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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stevia

With its extracts having up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar, stevia has garnered attention with the rise in demand for low-

carbohydrate, low-sugar food alternatives. Medical research has also shown possible benefits of stevia in treating obesity and high

blood pressure. Because stevia has a negligible effect on blood glucose, it is attractive as a natural sweetener to people on

carbohydrate-controlled diets. Health concerns and political controversies have limited stevia's availability in many countries; for

example, the United States banned it in the early 1990s unless labeled as a supplement, but in 2008 approved rebaudioside-A

extract as a food additive. Some countries continue to limit or ban its use until existing applications are evaluated. Stevia is widely

used as a sweetener in Japan, South America, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand and parts of Asia.

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Stevia is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical

regions from western North America to South America. The species Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as sweetleaf, sweet

leaf, sugarleaf, or simply stevia, is widely grown for its sweet leaves. As a sweetener and sugar substitute, stevia's taste has a

slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, although some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high

concentrations.

Article Discussion Edit this page History

Kingdom:

(unranked):

(unranked):

(unranked):

Order:

Family:

Tribe:

Genus:

Species

Stevia

Stevia rebaudiana flowers.

Scientific classification

Plantae

Angiosperms

Eudicots

Asterids

Asterales

Asteraceae

Eupatorieae

Stevia

Cav.

Contents [hide]

● 1 History and use

● 2 Extraction of sweet compounds

● 3 Safety

● 4 Political controversy

● 5 Names in other countries

● 6 See also

● 7 Further reading

● 8 Notes and references

❍ 1.1 Medicinal use

❍ 1.2 Availability

❍ 1.3 Commercialization

■ 1.2.1 Current availability

■ 1.2.2 Availability notes

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The genus Stevia consists of 240[1]

species of plants native to South America, Central

America, and Mexico, with several species found as far north as Arizona, New Mexico,

and Texas.[2]

They were first researched by Spanish botanist and physician Pedro Jaime

Esteve, and the word stevia is a Latinized derivation of his surname.[3]

Human use of the

sweet species S. rebaudiana originated in South America. The leaves of the stevia plant have 30–45 times the sweetness of

sucrose (ordinary table sugar).[4]

The leaves can be eaten fresh, or put in teas and foods.

In 1899, the Swiss botanist Moisés Santiago Bertoni, during his research in eastern Paraguay first described the plant and the

sweet taste in detail.[5]

But only limited research was conducted on the topic until, in 1931, two French chemists isolated the

glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste.[6]

These compounds were named stevioside and rebaudioside, and are 250–300

times sweeter than sucrose, heat stable, pH stable, and non-fermentable.[7]

The exact structure of the aglycone and the glycoside were published in 1955.

In the early 1970s, Japan began cultivating stevia as an alternative to artificial sweeteners such as cyclamate and saccharin,

which were suspected carcinogens. The plant's leaves, the aqueous extract of the leaves, and purified steviosides are used as sweeteners. Since the Japanese firm

Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. produced the first commercial stevia sweetener in Japan in 1971,[8]

the Japanese have been using stevia in food products, soft drinks

(including Coca Cola),[9]

and for table use. Japan currently consumes more stevia than any other country, with stevia accounting for 40% of the sweetener market.[10]

Today, stevia is cultivated and used in food elsewhere in east Asia, including in China (since 1984), Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Malaysia. It can also be found in Saint

Kitts and Nevis, in parts of South America (Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay) and in Israel. China is the world's largest exporter of stevioside.[10]

Stevia species are found in the wild in semi-arid habitats ranging from grassland to mountain terrain. Stevia does produce seeds, but only a small percentage of them

germinate. Planting cloned stevia is a more effective method of reproduction.

For centuries, the Guaraní tribes of Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil used stevia, which

they called ka'a he'ê ("sweet herb"), as a sweetener in yerba mate and medicinal

teas for treating heartburn and other ailments.[11]

More recent medical research has

[edit]History and use

[edit]Medicinal use

About 240 species, including:

Stevia eupatoria

Stevia ovata

Stevia plummerae

Stevia rebaudiana

Stevia salicifolia

Stevia serrata

Steviol is the basic building block of

stevia's sweet glycosides: Stevioside

and rebaudioside A are constructed by

replacing the bottom hydrogen atom

with glucose and the top hydrogen atom

with two or three linked glucose groups,

respectively.

● 9 External links

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shown promise in treating obesity[12]

and hypertension.[13][14]

Stevia has a negligible

effect on blood glucose, even enhancing glucose tolerance;[15]

therefore, it is

attractive as a natural sweetener to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled

diets.[16]

Possible treatment of osteoporosis has been suggested by the patent application

claim that eggshell breakage can be reduced by 75% by adding a small percentage

of stevia leaf powder to chicken feed.[17]

It has also been suggested that pigs fed

stevia extract had twice as much calcium content in their meat, but these claims have

been unverified.[18]

[edit]Availability

[edit]Current availability

Widely used as a sweetener

Available as a food additive (sweetener)

Available as a dietary supplement

Available as either a food additive or dietary supplement

● Japan (1970)[19]

● Australia, and New Zealand (October 2008)[20]

— All steviol glycoside extracts

● Brazil (1986)[19]

— Stevioside extract

● France — Approved 97% or greater purity rebaudioside A for a 2-year test starting September 2009)[21][22][19]

● Mexico (2009)[19]

— Mixed steviol glycoside extract, not separate extracts

● Canada

● Switzerland

● United States

❍ Mixed steviol glycoside extracts with greater than 95% purity available as a food additive (2008)[23]

❍ High purity rebaudioside A as a food additive (2009)[19]

S. rebaudiana foliage

The stevia plant may be grown

legally in most countries, although some

countries restrict or ban its use as a

sweetener.

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Stevia has been grown on an experimental basis in Ontario, Canada since 1987 for the purpose of determining the feasibility of growing the crop commercially.

In 2007, The Coca-Cola Company announced plans to obtain approval for their stevia-derived sweetener rebiana for use as a food additive within the United States by

2009, as well as plans to market rebiana-sweetened products in 12 countries that allow stevia's use as a food additive.[29][30]

In May 2008, Coke and Cargill announced

the availability of Truvia, a consumer brand stevia sweetener containing erythritol and Rebiana,[31]

which the FDA permitted as a food additive in December 2008.[32]

Coca-Cola announced intentions to release stevia-sweetened beverages in late December 2008.[33]

Shortly afterward, PepsiCo and Pure Circle announced PureVia, their brand of stevia-based sweetener, but withheld release of beverages sweetened with rebaudioside

A until receipt of FDA confirmation. Since the FDA permitted Truvia and PureVia, both Coca Cola and PepsiCo have announced products that will contain their new

sweetener.[34]

Available (regulatory status unverified)

Banned

[edit]Availability notes

● In the United States, rebaudioside A is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as of December 2008.[24]

The leaves and other extracts are available as dietary

supplements.

● In Australia and New Zealand, prior to their October 2008 approval of all steviol glycoside extracts, stevia leaves could be sold as food.[27]

● The European Food Standards Agency is conducting a safety review and is expected to permit stevia extract to be used in the EU member states in 2010.[28]

[edit]Commercialization

Steviol glycosides were first commercialized as a sweetener in 1971 by the Japanese firm Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., a leading stevia extract producer in Japan.

[edit]Extraction of sweet compounds

● Argentina[25]

, China (1984), Colombia, Indonesia[25]

, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam[25]

.

● European Union except France

● Singapore[26]

● Hong Kong[26]

❍ Stevia leaf and extracts are available as dietary supplements (1995)

❍ Rebaudioside A is available (December 2008) as a food additive (sweetener).[24]

It is available under multiple trade names including: PureVia, Reb-A, Rebiana,

Sweet Leaf, and Truvia

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Rebaudioside A has the least bitterness of all the sweet compounds in the stevia plant. To produce rebaudioside A commercially, stevia plants are dried and subjected to

a water extraction process. This crude extract contains about 50% rebaudioside A and is refined using ethanol, methanol, crystallization and separation technologies to

separate the various glycoside molecules in the extract. This allows the manufacturer to isolate pure rebaudioside A.[35]

The National Research Council of Canada has patented a process for extracting sweet compounds from Stevia by column extraction at temperatures from 0-25°C ,

followed by purification by nanofiltration. A microfiltration pretreatment step is used to clarify the extract. Purification is by ultrafiltration followed by nanofiltration.[36]

A 1985 study reported that steviol, a breakdown product from stevioside and rebaudioside (two of the sweet steviol glycosides in the stevia leaf), is a mutagen in the

presence of a liver extract of pre-treated rats[37]

— but this finding was criticized on procedural grounds that the data were mishandled in such a way that even distilled

water would appear mutagenic.[38]

Over the following years bioassay, cell culture, and animal studies have shown mixed results in terms of toxicology and adverse

effects of stevia constituents. While reports emerged that found steviol and stevioside to be weak mutagens,[39][40]

the bulk of studies show an absence of harmful

effects.[41][42]

In a 2008 review, 14 of 16 studies cited showed no genotoxic activity for stevioside, 11 of 15 studies showed genotoxic activity for steviol, and no studies

showed genotoxicity for Rebaudioside A. No evidence for stevia constituents causing cancer or birth defects has been found.[41][42]

Other studies have shown stevia to improve insulin sensitivity in rats[43]

and possibly even to promote additional insulin production,[44]

helping to reverse diabetes and

metabolic syndrome.[45]

Preliminary human studies suggest that stevia can help reduce hypertension[46]

although another study has shown it to have no effect on

hypertension.[47]

Indeed, millions of Japanese have been using stevia for over thirty years with no reported or known harmful effects.[48]

Similarly, stevia leaves have

been used for centuries in South America spanning multiple generations in ethnomedical tradition as a treatment for type II diabetes.[49]

In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) performed a thorough evaluation of recent experimental studies of stevioside and steviols conducted on animals and

humans, and concluded that "stevioside and rebaudioside A are not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo and that the genotoxicity of steviol and some of its oxidative derivatives in

vitro is not expressed in vivo."[50]

The report also found no evidence of carcinogenic activity. Furthermore, the report noted that "stevioside has shown some evidence of

pharmacological effects in patients with hypertension or with type-2 diabetes"[50]

but concluded that further study was required to determine proper dosage. The WHO's

Joint Experts Committee on Food Additives has approved, based on long-term studies, an acceptable daily intake of steviol glycoside of up to 4 milligrams per kilogram of

body weight.[51]

In 1991, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeled stevia as an "unsafe food additive" and restricted its import. The FDA's stated reason was

"toxicological information on stevia is inadequate to demonstrate its safety."[52]

This ruling was controversial, as stevia proponents pointed out that this designation

violated the FDA's own guidelines under which natural substances used prior to 1958, with no reported adverse effects, should be generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

[edit]Safety

[edit]Political controversy

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as long as the substance was being used in the same way and format as prior to 1958.

Stevia occurs naturally, requiring no patent to produce it. As a consequence, since the import ban in 1991, marketers and consumers of stevia have shared a belief that

the FDA acted in response to industry pressure.[27]

Arizona congressman Jon Kyl, for example, called the FDA action against stevia "a restraint of trade to benefit the

artificial sweetener industry."[53]

To protect the complainant, the FDA deleted names in the original complaint in its responses to requests filed under the Freedom of

Information Act.[27]

Stevia remained banned until after the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act forced the FDA in 1995 to revise its stance to permit stevia to be used as a

dietary supplement, although not as a food additive — a position that stevia proponents regard as contradictory because it simultaneously labels stevia as safe and

unsafe, depending on how it is sold.[54]

Although unresolved questions remain about whether metabolic processes can produce a mutagen from stevia in animals, let alone in humans, the early studies

nevertheless prompted the European Commission in 1999 to ban stevia's use in food in the European Union pending further research.[55]

Singapore and Hong Kong

have banned it also.[26]

More recent data compiled in the safety evaluation released by the World Health Organization in 2006[50]

suggest that these policies may be

obsolete.

In December 2008, the FDA gave a "no objection" approval for GRAS status to Truvia (developed by Cargill and The Coca-Cola Company) and PureVia (developed by

PepsiCo and the Whole Earth Sweetener Company, a subsidiary of Merisant), both of which are wholly-derived from the Stevia plant.[56]

Both the sweetener and the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana (also known as Eupatorium rebaudianum[57]

) are known simply as "stevia" in English-speaking countries

(pronounced /�sti�vi�/) as well as in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Israel, Norway and Sweden — although some of these countries also use other terms as

shown below. Similar pronunciations occur in Japan (sutebia or ステビア in katakana), and in Thailand (satiwia). In some countries (India, for example) the name

translates literally as "sweet leaf." Below are some names for the stevia plant in various regions of the world:[58]

[edit]Names in other countries

● China: •菊 (tian jü – sweet chrysanthemum), •菊• (tian jü ye – stevia leaf)

● Dutch-speaking countries: honingkruid (honey herb)

● English-speaking countries: candy leaf, sugar leaf, sweetleaf (USA), sweet honey leaf (Australia), sweet herb of Paraguay

● German speaking countries, also Switzerland: Süßkraut, Süßblatt, Honigkraut

● Hungary: jázmin pakóca

● India: madhu parani (Marathi), gurmaar (Punjabi), madhu patra (Sanskrit), seeni tulsi (Tamil), madhu patri (Telugu)

● Israel: •••••• (s••viyy•h in Hebrew)

Stamp of Paraguay, containing the

Guarani and the scientific name of the

plant.

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[edit]See also

[edit]Further reading

[edit]Notes and references

● Japan: アマハステビア (amaha sutebia)

● Paraguay: ka´a he'ê (sweet herb in Guarani)

● Portuguese-speaking countries: capim doce (sweet grass), erva doce (sweet herb, also a Portuguese term for fennel), estévia (Brazil), folhas da stévia

● South Africa (Afrikaans): heuningblaar (honey leaf)

● Spanish-speaking countries: estévia, hierba dulce, yerba dulce

● Sweden: sötflockel

● Thailand: satiwia, •••••••• (ya wan, or sweet grass in Bangkok)

● Asteraceae

● Sugar substitute

● Glycoside

● Steviol glycoside

● Erythritol

● Fowler, Wendell (2002). Eat right, now! Recipes for a healthy lifestyle. Zionsville, IN: Guild Press/Emmis Pub. pp. 206. ISBN 1578601088. http://chefwendellfowler.

blogspot.com/2010/01/stevia-not-truvia-corporate.html. - Includes recipes for cooking with stevia, from a caterer for pro baskeball players

● Goettmoeller, Jeffrey. Stevia Sweet Recipes: Sugar-Free--Naturally!. Square One Publishers. pp. 196. ISBN 1890612138. http://prairieoakpublishing.com/

SteviaSweetRecipes.aspx.

1. ^ "Stevia". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=131515.

2. ^ "Stevia Cav.". USDA PLANTS. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=STEVI.

3. ^ Parsons, WT; Cuthbertson, EG (2001). Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd ed.. Collingswood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. http://books.google.com/books?

id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&lpg=PA309&ots=0P6LyLb4wl&dq=%22Pedro%20Jaime%20Esteve%22%20stevia&pg=PA309#v=onepage&q=&f=false. This reference refers specifically to

Stevia eupatoria, a related weed having the same nomenclature origin.

4. ^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (1999-06-17). "Opinion on Stevia Rebaudiana plants and leaves" (PDF). Press release. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/208/

stevia_rebaudiana_june_1999.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-27.

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7. ^ Brandle, Jim (2004-08-19). "FAQ - Stevia, Nature's Natural Low Calorie Sweetener". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. http://res2.agr.ca/London/faq/stevia_e.htm. Retrieved

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10. ^ a b Jones, Georgia (September 2006). "Stevia". NebGuide: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/

pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=609. Retrieved 2007-05-04.

19. ^ a b c d e "Stevia Timeline Important Dates and Events". truvia.com. 01-Jan-2010. http://truvia.com/wcm/groups/public/@truvia/documents/document/truvia_pdf_steviatimeline.pdf.

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GRASListings/ucm154989.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-09.

25. ^ a b c "Olam and Wilmar in 50:50 JV to Acquire 20% Stake in PureCircle, a Leading Producer of Natural High-Intensity Sweeteners for USD 106.2 Mln". www.flex-news-food.com.

01-Jul-2008. http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/17487/Olam/olam-wilmar-5050-jv-acquire-20-stake-purecircle-leading-producer-natural-high-intensity-sweeteners.html.

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2006-11-08.

8. ^ "Stevia". Morita Kagaku Kogyuo Co., Ltd.. 2004. http://www.morita-kagaku-kogyo.co.jp/e/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-06.

9. ^ Taylor, Leslie (2005). The Healing Power of Natural Herbs. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, Inc.. pp. (excerpted at weblink). ISBN 0-7570-0144-0. http://rain-tree.

com/stevia.htm.

11. ^ Tanvir, Ashraf (2005-05-24). "Sugar Leav – A new breed of 'sweetener'". Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. http://www.parc.gov.pk/articles/sugar_leaf.htm. Retrieved 2009-

01-02.

12. ^ PubMed research articles related to treatments of obesity

13. ^ PubMed research articles on stevia's effects on blood pressure

14. ^ PubMed articles on stevia's use in treating hypertension

15. ^ Curi R, Alvarez M, Bazotte RB, Botion LM, Godoy JL, Bracht A (1986). "Effect of Stevia rebaudiana on glucose tolerance in normal adult humans". Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 19 (6):

771–4. PMID 3651629.

16. ^ Gregersen S, Jeppesen PB, Holst JJ, Hermansen K (January 2004). "Antihyperglycemic effects of stevioside in type 2 diabetic subjects". Metab. Clin. Exp. 53 (1): 73–6.

PMID 14681845. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0026049503003871.

17. ^ "US Patent #6,500,471". http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6500471.PN.

&OS=PN/6500471&RS=PN/6500471. Retrieved 2009-08-29.

18. ^ "Stevia against Osteoporosis". OwnDoc.com. http://www.owndoc.com/stevia/stevia-against-osteoporosis/. Retrieved 2010-01-01.

20. ^ Stevia gets Australian approval for food and beverages

21. ^ Halliday, Jess (08-Sep-2009). "France approves high Reb A stevia sweeteners". foodnavigator.com. http://www.foodnavigator.com/On-your-radar/Healthier-products/France-

approves-high-Reb-A-stevia-sweeteners. Retrieved 2010-01-23.

22. ^ Halliday, Jess (15-Sep-2009). "France’s first stevia products around the corner". foodanddrinkeurope.com. http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/Products-Marketing/France-s-first-

stevia-products-around-the-corner. Retrieved 2010-01-23.

23. ^ Halliday, Jess (08-Jul-2009). "German-speaking countries show huge stevia interest". foodnavigator.com. http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/German-speaking-

countries-show-huge-stevia-interest. Retrieved 2010-03-05.

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26. ^ a b c Li, Simon (2002-03-27) (PDF). Fact Sheet: Stevioside. Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat Research and Library Services Division. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr01-02/

english/sec/library/0102fs04e.pdf.

27. ^ a b c Hawke, Jenny (February-March 2003). "The Bittersweet Story of the Stevia Herb" (PDF). Nexus magazine 10 (2). http://pc.dormanpub.com/articles/PDFs/FFF_March_2003.

pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-09.

41. ^ a b Geuns JM (2003). "Stevioside". Phytochemistry 64 (5): 913–21. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00426-6. PMID 14561506.

42. ^ a b Brusick DJ (2008). "A critical review of the genetic toxicity of steviol and steviol glycosides". Food Chem Toxicol 46 (7): S83–S91. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.002.

PMID 18556105.

28. ^ Halliday, Jess (2009-06-01). "France and the rest of Europe prepare for stevia approval". Decision News Media. http://www.confectionerynews.com/The-Big-Picture/France-and-

rest-of-Europe-prepare-for-stevia-approval.

29. ^ Stanford, Duane D. (2007-05-31). "Coke and Cargill teaming on new drink sweetener". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. http://www.ajc.com/business/content/business/coke/

stories/2007/05/31/0531bizcoke.html. Retrieved 2007-05-31.

30. ^ Etter, Lauren and McKay, Betsy (2007-05-31). "Coke, Cargill Aim For a Shake-Up In Sweeteners". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118058140982419717.

html?mod=rss_whats_news_us. Retrieved 2007-06-01.

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34. ^ "FDA Approves 2 New Sweeteners". The New York Times (Associated Press). 2008-12-17. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/business/18sweet.html. Retrieved 2009-05-11.

35. ^ Purkayastha, S.. "“A Guide to Reb-A,” Food Product Design". http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/guide-to-reb-a.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28.

36. ^ "United States Patent 5,972,120 Extraction of sweet compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni". http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?

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37. ^ Pezzuto JM, Compadre CM, Swanson SM, Nanayakkara D, Kinghorn AD (April 1985). "Metabolically activated steviol, the aglycone of stevioside, is mutagenic". Proc. Natl.

Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (8): 2478–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.8.2478. PMID 3887402. PMC 397582. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3887402.

38. ^ Procinska E, Bridges BA, Hanson JR (March 1991). "Interpretation of results with the 8-azaguanine resistance system in Salmonella typhimurium: no evidence for direct acting

mutagenesis by 15-oxosteviol, a possible metabolite of steviol". Mutagenesis 6 (2): 165–7. doi:10.1093/mutage/6.2.165. PMID 2056919. http://mutage.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/

pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2056919. – article text is reproduced here.

39. ^ Matsui M, Matsui K, Kawasaki Y, et al. (November 1996). "Evaluation of the genotoxicity of stevioside and steviol using six in vitro and one in vivo mutagenicity assays".

Mutagenesis 11 (6): 573–9. doi:10.1093/mutage/11.6.573. PMID 8962427.

40. ^ Nunes AP, Ferreira-Machado SC, Nunes RM, Dantas FJ, De Mattos JC, Caldeira-de-Araújo A (2007). "Analysis of genotoxic potentiality of stevioside by comet assay". Food

Chem Toxicol 45 (4): 662–6. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.015. PMID 17187912.

43. ^ Lailerd N, Saengsirisuwan V, Sloniger JA, Toskulkao C, Henriksen EJ (January 2004). "Effects of stevioside on glucose transport activity in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant

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[edit]External links

50. ^ a b c Benford, D.J.; DiNovi, M., Schlatter, J. (2006). "Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Steviol Glycosides" (PDF – 18 MB). WHO Food Additives Series (World Health

Organization Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)) 54: 140. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241660546_eng.pdf.

● Stevia: A Bittersweet Tale, article from the Center for

rat skeletal muscle". Metab. Clin. Exp. 53 (1): 101–7. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.07.014. PMID 14681850. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0026049503003883.

44. ^ Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Rolfsen SE, et al. (March 2003). "Antihyperglycemic and blood pressure-reducing effects of stevioside in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat". Metab. Clin.

Exp. 52 (3): 372–8. doi:10.1053/meta.2003.50058. PMID 12647278.

45. ^ Dyrskog SE, Jeppesen PB, Colombo M, Abudula R, Hermansen K (September 2005). "Preventive effects of a soy-based diet supplemented with stevioside on the development

of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats". Metab. Clin. Exp. 54 (9): 1181–8. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.026. PMID 16125530.

46. ^ Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, et al. (November 2003). "Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-

controlled study". Clin Ther 25 (11): 2797–808. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80334-X. PMID 14693305.

47. ^ Ferri LA, Alves-Do-Prado W, Yamada SS, Gazola S, Batista MR, Bazotte RB (September 2006). "Investigation of the antihypertensive effect of oral crude stevioside in patients

with mild essential hypertension". Phytother Res 20 (9): 732–6. doi:10.1002/ptr.1944. PMID 16775813.

48. ^ "Products and Markets - Stevia" ([HTML]). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Forestry Department. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0917e/A0917e03.

htm#P1014_193167. Retrieved 2007-05-04.

49. ^ Abudula R, Jeppesen PB, Rolfsen SE, Xiao J, Hermansen K (October 2004). "Rebaudioside A potently stimulates insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets: studies on the

dose-, glucose-, and calcium-dependency". Metab. Clin. Exp. 53 (10): 1378–81. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.014. PMID 15375798. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/

S0026049504002100.

51. ^ ([dead link

]) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on food additives, Sixty-ninth Meeting. World Health Organization. 2008-07-04. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:

_rH0bHkojQgJ:www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/files/jecfa69_final.pdf+joint+experts+committee+world+health+organization

+stevia&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj3s7eUmz81uTaMK5NKAENjR44MfBCLy_K-

jkgDvg6NqNmyGPgUdLlMRGCXZhKafMVhs6zSX7H9VBIlTohniAZ_myM6RSeJjxifE11XT4h4F0AzK01AfvFDwVif9D9dThiv8lr3&sig=AHIEtbS4d201ZOfQ2jIHtWg3G2VtoM9jng.

52. ^ Food and Drug Administration (1995, rev 1996, 2005). Import Alert #45-06: "Automatic Detention of Stevia Leaves, Extract of Stevia Leaves, and Food Containing Stevia"

53. ^ Kyl, John (R-Arizona) (1993). Letter to former FDA Commissioner David Aaron Kessler about the 1991 stevia import ban, quoted at herbalremedies.com.

54. ^ McCaleb, Rob (1997). "Controversial Products in the Natural Foods Market". Herb Research Foundation. http://herbs.org/greenpapers/controv.html#stevia. Retrieved 2006-11-

08.

55. ^ European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (June 1999). Opinion on Stevioside as a Sweetener

56. ^ Newmarker, Chris (2008). "Federal regulators give OK for Cargill's Truvia sweetener". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/

stories/2008/12/15/daily38.html. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

57. ^ "Asteraceae Eupatorium rebaudianum Bertoni". International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=100800-2&back_page=%2Fipni%

2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DEupatorium%2Brebaudianum%26output_format%3Dnormal.

58. ^ The Multilingual Multiscript plant name database has terms for the Stevia plant in various languages.

Stevia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia (11 of 13)4/12/2010 8:54:40 AM

Science in the Public Interest

● Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat (PDF file)

● Journal review article on Stevia's safety

● Stevia: Not Ready For Prime Time

● Article by Daniel Mowrey, Ph.D. in assoc. with Health Freedom Resources (http://www.healthfree.com/).

● Diabetes Health, article on Stevia and Diabetes.

● European Stevia Association

● The Sweet Secret of Stevia, article on the controversy around Stevia

● Rebiana info from Cargill

● Stevia rebaudiana at the Plants for a Future database

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Stevia rebaudiana

Look up Stevia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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