Collision and Grounding Avoidance

COURSE : COLLISION AND GROUNDING AVOIDANCE•AimThis course aims to meets the level of knowledge and competence specified in STCW 1978, as amended in 1995 and 2010, regulation II/1 and II/2, Annex A-II/1 and A-II/2 and in accordance with customers’ recommendations and company SMS/ ISM Code, as well as the International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG).•ObjectiveUpon completion of the training course, the trainees shall be able to :•know fully the duties and responsibilities of the Officer-of the-watch•understand the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG)•familiarized with the IALA Buoy age System•improve the awareness about Collision and Grounding Avoidance•Entry StandardThe course is applicable to officer in charge of navigational watch. It should be taught to deck ratings for promotion to OIC-NW and can be a refresher course for management level officers.•Training FacilitiesThe trainees will be comfortably learning in a fully air-conditioned audio-video room of more than 42 square meter in area, complete with training hand-out, PowerPoint lecture presentation, related videos and a computer-based training instruction guided by an experienced and highly qualified trainer. •Course CertificateTrainees who completed the training course shall be issued a COLLISION AND GROUNDING AVOIDANCE certificate by Seapreneur Training Center, Inc.•Course IntakeThe number of trainees shall not be less than three (3) participants in each class but not more than twelve (12) in every training group.•DurationThe training will be conducted for 1day with case study workshop activities among trainees.

Title

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IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

IALA means

International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

Two forms of the IALA System :– IALA System “A”-Europe, Africa, and

Asia. Green buoys mark the starboard side of a channel in the “A” system.

– IALA System “B” -North, Central, and South America, Korea, and the Philippines. Green buoys mark the port side of the channel in system “B”.

IALA REGION

DIRECTION OF BUOYAGE Defined in one of two ways: • The general direction - approaching a

harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward, or

• Determined by the appropriate authority. In principle, it follows a clockwise direction around land masses.

• Is indicated in appropriate nautical documents.

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

• Five types of navigation buoys:

Lateral Cardinal Isolated danger Safe water Special

LATERAL MARKS

LATERAL MARKS• used in conjunction with a conventional

direction of buoyage.• used for well defined channels. • indicate the port and starboard sides of

the route to be followed. • Where a channel divides, a modified

lateral mark may be used to indicate the preferred route.

• Differ between buoyage regions A and B.

Port hand Marks – Region A

Colour : Red Shape (Buoys):Cylindrical (can), pillaror sparTopmark (if any) :Single red cylinder (can)Light (when fitted)Red, any other thancomposite groupflashing (2+1)Retroreflector: Red band or

square

Starboard hand Marks – Region A

Colour : Green Shape (Buoys):Conical, pillar or sparTopmark (if any) :Single green cone, pointupwardLight (when fitted):Green, any other thancomposite groupflashing (2+1)Retroreflector: Green band

or triangle

LATERAL MARKS – Region APort Hand Stbd Hand

Colour Red Green 

Shape Cylindrical (can), pillar or spar

Conical, pillar or spar

Top Mark Single red cylinder (can)

Single green cone, point upward

Light Red, any other than composite group flashing (2+1)

Green, any other than composite group flashing (2+1)

Retroreflector

Red band or square

Green band or triangle

CARDINAL MARKS

CARDINAL MARKS

• The four quadrants (North, East, Southand West) are bounded by the true bearings NW-NE, NE-SE, SE-SW, SW-NW, taken from the point of interest.

• A cardinal mark is named after the quadrant in which it is placed.

• The name of a cardinal mark indicates that it should be passed to the named side of the mark.

CARDINAL MARKS

Used to: • indicate that the deepest water in

that area is on the named side of the mark

• to indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger

• to draw attention to a feature in a channel such as a bend, a junction, a bifurcation, or the end of a shoal

North Cardinal markColour : Black above yellowShape (Buoys) :Pillar or sparTopmark (if any) : 2 black cones, points

upwardLight (when fitted) : White, VQ or QRetroreflector: Blue above

yellow

East Cardinal markColour : Black with single

broad horizontal yellow band

Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or sparTopmark (if any) :2 black cones, base to baseLight (when fitted) : White, VQ(3) every 5 sec or Q(3) every 10 secRetroreflector: Two blue band

South Cardinal markColour : Yellow above blackShape (Buoys) :Pillar or sparTopmark (if any) : 2 black cones, points downwardLight (when fitted) : White, VQ(6) + long flash every 10

sec or Q(6) + long flash every 15 sec

Retroreflector: Yellow above blue

West Cardinal markColour : Yellow with single

broad horizontal black bandShape (Buoys) :Pillar or sparTopmark (if any) :2 black cones, point to pointLight (when fitted) : White, VQ(9) every 10 sec or

Q(9) every 15 secRetroreflector: 2 yellow band

ISOLATED DANGER MARK 

Mark erected on, or moored on or above, an isolated danger which has navigable water all around it.

Colour : Black with one or more horizontal red bands

Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or sparTopmark (if any) : 2 black spheres, one above the

otherLight (when fitted) : White, Group Flashing (2)Retroreflector: Blue above Red

band

SAFE WATER MARKS 

Indicate that there is navigable water all round the mark;

• include centre line marks and mid-channel marks.

• an alternative to a cardinal or a lateral mark to indicate a landfall.

Safe Water MarkColour : Red and white

vertical stripesShape (Buoys) : Spherical;

pillaror spar with spherical

topmarkTopmark (if any) : Single red

sphereLight (when fitted) : White.Isophase, Occulting, one

Long flash every 10 sec or Morse A

Retroreflector: Red and White stripes or band

SPECIAL MARKS

Not primarily intended to assist navigation but

which indicate a special area or feature. Example:

• Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) marks;

• Traffic Separation marks • Spoil Ground marks; • Military Exercise Zone marks; • Cable or pipe line marks;• Recreation Zone marks.

SPECIAL MARKS

Colour : YellowShape (Buoys) : Optional,

but not conflicting with navigational marks

Topmark (if any) : Single yellow ‘X’ shape

Light (when fitted) : Yellow. Any rhythm not used for white lights.

Retroreflector: Yellow band or an X

Note: If can, cone or spherical shape is used, will indicate which side to pass.

Preferred channel to Stbd : Region A

Colour : Red with one broadgreen horizontal bandShape (Buoys) :Cylindrical (can), pillar or sparTopmark (if any) :Single red cylinder (can)Light (when fitted) : Red, Composite group

flashing(2+1)Retroreflector: Red band or

square

Preferred channel to Port Region A

Colour : Green with one broadred horizontal bandShape (Buoys) : Conical, pillaror sparTopmark (if any) : Single greencone, point upwardLight (when fitted) : Green.Composite group flashing

(2+1)Retroreflector: Green band or

triangle

Preferred channelTO STBD TO PORT

Colour Red with one broad green horizontal band

Green with one broad red horizontal band

Shape Cylindrical (can), pillar or spar

Conical, pillar or spar

Top Mark

Single red cylinder (can)

Single green cone, point upward

Light Red, Composite group flashing (2+1)

Green. Composite group flashing (2+1)

Retroreflector

Red band or square Green band or triangle

Learning objectivesIn this chapter, we will show you a case of

maritime collisions from real life.

You will be asked to:

Understand the course of event leading to the collision

Understand the rules of the road being applied in that situation

Give your opinion about the responsibility of each part involved in the collision

The Set-Up Location: Off Cape

Hatteras, United States North going traffic follows

a true North course after passing the Diamond Shoals light.

Condition: Day time, good visibility and moderate weather.

Vessel “T” heading 000 degrees at a speed of 17 Kts.

C-20:00. (20 minutes before collision) “C’ has passed “T” on starboard.

“T” observe “C” on its starboard beam, and overtaking.

The Close Up“T” is on manual

steering, “C” is on auto pilot.

C-10: “C” changes course to 000 degrees, to come to a parallel course to “T”.

C-06: “C” is now 0.75 NM ahead of “T” and the Master leaves the bridge.

Meanwhile, the mate of “T” goes to the port bridge wing to take a bearing on the Diamond Shoals light, facing astern, and leaving the bridge to the helmsman.

The Collision C-04:00. Vessel “C”

develops a failure in her steering system and then turns hard to port.

C-00:40. “C” is now ahead of “T” on a crossing course of 270 deg. Its mate sound the whistle and orders engine stop.

The mate on “T” seas now the situation, sound the whistle, order hard left and stop engines.

Collision time: “T” hits the port side of “C” at an angle of 90 deg.

Both vessels sustain heavy damages but without lost of life.

Responsibility Question

Court Decision