nt / /ˌpæt(ə)nˈtiː/ Penultimate ultimate

/ˈrefjuːʤ/ /ˌrefjuˈʤiː/ Penultimate ultimate

Verb /ˈæbsənt/ /ˌæbsənˈtiː/ Penultimate ultimate

/ˈmɔːɡɪʤ/ /ˌmɔːɡɪˈʤiː/ Penultimate ultimate

Based on the table above, there are 5 bisyllabic words which undergo

stress changed from penultimate stress to ultimate stress. The data consist of 3

nouns, and 2 verbs. All of the base words above bear penultimate stress which is

stress on the second syllable from the end. Penultimate stress happen because the

first syllable fulfill the requirements as a stress syllable.

For example, in the word “mortgage” /ˈmɔːɡɪʤ/ where the first syllable is

heavy because it has tense vowel /ɔː/, while the second syllable is light because it

has a lax vowel /ɪ/. Therefore, stress falls on the penultimate position because

stress syllable must be heavy (Giegeriech, 1992, p. 182). The syllable structure

can be seen in the tree diagram as follows:


40

Figure 8 The Syllable Structure of the Word “mortgage"

Moreover, after the suffix {-ee} is attached to the base word /ˈmɔːɡɪʤ/,

stress changed to the ultimate position which is stressed on the first syllable from

the end /ˌmɔːɡɪˈʤiː/. This phenomenon happened because the base word

undergoes changed of syllable number and and it changes the last syllable into

heavy syllable because of the existence of tense vowel [iː]. The syllable structure

can be seen in the tree diagram below:

Figure 9 The Syllable Structure of the Word “mortgagee"

d. Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ee}


last syllable. Meanwhile, penultimate stress is a stress position on the second

syllable from the end. In this part, the researcher discusses the process on how


41

stress changed from ultimate stress to penultimate stress. In order to make the


Table 8 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the

Suffix {-ee}

Word Cat-

egories


Verbs /kəˈmɪt/ /kəˈmɪti/ Ultimate penultimate

/ɪmˈplɔɪ/ /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/ Ultimate penultimate

Based on the data classification, there are only two base words that under-

go stress change from ultimate stress to penultimate stress. The word /kəˈmɪt/ and

/ɪmˈplɔɪ/ have primary stress on the ultimate position which is first syllable from

the end because the syllables are heavy. The heavy syllable was indicated with the

existence of lax vowel /ɪ/ and coda /t/ in the word /kəˈmɪt/ and tense vowel /ɔɪ/ in

the word /ɪmˈplɔɪ/. The syllable structure can be seen in the tree diagrams below:

Figure 10 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commit”

The word “commit” is ambisyllabic because consonant /m/ in the first syllable

/kəm/ also becomes the onset of the second syllable /mɪt/.


42

Figure 11 The Syllable Structure of the Word “employ”

Moreover, after the addition of the suffix {-ee} the words /kəˈmɪt/ and

/ɪmˈplɔɪ/ undergo stress changed on the penultimate position /kəˈmɪtiː/ and

/ɪmˈplɔɪiː/. There are two reasons which affect stress placement on those two

words. First, it is because the second syllable /mɪ/ and /plɔ/ are more prominent

than the other syllable. Second, suffix {-ee} moves stress into the syllable before

the suffix. The syllable structure can be seen through tree diagrams below:

Figure 12 The Syllable Structure of the Word “committee”


43

Figure 13 Syllable Stucture of the Word “employee”

2. Types of Stress Change in English Agentive Nominalization of the Suffix

{-ant}

Based on the previous analysis of base categories in English agentive

nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, the researcher has found 26 base

words that can be attached to the suffix {-ant}. Moreover, stress changed in those

words can be analyzed based on the classification of stress types. For further

analysis is presented in the table as follow.

a. Primary Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Mostly monosyllabic words have primary stress, which is stress that falls

on its syllable because there is no other syllable. Meanwhile, penultimate stress is

a stress position on the second syllable from the end. In this part, the researcher

discusses the process on how stress changed from primary stress to penultimate

stress. In order to make the analysis more detail, the researcher has been served

the data in the table below.


44

Table 9 Stress Changes from Primary Stress to Penultimate Stress of the

Suffix {-ant}

Word

Categories


Verbs

Verbs

/'kleɪm/ /ˈkleɪmənt/ Primary stress penultimate

/ˈsɜːv/ /ˈsɜːvənt/ Primary stress penultimate

Based on the table above, the researcher has found 2 verb bases which

undergo stress changed of primary stress to the penultimate position after the

addition of suffix {-ant}. Moreover, all the base words are monosyllabic words

which are heavy syllables. Therefore, the primary stress automatically falls on the

syllable that available. For example in the word /'kleɪm/ which has a tense vowel

/eɪ/ and a coda /m/. It indicates a heavy syllable and automatically bear the

primary stress on its syllable. The other example is in the word /ˈsɜːv/ which has a

tense vowel [ɜː] and a coda [v] and it also idicates a heavy syllable. The syllable

structure can be seen in the tree diagrams below:

Figure 14 The Syllable Structure of the Words “claim” and “serve”

Furthermore, after suffix {-ant} attached to the base words /'kleɪm/ and

/ˈsɜːv/, stress changed to the penultimate position which is stress on the second


45

syllable from the end /ˈkleɪmənt/ and /ˈsɜːvənt/. The syllable structures are shown

in the tree digram as follow:

Figure 15 The Syllable Structure of the Words “claimant” and “servant”

Basically, seen from the table, there are no stress changed in the base

words after the addition of suffix {-ant}. Actually, the stress is changed because

the number of the syllable also changed. For example in the word /ˈsɜːv/, the

primary stress is on the first syllable or on the available syllable, after the

attachment of the suffix {-ant} the word /ˈsɜːv/ changed into /ˈsɜːvənt/ with the

stress also on the first syllable. However, it will be different if we count the

syllable from the end. Stress cahnged from primary stress to the penultimate

position which is stress on the second syllable from the end.


46

b. Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}


last syllable. Meanwhile, penultimate stress is a stress position on the second

syllable from the end. In this part, the researcher discusses the process on how

stress changed from ultimate stress to penultimate stress. In order to make the

analysis more detail, the researcher has been served the data in the table below.

Table 10 Stress Changes from Ultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the

Suffix {-ant}

Word

Categories


Verbs

/əˈkaʊnt/ /əˈkaʊntənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/əˈseɪl/ /əˈseɪlənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/əˈsɪst/ /əˈsɪstənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/əˈtend/ /əˈtendənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/kəmˈpleɪn/ /kəmˈpleɪnənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/kənˈsʌlt/ /kənˈsʌltənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/dɪˈfend/ /dɪˈfendənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/dɪˈpend/ /dɪˈpendənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/dɪˈsend/ /dɪˈsendənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/ɪnˈfɔːm/ /ɪnˈfɔːmənt/ Ultimate penultimate

/maɪˈgreɪt/ /ˈmaɪgrənt/ Ultimate penultimate

Based on the data, the researcher has found 11 base words which undergo

stress change after the addition of the suffix {-ant}. All the base words bear the

ultimate position which is stress on the first syllable from the end before the at-

tachment of suffix {-ant}. The primary stress is born by ultimate position because

most of the base words are heavy on the second syllable. For example is in the

word “inform” /ɪnˈfɔːm/ which has a tense vowel /ɔː/ on the second syllable.

Meanwhile, the first syllable is light because of the existence short vowel [ɪ]. In

addition, some base words also start with a [ə] which is a reduced vowel that can-


47

not bear a stress such as in the word /əˈkaʊnt/. Therefore, the primary stress has to

fall on the ultimate position. The syllable structure can be seen in the tree

diagrams as follow:

Figure 16 The Syllable Structure of the Word “inform”

Figure 17 The Syllable Structure of the Word “account”

Moreover, after the addition of the suffix {-ant} to the base words

/ɪnˈfɔːm/ and /əˈkaʊnt/, the primary stress changed to the penultimate position

which is stressed on the second syllable from the end /ɪnˈfɔːmənt/ and

/əˈkaʊntənt/. The syllable structures are shown in the tree diagram below:


48

Figure 18 The Syllable Structure of the Word “informant”

Figure 19 The Syllable Structure of the Word “accountant”

Stress changed on the penultimate position because of some reasons. First,

the second syllable in the word /ɪnˈfɔːmənt/ and /əˈkaʊntənt/ are more prominant

than the other syllables. Second, the first syllable have short vowel [ɪ] and [ə]

which is a reduced vowel therefore it can not bear a stress. Third, the vowel [a] of

the suffix {-ant} changed into schwa [ə] after it is attach to the base words

/ɪnˈfɔːmənt/ and /əˈkaʊntənt/. Therefore, the last syllable which contains suffix

can not bear a stress.

c. Penultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Penultimate stress is a stress position on the second syllable from the end

(Giegerich, 1992, p. 187). Meanwhile, antepenultimate stress is a stress position


49

on the third syllable from the end (Giegerich, 1992, p. 187). In this part, the

researcher discusses the process on how stress changed from penultimate stress to

antepenultimate stress. In order to make the analysis more detail, the researcher

has been served the data in the table below:

Table 11 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress

of the Suffix {-ant}

Word

Categori

es


Verbs /ˈkɒmbæt/ /ˈkɒmbətənt/ Penultimate antepenultimate

/ɪnˈhæbɪt/ /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/ Penultimate antepenultimate

Based on the table above, there are 2 verb bases which undergo stress

changed from penultimate stress to antepenultimate stress. Before the addition of

the suffix {-ant} all the base words have the primary stress on the penultimate po-

sition which is stressed on the second syllable from the end. The second syllable

bears the penultimate stress because it is heavy syllable which indicates by the

tense vowel. For example, the word /ˈkɒmbæt/ has a tense vowel /ɒ/ on the sec-

ond syllable which makes that syllable bear the primary stress because it is a

heavy syllable. The syllable structure is shown in the tree diagram as follows:


50

Figure 20 The Syllable Structure of the Word “combat”

Moreover, after the suffix {-ant} attached to those base word /ˈkɒmbæt/,

the stress changed to the antepenultimate position which is stressed on the third

syllable from the end /ˈkɒmbətənt/. The syllable structure can be seen through the

tree diagram below:

Figure 21 The Syllable Structure of the Word “combatant”

Basically, the stress seems not changed because the stress is still on the first sylla-

ble. However, if we count the syllable from the end, the stress is actually changed

because after the addition of suffix {-ant}, the number of the syllable aslo

changed.


51

d. Penultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Penultimate stress is a stress position on the second syllable from the end

(Giegerich, 1992, p. 187). In this part, the researcher discusses the process on how

stress changed from penultimate stress to penultimate stress. In order to make the


Table 12 Stress Changes from Penultimate Stress to Penultimate Stress of the

Suffix {-ant}

Word Cat-

egories


Verb /ˈkɒntest/ /kənˈtestant/ Penultimate penultimate

/ˈentə(r)/ /ˈentrənt/ Penultimate penultimate

Based on the data collection, the researcher has found 2 bisyllabic words

which undergo stress change from penultimate stress to penultimate stress. From

the table above, we can see that all the base words have the primary stress on the

penultimate position which is stressed on the second syllable from the end. For

example, the first syllable of the word /ˈentə(r)/ bears penultimate stress because it

has a tense vowel [e] and a coda [n] which indicate heavy syllable. Meanwhile,

the second syllable is not stressed because it has a reduced vowel [ə]. The syllable

structure can be seen through the tree diagrams below:

Figure 22 The Syllable Structure of the Word “enter”


52

Furthermore, after the suffix {-ant} attached to the base word /ˈentə(r)/,

the stress changed to the second syllable /ˈentrənt/ because the second syllable is

more prominent than the other syllable. Even though the stress changes, the type

of stress does not undergo change which is from penultimate to penultimate be-

cause of the changed of syllable number after the addition of the suffix {-ant}.

The syllable structure can be seen in the tree diagram below:

Figure 23 The Syllable Structure of the Word “entrant”

e. Ultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Ultimate stress is a stress position on the last syllable. Meanwhile,

antepenultimate stress is a stress position on the third syllable from the end. In this

part, the researcher discusses the process on how stress changed from ultimate

stress to antepenultimate stress. In order to make the analysis more detail, the

researcher has been served the data in the table below:

Table 13 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of

the Suffix {-ant}

Word

Catego-

ries


Verbs /əˈplaɪ/ /ˈæplɪkənt/ Ultimate antepenultimate

/kəˈmɑːnd/ /'kɒməndænt/ Ultimate antepenultimate


53

/kəˈmjuːn/ /kəˈmjuːnɪkənt/ Ultimate antepenultimate

Based on the data, the researcher has only found 3 bisyllabic base words

which undergo stress changed from ultimate to antepenultimate. The table above

shows that all the base words have the primary stress on the second syllable or the

ultimate position because the first syllable have a reduced vowel [ə] which cannot

bear a stress. In addition, the second syllables are also indicated as heavy syllables

because they have tense vowel such as tense vowel /ɑː/ in the word /kəˈmɑːnd/

and tense vowel /uː/ in the word /kəˈmjuːn/. The syllable structure can be seen in

the tree diagrams below:

Figure 24 The Syllable Structure of the Word “command”

Figure 25 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commune”


54

Furthermore, after the suffix {-ant} is attached to the base words

/kəˈmɑːnd/ and /kəˈmjuːn/, stress changed from ultimate to penultimate stress

/'kɒməndænt/ and /kəˈmjuːnɪkənt/. The syllable structures are shown below:

Figure 26 The Syllable Structure of the Word “commandant”

Figure 27 The Syllable Structure of the Word “communicant”

Based on the tree diagrams above, stress changes to antepenultimate position

which is stress on the third syllable from the end because the third syllables are

heavy. In the word /'kɒməndænt/, heavy syllable can be indicated by the existence

of tense vowel [ɒ]. Meanwhile, in the word /kəˈmjuːnɪkənt/, heavy syllable can be

indicated by the existence of tense vowel [uː].

f. Ultimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Ultimate stress is a stress position on the last syllable. In this part, the

researcher discusses the process on how stress changed from ultimate stress to


55

ultimate stress. In order to make the analysis more detail, the researcher has been

served the data in the table below:

Table 14 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix

{-ant}

Word Cat-

egories


Verbs /kənˈfaɪd/ /kɒnfɪˈdɑːnt/ Ultimate ultimate

Based on the table above, the word /kənˈfaɪd/ is the only one datum that

undergoes stress change from ultimate to ultimate stress. Even though the type of

stress does not change, the stress position changes. The word /kənˈfaɪd/ has the

primary stress on the second syllable / faɪd/ because it has vowel /aɪ/ which

indicates a heavy syllable. Meanwhile, the first syllable /kən/ is light. The syllable

structure can be seen through the tree diagram below:

Figure 28 The Syllable Structure of the Word “confide”

Moreover, after the addition of the suffix {-ant}, the primary stress

changed to the third syllable /dɑːnt/ because it is a heavy syllable with the exist-

ence of tense vowel /ɑː/. However, the type of stress does not change because of

the syllable number changes. The syllable structure can be sen in the tree diagram

below:


56

Figure 29 The Syllable Structure of the Word “confidant”

g. Antepenultimate Stress to Antepenultimate Stress of the Suffix {-ant}

Antepenultimate stress is a stress position on the third syllable from the

end. In this part, the researcher discusses the process on how stress changed from

antepenultimate stress to antepenultimate stress. In order to make the analysis

more detail, the researcher has been served the data in the table below:

Table 15 Stress Changes from Utimate Stress to Ultimate Stress of the Suffix

{-ant}

Word

Catego

ries


Verbs

/ˈselɪbreɪt/ /ˈselɪbrənt/ Antepenultimate antepenult

/ˈdiːvieɪt/ /'diːviənt/ Antepenultimate antepenult

/ˈemɪgreɪt/ /ˈemɪgrənt/ Antepenultimate antepenult

/ˈlɪtɪgeɪt/ /ˈlɪtɪgənt/ Antepenultimate antepenult

/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ Antepenultimate antepenult

Based on the data, the researcher has found 5 pollysyllabic words which

undergo changed from antepenultimate to antepenultimate stress. Most of the base

words bear the primary stress on the antepenultimate position because the third

syllables from the end are heavy syllables. For instance, the pollysyllabic word

/ˈselɪbreɪt/ has a tense vowel /e/ in the first syllable that makes the syllable bear


57

antepenultimate stress because it is a heavy syllable and it is more prominent than

the other syllable. The other example is the word /ˈdiːvieɪt/ stressed on the

antepenultimate position bcause the existence of tense vowel [iː] which indicates

heavy syllable. The syllable structure can be seen in the tree diagrams as follow:

Figure 30 The Syllable Structure of the Word “celebrate”

Figure 31 The Syllable Structure of the Word “deviate”

Moreover, after the suffix {-ant} is attached to the base words /ˈselɪbreɪt/

and /ˈdiːvieɪt/, the base words do not undergo stress changed. Stress remains on

the same position which is on the antepenultimate position in the word /ˈselɪbrənt/

and /'diːviənt/. The syllable structure can be seen in the tree diagrams below:


58

Figure 32 The Syllable Structure of the Word “celebrant”

Figure 33 The Syllable Structure of the Word “deviant”

This phenomenon happened because after the addition of the suffix {-ant}, the

number of syllable does not changed. Therefore, the types of stress are remain on

the same position as before the addition of the suffix {-ant}.


59

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter discusses the conclusion of the previous chapter based on the

answer of the problem formulation. The first problem formulation is to identify

the base categories of English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-

ant}.

In analyzing the base categories of English agentive nominalization of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}, the meanings of the words are needed in order to decide

whether the meaning of the base words and word form after the addition of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} are related or not. Moreover, the word formation of

suffixes {-ee} and {-ant} which are not in the form of noun agentive have to be

eliminated. There are three base categories of the word ending with suffixes {-ee}

and {-ant}. First, adjective bases consist of 1 data ending with the suffix {-ee}.

Second, noun bases consist of 5 data ending with suffixes {-ee}. Third, verb bases

consist of 43 data ending with suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}.

The second problem formulation is to find out stress types change in

English agentive nominalization of suffixes {-ee} and {-ant}. There were 4 types

of stress changed in English agentive nominalization of the suffix {-ee}: primary

stress to ultimate stress, ultimate stress to ultimate stress, penultimate stress to

ultimate stress, and ultimate stress to penultimate stress.

Furthermore, there were 7 types of stress changed in English agentive

nominalization of the suffix {-ant}: primary stress to penultimate stress, ultimate

stress to penultimate stress, penultimate stress to antepenultimate stress,


60

penultimate stress to penultimate stress, ultimate stress to antepenultimate stress,

ultimate stress to ultimate stress, and antepenultimate stress to antepenultimate

stress. The analysis on the previous chapter shows that stress tends to fall on the

heavy syllables. The heavy syllables can be characterized with the existence of

tense vowel or diphthong, and the existence of filled codas.

Moreover, the syllables which have a schwa [ə] cannot bear the primary

stress because the vowel schwa [ə] is reduced. Basically, a reduced vowel schwa

[ə], a vocalic consonant, and a lax vowel /ʊ/ cannot be found on the stressed

syllable. Meanwhile, tense vowel or diphthong can be found in unstressed syllable

or light syllable. Therefore, in conclusion, the stressed syllable must be heavy

syllable, menwhile a heavy syllable does not have to be stressed. In addition, most

of the ambisyllabic words are heavy syllabe such as in the word “account”,

“committee”, “communicant”, etc.


61

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The Words Attached by the Suffix {-ee}

No. Stem (N) Meaning Base Meaning

1. Absentee (N) Person who is

absent from a

place, event, etc

where he or she

was expected

Absent (V)

To decide not to

be present; to stay

away

2. Addressee (N) Person to whom a

letter, etc is

addressed

Address (V)

To write on a

letter, parcel, etc

the name and

address of the

person that it is to

be delivered to

3. Appointee (N) Person appointed

to a job or

position

Appoint (V) To choose sb for a

job or position of

responsibility

4. Committee (N) A group of people

appointed, usu by

a larger group, to

deal with a

particular matter

Commit (V) To do something

that is illegal or

wrong

5. Detainee (N) Person who is

detained by

police, etc

Detain (V) To keep sb in an

official place

6. Devotee (N) Person who is

extremely keen on

something

Devote (V) To give one’s

time, energy, etc

to somebody/

something

7. Draftee (N) Person who is

drafted

Draft (V) To order some-

body to serve in

the armed forces

8. Employee (N) Person who works Employ (V) To give work to


65

for sb or for a

company in return

for wages

somebody, usually

for payment

9. Escapee (N) Person who has

escaped, esp from

prison

Escape (V)

To become free;

to get away from a

place where one

has been a

prisoner

10. Enrollee (N) Person who has

enrolled in a

class, school, etc

Enroll (V) To become or

make sb a member

of a group, a

student on a

course, etc

11. Franchisee (N) Person, company,

etc holding a

franchise

Franchise

(N)

The right to vote

at public election

Formal permission

to sell a

company’s goods

or services in a

particular area

12. Grandee (N) Person of high

rank or

impportance

Grand (Adj) Magnificent,

splendid, big, of

great importance

13. Internee (N) Person who is

interned

Intern (V) To confine sb, esp

for political or

military reasons,

in a prison or

within a place,

without allowing

them to leave

14. Licensee (N) Person who has a

license, esp to sell

alcoholic drinks

License (N)

An official

document

showing that

permission has

been given to do,


66

own or use sth

15. Mortgagee (N) Person or an

organization that

lends money in

mortage

agreements

Mortgage

(V)

To give somebody

the legal right to

take possession of

a house or some

other property as a

security for

payment of money

lent

16. Patentee (N) Person who

obtains or holds

patent

Patent (V) To get a right in

making or selling

products

17. Payee (N) Person to whom

something is paid

Pay (N) Money paid to

someone for doing

work

18. Refugee (N) Person who has

been forced to

leave his or her

country, home,

etc for political or

religious reasons,

or because there is

a war, shortage of

food

Refuge (N) Shelter or

protection from

danger, trouble,

etc

19. Returnee (N) Person who

returns or is taken

home from

abroad, esp

unwillingly

Return (V)

To go back to a

place

20. Referee (N) Person who is

asked to settle a

dispute, an

argument, etc

Refer (V) To mention or

speak of sb/ sth

21. Trainee (N) Person being

trained for a job,

Train (V) To teach a person

or an animal to


67

etc perform a

particular job or

skill well, or to

behave in a

particular way, by

regular instruction

and practice

22. Trustee (N) Person who is

responsible for

managing a trust

Trust (V) To believe that

someone or some-

thing is reliable,

good, honest, ef-

fective, etc

23. Townee (N) Person who lives

in a town or city,

esp one who is

ignorant of

country life

Town (N) A place with

many houses,

shops and other

buildings that is

larger than a

village but smaller

than a city

Appendix 2: The Words Attached by the Suffix {-ant}

No. Stem (N) Meaning Base Meaning

1. Accountant (N) Person who

checks financial

account

Account (V) To think of

something in

specified way

2. Applicant (N) Person who

apply

Apply (V) make formal

request

3. Assailant (N) Person who

attacks sbd

Assail (V) To attack

somebody

4. Assistant (N) Person who helps Assist (V) To help

5. Attendant (N) Person whose job

is to provide

services

Attend (V) To be present,

serve


68

6. Celebrant (N) Person who

celebrate

Celebrate

(V)

To do special

event

7. Claimant (N) Person who

claim

Claim (V) To state or

declare

8. Combatant (N) Person involved

in fighting

Combat (V) To fight against

(someone)

9. Commandant

(N)

An officer in

military

Command

(V)

To have authority

and control over

10. Communicant

(N)

Person who

receives

communion

Commune

(V)

To communicate

in very persponal

or spiritual way

11. Complainant

(N)

Person who

complains

Complain

(V)

To express

unhappiness

12. Confidant (N) Person that one

trusts to speak to

about one’s

secret

Confide (V) To tell a secret to

somebody

13. Consultant (N) Person who gives

expert advice

Consult (V) To go to a

person, book, etc

jto get an advice

14. Contestant (N) Person who

participates in a

contest

Contest (V) To try to win

something

15. Defendant (N) A person accused

in a legal case

Defend (V) To protect sth/ sb

from harm

17. Dependant (N) Person who

depends on

others

Depend (V) To hang down/

depend on sth/ sb

18. Descendant (N) Person or animal

that has another

as an ancestor

Descend (V) To have sb as an

ancestor


69

19. Deviant (N) Person who is

different in

moral/ social

standards

Deviate (V) To change from

what is normal or

usual

20. Emigrant (N) Person who

emigrates

Emigrate (V) To leave one’s

own country and

go to live

permanently in

another

21. Entrant (N) Person who

enters sth

Enter (V) To go or come

into

22. Informant (N) Person who gives

information

Inform (V) To give sb facts

or information

23. Inhabitant (N) Person or animal

living in a place

Inhabit (V) To live in a place

24. Litigant (N) Person involved

in a claim or

dispute brought

before a lawcourt

Litigate (V) To take a claim

or dispute to a

lawcourt

25. Migrant (N) Person or animal

that migrates

Migrate (V) To move from

one place to go to

live or work in

another

26. Participant (N) Person who takes

part in sth

Participate

(V)

To take part or

become involved

in an activity

27. Servant (N) Person who

works in sb

else’s household

for wages, food,

and lodging

Serve (V) To work for sb

espas a servant


stress changes in english agentive nominalization of

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