strategies for rural marketing

8/8/2019 Strategies for Rural Marketing

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Strategies For Rural Marketing

Introduction

For quite some time now, the lure of rural India has been the subject of animated discussion in

corporate suites. And there is a good reason too. With urban markets getting saturated for several

categories of consumer goods and with rising rural incomes, marketing executives are fanning

out and discovering the strengths of the large rural markets as they try to enlarge their markets.

Today, the idea has grown out of its infancy and dominates discussions in any corporate

boardroom strategy session. Adi Godrej, chairman of the Godrej group that is in a range of

businesses from real estate and personal care to agri-foods, has no hesitation proclaiming, It is a

myth that rural consumers are not brand and quality conscious. A survey by the National Council

for Applied Economic Research(NCAER), India's premier economic research entity, recentlyconfirmed that rise in rural incomes is keeping pace with urban incomes. From 55 to 58 per cent

of the average urban income in 1994-95, the average rural income has gone up to 63 to 64 per

cent by 2001-02 and touched almost 66 per cent in 2004-05. The rural middle class is growing at

12 per cent against the 13 per cent growth of its urban counterpart. Even better, the upper income

class those with household incomes of over Rs one million [$22,700] per annum is projected to

go up to 21 million by 2009-10 from four million in 2001-02. It will have a 22 to 23 per cent

rural component. Higher rural incomes have meant larger markets. Already, the rural tilt is

beginning to show. A study by the Chennai-based Francis Kanoi Marketing Planning Services

says that the rural market for FMCG is worth $14.4 billion, far ahead of the market for tractors

and agri-inputs which is estimated at $10 billion. Rural India also accounts for sales of $1.7billion for cars, scooters and bikes and over one billion dollars of durables.

In total, that represents a market worth a whopping $27 billion. It is nowonder that even MNCs

have cottoned on to the idea of a resurgent rural India waiting to happen. Four years ago, Coke

ventured into the hinterland. Now Coke's rural growth of 37 per cent far outstrips its urban

growth of 24 per cent. Its global rival Pepsico took a wider approach to the business when it was

3given permission to set up shop in India in the late 1980s and investment in food processing and

farming was a pre-condition for entry. The company imported a state-of-the art tomato

processing plant from Italy to Punjab.

In ve years, productivity improved from 16 tonnes to 52 tonnes per hectare and there was a

tomato glut in the state. Farmers weren't complaining because even though prices fell, their

incomes increased because of the huge jump in productivity. Pepsi is now heralding a citrus

plantation drive in the state and other parts of the country for its brand of Tropicana fruit juices,

to replace imported fruit. Hindustan Lever Ltd, the $2.3 billion Indian subsidiary of Unilever, the

country's largest FMCG company, has also got on the bandwagon. It's Project Shakti uses self-


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help groups across the country to push Lever products deeper into the hinterland. Its four-

pronged programme creates income-generating capabilities for underprivileged rural women;

improves rural quality of life by spreading awareness of best practices in health and hygiene;

empowers the rural community by creating access to relevant information through community

portals and it also works with NGOs to spread literacy. There are currently over 15,000 Shakti

entrepreneurs, most of them women, in 61,400 villages across 12 states. By the end of 2010,

Shakti aims to have 100,000 Shakti entrepreneurs covering 500,000 of Indias 640,000 villages,

touching the lives of over 600 million people. With such an emphasis on rural marketing,

consumption patterns are changing and it signals a change in the regulatory environment.

Vertical integration of the food market from farm to rm to fork becomes the best way to achieve

eciency and serve the interest of every stakeholder in the chain the farmer, the processor, the

retailer and the consumer. As Ashok Gulati of the US-based International Food Policy Research

Institute put its, The future of Indian agriculture in general and the farmer in particular depends

on the how soon they can become globally competitive. Indian economic policy realises this.

Between the 8th (1992-97) and the 10th (2002-07) Five Year Plans, successive governmentshave tripled the spending on rural development from $6.82 billion to $20.2 billion. All this

potential has got India's big business houses rushing to enter and expand rural businesses.

Telecom giant Sunil Mittal, chairman of the $2 4billion mobile telephony major Bharti Tele-

Ventures, is another unabashed age-bearer of the 'go rural' strategy. He is condent that the next

'explosive' phase of demand for cellular connections is going to come from the villages. In an

interesting business diversification, he has tied up with the legendary Rothschilds of Europe for a

$51 million food processing venture and export of fruits and vegetables. We can replicate our

pre-eminence in IT agriculture and transform the country into a global food basket, he points out.

Mittal's initial investments include an agriculture research centre and model farm in Punjab. If

the hinterland has caught the attention of Mittal, among the country's most recent entrants to theranks of big business, it has also not escaped the radar of the oldest business house, the $17

billion Tata group, which has consolidated its rural operations. The group's two companies, Tata

Chemicals and Rallis India, ran separate rural initiatives till 2003. Tata Chemicals ran a chain

called Tata Kisan Kendra, which oered farmers a host of products and services ranging from

agriinputs to nancing to advisory services. Rallis, on the other hand, was partnering ICICI Bank

and Hindustan Lever in ofering deals to farmers that covered operations from the pre-harvest to

post-harvest stage. In 2004, the two operations were merged and Tata Kisan Sansar, a network of

onestop shops providing everything from inputs to know-how to loans, was launched. Today, the

Tata Kisan Sansar has 421 franchisee-run centres in three states and reaches out to over 3.6

million farmers. Like the Tatas, the $2.6 billion Mahindra group has successfully established a

synergy between its current businesses and the planned rural

forays. Its agship, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd is India's largest farm equipment company. Its

subsidiary, Mahindra Shubhlabh Services, has operations in 11 states, and leverages the strong

Mahindra brand, the 700,000-strong Mahindra tractor customer base and the 400-plus dealer

network, to provide a complete range of products and services to improve farm productivity and


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establish market linkages to the commodity market chain. Its retailing arm, Mahindra Krishi

Vihar, has been instrumental in increasing the groundnut yield in Rajasthan through a new seed

sourced from the state of Maharashtra, and it has also introduced a new variety of grapes in

Maharashtra. Says Vikram Puri, head of Mahindra Shubhlabh Services, Almost 80 per cent of

5the farmers registered with us have less than ve acres land. We are making farming an attractive

proposition through three basic guiding steps growing what the market requires, improving the

crop yield and decreasing the cost of crop production. The activities of Mahindra Shubhlabh

Services have attracted the attention of the International Finance Corporation, the nancial arm of

the World Bank, which recently picked up a 27 per cent stake in the company. Rural India

accounts for a market worth $27 billion. No wonder even MNCs have cottoned on to the idea of

a resurgent rural India.

2 Strategies

2.1 BY COMMUNICATING AND CHANGING QUALITY PERCEPTION

Companies are coming up with new technology and they are properly communicating it to the

customer. There is a trade of between Quality a customer perceives and a company wants to

communicate. Thus, this positioning of technology is very crucial. The perception of the Indian

about the desired product is changing. Now they know the difference between the products and

the utilities derived out of it. As a rural Indian customer always wanted value for money with the

changed perception, one can notice difference in current market scenario.

2.2 BY PROPER COMMUNICATION IN INDIAN LANGUAGE

The companies have realized the importance of proper communication in local language for promoting their products. They have started selling the concept of quality with proper

communication. Their main focus is to change the Indian customer outlook about quality. With

their promotion, rural customer started asking for value for money.

62.3 BY TARGET CHANGING PERCEPTION

If one go to villages they will see that villagers using Toothpaste, even when they can use Neem

or Babool sticks or Gudakhu, villagers are using soaps like Nima rose, Breeze, Cinthol etc. even

when they can use locally manufactured very low priced soaps. Villagers are constantly looking

forward for new branded products. What can one infer from these incidents, is the paradigm

changing and customer no longer price sensitive? Indian customer was never price sensitive, but

they want value for money. They are ready to pay premium for the product if the product is o

ering some extra utility for the premium.

2.4 BY UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL VALUES


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Companies have recognized that social and cultural values have a very strong hold on the people.

Cultural values play major role in deciding what to buy. Moreover, rural people are emotional

and sensitive. Thus, to promote their brands, they are exploiting social and cultural values.

2.5 BY PROVIDING WHAT CUSTOMER WANT

The customers want value for money. They do not see any value in frills associated with the

products. They aim for the basic functionality. However, if the seller provide frills free of cost

they are happy with that. They are happy with such a high technology that can fulfill their need.

As "Motorola" has launched, seven models of Cellular Phones of high technology but none took.

On the other hand, "Nokia" has launched a simple product, which has captured the market.

72.6 BY PROMOTING PRODUCTS WITH INDIAN MODELS AND ACTORS

Companies are picking up Indian models, actors for advertisements as this helps them to show

themselves as an Indian company. Diana Hyden and Shahrukh Khan are chosen as a brand

ambassador for MNC quartz clock maker "OMEGA" even though when they have models like

Cindy Crawford.

2.7 BY ASSOCIATING THEMSELVESWITH INDIA

MNCs are associating themselves with India by talking about India, by explicitly saying that

they are Indian. M-TV during Independence Day and Republic daytime make their logo with

Indian tri-color. Nokia has designed a new cellular phone 5110, with the India tri-colour and a

ringing tone of "Sare Jahan se achcha".

2.8 BY PROMOTING INDIAN SPORTS TEAM

Companies are promoting Indian sports teams so that they can associate themselves with India.

With this, they influence Indian mindset. LG has launched a campaign "LG ki Dua, all the best".

ITC is promoting Indian cricket team for years, during world cup they have launched a campaign

"Jeeta hai jitega apna HindustanIndia India India". Similarly, Whirlpool has also launched a

campaign during world cup.

2.9 BY TALKING ABOUT A NORMAL INDIAN

Companies are now talking about normal India. It is a normal tendency of an Indian to try to

associate himself/herself with the product. If he/she can visualize himself/herself with the

product, he /she becomes loyal to it. That is why companies like Daewoo based their

advertisements on a normal Indian family.

82.10 BY DEVELOPING RURAL-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS


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Many companies are developing rural-specific products. Keeping into consideration the

requirements, arm develops these products. Electrolux is working on a made-for India fridge

designed to serve basic purposes: chill drinking water, keep cooked food fresh, and to withstand

long power cuts.

2.11 BY GIVING INDIAN WORDS FOR BRANDS

Companies use Indian words for brands. Like LG has used India brand name "Sampoorna" for its

newly launched TV. The word is a part of the Bengali, Hindi, Marathi and Tamil tongue. In the

past one year, LG has sold one lakh 20-inch Sampoorna TVs, all in towns with a population of

around 10,000. By the end of 1999, roughly 12Thats Rs 114 crore worth of TV sets sold in the

villages in a year.

2.12 BY ACQUIRING INDIAN BRANDS

As Indian brands are operating in India for a long time and they enjoy a good reputation in India.

MNCs have found that it is much easier for them to operate in India if they acquire an

Established Indian Brand. Electrolux has acquired two Indian brands Kelvinator and Allwyn this

has gave them the well-established distribution channel. As well as trust of people, as people

believe these brands. Similarly Coke has acquired Thumps up, Gold Spot, Citra and Limca so

that they can kill these brands, but later on they realized that to survive in the market and to

compete with their competitor they have to rejuvenate these brands.

2.13 BY EFFECTIVE MEDIA COMMUNICATION

Media Rural marketing is being used by companies. They can either go for the traditional media

or the modern media. The traditional media include 9melas, puppetry, folk theatre etc. while themodern media includes TV, radio, e-chaupal. LIC uses puppets to educate rural masses about its

insurance policies. Govt of India uses puppetry in its campaigns to press ahead social issues.

Brook Bond Lipton India ltd used magicians effectively for launch of Kadak Chap Tea in

Etawah district. In between such a show, the lights are switched of and a torch is flashed in the

dark (EVEREADYs tact). ITC's e-chaupal (chaupal is the common place where villagers gather)

has been the most elaborate and extensive venture in this held so far. Conceived by ITC's

international business division and launched in 2000, the e-chaupal project has since grown to

around 2,700 chaupals covering a population of around 1.2 million in five states { Madhya

Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra).

Rural marketing requires the understanding of the complexities and this article reviews some of

the key issues. Indian agricultural industry has been growing at a tremendous pace in the last few

decades. The rural areas are consuming a large number of industrial and urban manufactured

products. The rural agricultural production and consumption process plays a predominant role in

developing the Indian economy. This has designed a new way for understanding a new process

called Rural Marketing. The concept of rural marketing has to be distinguished from Agricultural


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should be given due attention and importance by understanding the product

usage, all elements of marketing mix can be better organised and managed.

112.14 BY ADOPTING LOCALISED WAY OF DIS-

TRIBUTING

Proper distribution channels are recognized by companies. The distribution

channel could be a Big scale Super markets, they thought that a similar

system can be grown in India. However, they were wrong, soon they realized

that to succeed in India they have to reach the nook and the corner of

the country. They have to reach the "local Paan wala, Local Baniya" only

they can succeed. MNC shoe giants, Adidas, Reebok, Nike started with

exclusive stores but soon they realized that they do not enjoy much Brand

Equity in India, and to capture the market share in India they have to go the

local market shoe sellers. They have to reach to local cities with low priced

products.

2.15 BY ASSOCIATING THEMSELVES WITH IN-

DIAN CELEBRITIES

MNCs have realized that in India celebrities enjoyed a great popularity

so they now associate themselves with Indian celebrities. Recently Luxor

Writing Instruments Ltd. a JV of Gillette and Luxor has launched 500

"Gajgamini" range of Parker Sonnet Hussain special edition fountain pens,

priced at Rs. 5000. This pen is signed by Mr. Makbul Fida Hussain a

renowned painter who has created "Gajgamini" range of paintings. Com-

panies are promoting players like Bhaichung Bhutia, who is promoted by

Reebok, so that they can associate their name with players like him and get

popularity.


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2.16 MELAS

Melas are places where villagers gather once in a while for shopping. Com-

panies take advantage of such events to market their products. Dabur uses

these events to sell products like JANAM GHUTI(Gripe water). NCAER

estimates that around half of items sold in these melas are FMCG products

12and consumer durables. Escorts also displays its products like tractors and

motorcycles in such melas.

2.17 PAINTINGS

A picture is worth thousand words. The message is simple and clean. Rural

people like the sight of bright colours. COKE, PEPSI and TATA traders

advertise their products through paintings.

3 Case Studies-1: AKASHGANGA

This case study is about a product and service named Akashganga sold by a

small, entrepreneurial business named Shree Kamadhenu Electronics Private

Ltd. (SKEPL). Akashganga is for diary farmers and it is intended to enable

to them to increase their e


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ciency and productivity. The Indian diary in-

dustry is plagued by several problems, the major ones being low productivity

of Indian cows, the delays in processing milk, low quality caused by manual

handling, corruption and mismanagement, and, of course, endemic dilution

of milk with water. Akashganga attempts to alleviate some of these issues.

Akashganga is a computerized system. When a farmer gets milk into the

collection point, it's weighed and the amount of fat measured and imme-

diately an entry is made on the farmer's swipe card. The money can be

collected immediately. This is marked contrast to the previous system where

the


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nancial calculation was done later to avoid holding up the queue of

farmers ready for milking; the calculation was done by hand and was some-

what complicated. With the new system, calculation is done automatically

which makes it possible to pay the farmer on the spot rather than having

him wait for a couple of days. Also the potential for cheating is reduced. An

entry is made electronically on the farmer's swipe card.

When SKEPL wanted to market this service, it ran up against the skepticism

of the Indian rural people against unproven technology. This is the classic

catch-22 situation as the farmer does not trust the tool till he tries it, and is

reluctant to try it till he trusts it. SKEPL got around this problem by o

er-

13ing free trials and delayed payment schemes stretching up to several months.

The company also provided responsive and e


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cient after-sales service. It

established a service network covering the rural areas, and typically would

attend to a compliant within a few hours of receiving it.

It's important to note that the company's local presence whether for mar-

keting, sales or service helped tremendously, since the villagers would not be

disposed to make a journey to a town or city to learn about their products.

The company also used a name Akashganga that Indian villagers can relate

to. This helped earn the trust of the villagers.

Also, Shree Kamadhenu Electronics used local people for marketing, sales,

service, etc. This was a very important factor that helped the farmers relate

to and trust the company.

Of course, the company had a solution that was superior in terms of time,

transparency, fairness, etc, and that played a big role in their success.

As a result of these factors, SKEPL gained a threshold in this large market

and earned respect among farmers.

4 Case-Study 2: ITC e-Choupal

4.1 About ITC-IBD

ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capi-

talisation of over US $14 billion and a turnover of US $3 billion. ITC has a

diversi


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ed presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards & Specialty Papers,

Packaging, Agri-Business, Packaged Foods & Confectionery, Branded Ap-

parel, Greeting Cards and other FMCG products. Its International Business

Division (ITC IBD) was created in 1990 as an agricultural trading company;

it now generates US $150 million in revenues annually.

Initially, the agricultural commodity trading business was small compared

to international players. By 1996, the opening up of the Indian market had

brought in international competition. Large international companies had

better margin-to-risk ratios because of wider options for risk management

14and arbitrage. For an Indian company to replicate the operating model of

such multinational corporations would have required a massive horizontal

and vertical expansion. In 1998, after competition forced ITC to explore the

options of sale, merger, and closure of IBD, ITC ultimately decided to retain

the business. The ITC-IBD taken the challenges to use information technol-

ogy to change the rules of the game and create a competitive business that

did not need a large asset base. Today, IBD is a US $150 million company

that trades in commodities such as feed ingredients, food-grains, co

ee, black

pepper, edible nuts, marine products, and processed fruits.

4.2 ITC e-Choupal and the Strategy

ITC followed a di

erent media/communication strategy which is more elabo-

rate and extensive in rural marketing so far, which bene


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ts both the farmers

and the organization. The strategy is use the Information Technology and

bridge the information and service gap in rural INDIA which gives an edge to

market its products like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and other products

like consumer goods. With this strategy it can also enhance its competetive-

ness in global market for agri exports.

A pure trading model does not require much capital investment. The e-

Choupal model, in contrast, has required that ITC make signi


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cant invest-

ments to create and maintain its own IT network in rural India and to identify

and train a local farmer to manage each e-Choupal.

The company has initiated an e-Choupal e

ort that places computers with

Internet access in rural farming villages; the e-Choupals serve as both a social

gathering place for exchange of information (choupal means gathering place

in Hindi) and an e-commerce hub. The computer, typically housed in the

farmers house, is linked to the Internet via phone lines or, increasingly, by

a VSAT connection, and serves an average of 600 farmers in 10 surrounding

villages within about a


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ve kilometer radius. Each e-Choupal costs between

US $3,000 and US $6,000 to set up and about US $100 per year to main-

15tain. Using the system costs farmers nothing, but the host farmer, called a

sanchalak, incurs some operating costs and is obligated by a public oath to

serve the entire community; the sanchalak bene


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ts from increased prestige

and a commission paid him for all e-Choupal transactions. The farmers can

use the computer to access daily closing prices on local mandis(government-

mandated markets), as well as to track global price trends or


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nd information

about new farming techniqueseither directly or, because many farmers are

illiterate, via the sanchalak (the village farmer who runs the e-Choupal and

acts as ITCs representative in the village). In addition they can also know

about weather forecast(local) and best practices in the world from e-Choupal

website. They also use the e-Choupal to order seed, fertilizer, and other

products such as consumer good from ITC or its partners, at prices lower

than those available from village traders; the sanchalak typically aggregates

the village demand for these products and transmits the order to an ITC

representative. At harvest time, ITC o

ers to buy the crop directly from

any farmer at the previous days closing price; the farmer then transports his

crop to an ITC processing center, where the crop is weighed electronically and

assessed for quality. The farmer is then paid for the crop and a transport fee.

Launched in June 2000, 'e-Choupal', has already become the largest ini-

tiative among all Internet-based interventions in rural India. 'e-Choupal'

services today reach out to more than 3.5 million farmers growing a range of

crops - soyabean, co

ee, wheat, rice, pulses, shrimp - in over 31,000 villages

through 5200 kiosks across six states (Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra

Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan).

16Figure 1: Transactional costs under Mandi & e-Choupal system

4.3 Operational costs and comparision with Mandis

Fixed Cost of Equipment at e-Choupal (in Rs.)

Printer Power related VSAT PC Total

2001-02 7000 19000 90000 39000 155,000


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2002-03 7000 15000 70000 30000 122,000

2003-04 7000 15000 70000 30000 122,000

2004-05 6000 14000 60000 27000 107,000

2005-06 6000 12000 50000 24000 92,000

4.4 Vision and Planning Behind the e-Choupals

Implementing and managing e-Choupals is a signi


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cant departure from com-

modities trading. Through its tobacco business, ITC has worked in Indian

17agriculture for decades, from research to procurement to distribution. ITCs

translation of the tactical and strategic challenges it faced and its social

commitment into a business model demonstrates a deep understanding of

both agrarian systems and modern management. The principles followed in

implementing the e-Choupals are

Re-engineer, Not Reconstruct

Present Mandi system have some success factors in it. ITC decided to

build e-Choupal on existing system. Already ITC has trading agents in

local mandis for its tobacco business. It retained the e


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cient providers

and created roles for ine


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cient people. It recruites and engages mem-

bers of landscape thereby making their expertise available to ITC.With

this principle ITC can avoid the reinventing the system in areas where

it can add no value with its presence i.e., in areas where e


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cient agents

are there.

Address the Whole, Not Just One Part

The farmers various activities range from procuring inputs to selling

produce. Currently, the village trader services the spectrum of farmers

needs. He is a centralized provider of cash, seed, fertilizer, pesticides,

and also the only marketing channel. As a result, the trader enjoys two

competitive bene


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ts. First, his intimate knowledge of the farmer and

village dynamics allow him to accurately assess and manage risk. Sec-

ond, he reduces overall transaction costs by aggregating services. The

linked transactions reduce the farmers overall cost in the short term,

but create a cycle of exploitative dependency in the long-term.

Rural development e

orts thus far have focused only on individual

pieces rather than what the entire community needs. Cooperatives

have tried to provide agricultural inputs, rural banks have tried to pro-

vide credit, and mandis have tried to create a better marketing channel.

These e

orts cannot compete against the traders bundled o

er. Func-

tioning as a viable procurement alternative, therefore, must eventually

address a range of needs, not just the marketing channel.

18ITC e-Chopal provide services as a bundle what the entire agricultural

community needs.

An IT-Driven Solution

Delivery of real-time information independent of the transaction. In the

mandi system, delivery, pricing, and sales happen simultaneously, thus

binding the farmer to an agent. E-Choupal was seen as a medium of

delivering critical market information independent of the mandi, thus

allowing the farmer an empowered choice of where and when to sell his

crop.

Risk analysis & challenges

{ Radical shifts in computing access will break community-based


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business models.

{ The sanchalaks are ITCs partners in the community, and as their

power and numbers increase, there is a threat of unionization and

rent extraction.

{ The scope of the operation: the diversity of activities required of

every operative and the speed of expansion create real threats to

e


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cient management.

{ If ITC fails to ful


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ll the aspirations of farmers, they will look

elsewhere for satisfaction.

4.5 Strategies to be followed

(1). Adopt the ability to determine the grades of the crop(grains) in the


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eld which commands the price premium for the crop.

e.g: Wheat

(2). Build the concept of traceability into the supply chain which will allow

to address the food safety concerns.

e.g: For perishables such as shrimps, which decays quickly with in short

19period of time, it need to de


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ne standards of production and product

quality.

(3). Provide the service as market-place for commodities where ITC is not

a sole buyer. It will reduce the operational cost of e-Choupal such as

IT infrastructure and transaction costs.

e.g: co

ee grains.

(4). Marketing value added products and services to rural INDIA , in ad-

dition to marketing agri inputs, through e-Choupal system.

(5). Sourcing IT-enabled services from rural INDIA. Telemedicine, eco-

tourism , traditional medicine and traditional crafts are some of the

services that can be sourced from rural INDIA.

4.6 Conclusion

ITC e-Choupal, an innovative strategy which is elaborative and extensive

in rural markets sofar. Critical factors in the apparent success of the ven-

ture are ITCs extensive knowledge of agriculture, the eort ITC has made

to retain many aspects of the existing production system, including retain-

ing the integral importance of local partners, the companys commitment to

transparency, and the respect and fairness with which both farmers and local

partners are treated.

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strategies for rural marketing

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