Status and Evolution of the RHIC Status and Evolution of the RHIC FacilityFacilitySteve Vigdor

Quark Matter 2008

Jaipur, IndiaI. Long-Term Science Goals

II. Recent Performance

III. Fast-Tracking RHIC-II with Stochastic Cooling

IV. Other Mid-Term Machine Upgrades

V. Detector Upgrades

VI. Five-Year Outlook

VII. Path to eRHIC

RHIC / RHIC-II / e-RHIC RHIC / RHIC-II / e-RHIC Laboratory Dedicated to Laboratory Dedicated to Exploration of Condensed Strongly Interacting Exploration of Condensed Strongly Interacting

MatterMatterWhat are the unique quantum many-body manifestations of a non-Abelian gauge theory? Are there lessons for other fundamental theories? How do

we pump/probe partonic matter in 1023 s?

RHIC, RHIC-II probe very strong coupling limit: LQCD quantitative theory for static properties; AdS/CFT qualitative insight + gravity connection.

e-RHIC probes weak coupling regime of very high gluon density, where gauge boson occupancy >> 1 & semi-classical field theory apply.

… to the

From the “perfect” liquid …

She

ar v

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Reduced temp.

Quantum limit = 1/4 ?

Complementary Role as Unique Polarized Collider Complementary Role as Unique Polarized Collider to Explore Nucleon Spin Structure to Explore Nucleon Spin Structure

p-p at RHIC addresses:

1) What does the share of p spin carried by gluons and sea quarks/ antiquarks reveal about effective degrees of freedom?

2) How is parton orbital motion inside p manifested in trans-verse spin asymmetries? e-N at eRHIC would exploit scaling

violations to extend study to completely gluon-dominated low x

100 x 100 GeV pp RUN-6 integrated Luminosity (final)

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Improved Collision Luminosity 2006-8Improved Collision Luminosity 2006-8

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Full energy Au+Au in 2007 already exceeded RHIC design goal luminosity

Another factor ~3 over 2006 L needed to reach enhanced pp design goal

d+Au completed in 2008 x 30 over previous L dt; starting 6-week p+p run

Run7 RHIC AuAu Integrated Luminosity for Physics(singles corrected)

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2008 d+Au @ sNN = 200 GeV

Improved Improved Proton Proton PolarizatioPolarizationn

BRAHMS

PHENIX

AGS

BOOSTER

Spin Rotators(longitudinal polarization)

Solenoid Partial Siberian Snake

Siberian Snakes

200 MeV PolarimeterAGS Internal Polarimeter

Rf Dipole

RHIC pC PolarimetersAbsolute Polarimeter (H jet)

AGS pC Polarimeters

Strong Helical AGS Snake

Helical Partial Siberian Snake

Spin Rotators(longitudinal polarization)

Spin flipper

Siberian Snakes

STAR

PHOBOS

Pol. H- SourceLINAC

Absolute Pbeam calibrated to

< 5% Significant learning curve with unique & complex polariza-tion-preserving equipment in AGS & RHIC

60% beam polarization achieved reliably in 2006, compared to 70% goal

Absolute calibration of beam polarization to better than design goal accuracy achieved

Polarization survival to 250 GeV maximum energy demonstrated

polarization for Run 6, 100x 100 GeV - final

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2006 polarized proton run (with some funding from Renaissance Technologies) RHIC spin program zeroing in on gluon contribution to proton spin!

“missing spin” puzzle remains unsolved for the moment …

Important New Results Emerging In Important New Results Emerging In Spite of Issues from Congressional Spite of Issues from Congressional

Budgeting ProcessBudgeting Process Extensive Au+Au results from 2007 run presented by RHIC experiments at this Quark Matter

d+Au data from excellent 2008 performance should test gluon saturation predictions, e.g., for mono-jets at large rapidity -- see QM09!

RHIC-II Science: Quantifying Properties RHIC-II Science: Quantifying Properties of the Perfect Liquidof the Perfect Liquid

I. Enhanced luminosity + detector upgrades enable rare probe studies of yield and flow of quarkonia (qq systems), sensitive to color screening and parton equilibration/coalescence in the quark-gluon plasma

RHIC-II Science: Quantifying Properties RHIC-II Science: Quantifying Properties of the Perfect Liquidof the Perfect Liquid

II. Facilitate rare- and multi-particle correlation measurements: + jet to quantify energy loss transport coefficient; multi-hadron to study possible Mach cone, extract speed of sound.

III. Improve exp’t-theory comparison of particle-identified (esp. heavy quark) flow, to quantify

shear viscosity.

IV. Improve fluctuation measure-ments at low collision E to search for QCD critical point.

LHC and RHIC-II HI results should be complementary & mutually stimulating: similar matter produced? How do properties evolve? Thermalization consistent?

Quantitative interpretation of both requires coherent theory assault!

Longitudinally cooled beam

Uncooled beam

RHIC Stochastic Cooling Breakthrough RHIC Stochastic Cooling Breakthrough Fast Track to Luminosity UpgradeFast Track to Luminosity Upgrade

Integrated luminosity increased 10-20% after stochastic cooling introduced for yellow beam.

Effect clear on yellow beam lifetime.

First successful demo of stochastic cooling for bunched beams relied on state-of-art multi-GHz HV kicker and filtering out coherent bunch motion.

56 MHz RF upgrade should remove satellite buckets, narrow vertex distribution

2007 implementation for longitudinal cooling of yellow beam demonstrated ability to reduce intrabeam scattering effect on luminosity lifetime.

fiber optic links

mwave links

Plan to Implement and Plan to Implement and Test Stochastic Cooling of Test Stochastic Cooling of Heavy Ion Beams at RHIC Heavy Ion Beams at RHIC

(submitted to DOE 12/31/07)

Test combined effect of long. & transverse stochastic cooling for one beam in 2009 run.

If results follow detailed simula-tions, full implementation by 2011.

Simulations long. + trans. stochastic cooling + 56 MHz SRF for both beam goes ~2/3 way (with present bunch intensity) to RHIC-II projected L at order of magnitude less cost, ~5 years quicker than e-cooling.

“RHIC-II” goal

Simulated effects of beam cooling for full-energy Au+Au

Present intensity, no cooling

Present intensity, full stochastic

Present intensity,

e-cooling

Intensity x 1.5, full stochastic

Intensity x 1.5, e-cooling

Other Accelerator Improvements: Other Accelerator Improvements: Electron Beam Ion SourceElectron Beam Ion Source

EBIS preinjector replaces tandems for heavy ions lower-cost, more reliable operation

Can produce any ions, including noble gases, Uranium, pol’d 3He

Construction under way, should be completed in 2010

Expect future improvements to lead to higher intensities

Other Accelerator Improvements Other Accelerator Improvements ConsideredConsidered

Proposed location of two electron lenses near IP10, in a beam pipe section common to both beams. The blue and yellow beams are vertically separated in this region.

Stochastic cooling not effective for lower energy HI (too slow) or pp (intra-beam scat. not important)

Consider e-cooling with low-E electron accel. (for critical point scan) or Energy-Recovery Linac (for further high-E improvement & eRHIC)

Electron lens: e(~5 keV)-p collisions counteract pp beam-beam tune spread

Detector Upgrades in ProgressDetector Upgrades in Progress

MuTrig Station 1

MuTrig Station 2

MuTrig Station 3

Both STAR and PHENIX upgrading DAQ/trigger to handle higher data rates, select rarer probes with upgraded luminosity

PHENIX specifically upgrading muon trigger for W production program

STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer detects photonsat large rapidity to probe gluon saturation effects in d+Au, spin effects for forward 0 and , …

STAR Time-of-Flight MRPC detector enhances particle ID, especially useful for QCD critical point search

Additional Detector Upgrades: Improved Additional Detector Upgrades: Improved Vertex Tracking and Forward AcceptanceVertex Tracking and Forward Acceptance

Nose Cone EM Calorimeter

~ 2012

VTXSi Barrel

2010

FVTXSi Endcaps

~ 2011

Heavy Flavor Tracker -- prototype ~ 2011, install ~ 2013

Forward GEM Tracker ~ 2012

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Au

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Au D

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PHENIX, STAR vertex upgrades provide resolution to reconstruct slightly displaced vertices associated with heavy flavor hadron decays study heavy-quark flow & equilibration in “perfect liquid”.

Improved forward calorimetry enhances - jet acceptance to study light quark E loss and gluon contribution to proton spin

Improved forward tracking (STAR) enhances W sign determination to study antiquark polarization in proton.

Detector & Luminosity Detector & Luminosity Upgrades Upgrades New New

Physics MilestonesPhysics Milestones

Measure hadron suppression and flow for identified heavy-quark mesons, possibly baryons (c )

STAR projections for D0

central-to-peripheral yield ratio

STAR projections for D0

elliptic flow

PHENIX projections for J/ elliptic flow

Detector & Luminosity Upgrades Detector & Luminosity Upgrades New New Physics MilestonesPhysics Milestones

’

cJ

S)

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PHENIX projections of

RAA for qq states @ RHIC-II L

RHIC II AuAu 20 nb-1

q,g

PHENIX projections of - jet yield @ RHIC-II L

Calibration of light-quark energy loss via - tagging

Definitive map of quarkonium melting

Strawman 5-Year Run Plan (With Decent Strawman 5-Year Run Plan (With Decent Budgets)Budgets)

Fiscal YearColliding Beam Species/Energy

Comments

2008 200 GeV d+Au Ongoing

200 GeV p+p Assumes sufficient FY08 funding for p+p run

2009 200 and 500 GeV p+p Complete longitudinal asymmetry measurements at 200 GeV and develop 500 GeV performance

200 GeV Au+Au Permits test of 1st plane of transverse stochastic cooling + additional J/ v2 statistics + …

2010 500 GeV p+p 1st substantial 500 GeV run allows clear observation of W production signal

Au+Au at assorted low E

STAR TOF upgrade fully installed; 1st part of energy scan to search for QCD critical point – focus on higher among scan energies, where luminosity sufficient

2011 200 GeV Au+Au Full implementation of stochastic cooling in place, PHENIX VTX upgrade complete long run to reap benefit for rare probes

200 GeV U+U ? Utilize EBIS for first measurements with highly deformed nuclei, to increase energy density coverage

2012 500 GeV p+p Long run in anticipation of 2013 DOE performance milestone on W production, sea antiquark polarization

Au+Au at assorted low E

Complete energy scan with improved luminosity at very low E from low-energy e-cooling implementation

Physics priorities will determine machine upgrade priorities.

eRHIC, ~ $700M including new detector

Deepen the science case: what is transformational about EIC? Why should other scientists, public care about dense gluonic matter? What does one learn from unique opportunity to measure effects of large gauge boson occupancy? How does it illuminate other issues?

Broaden the science case: Is there an achievable and compelling electroweak symmetry program? Running of weak coupling below Z0 resonance? Novel measurements of parity violation (e.g., via helicity-dependence of stored beam lifetime) feasible?

Settle on machine design: is there one that gets most of the physics at achievable cost? Can BNL and JLab cooperate on it?

Expand e-A community!

Need compelling case/ presentation by next NP LRP (2012-13?)

Construction by 2020 will be challenging!

A Path to an Electron-Ion ColliderA Path to an Electron-Ion Collider

See T. Ullrich talk Friday morning…

ConclusionsConclusions

1) Despite year-to-year Congressional budgeting issues, RHIC luminosity and detector upgrades are proceeding well, fueled by technological breakthroughs, e.g., stochastic cooling for bunched beams.

) Anticipate a vibrant RHIC heavy-ion program over next ~10 years quantifying “perfect liquid” properties with upgraded detectors & added stimulation from LHC HI results, and searching for the QCD critical point.

3) Vigorous, coherent organization of theorists and experimentalists essential to quantify extraction of physics from RHIC/LHC HI results.

4) RHIC Spin program continues in parallel to converge on understanding of partonic origins of nucleon spin.

5) New BNL focus on large-scale computing will help to fuel advances in LQCD characterization of partonic matter at high energy density.

6) eRHIC presents attractive path to next-generation studies of condensed strongly interacting matter and nucleon spin structure, but science case needs strengthening.

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

RHIC Spin Would Also Benefit from RHIC Spin Would Also Benefit from Luminosity EnhancementLuminosity Enhancement

May be needed for decisive parity-violating helicity asymmetries for W production in 500 GeV p+p u vs. d sea antiquark polarizations, predicted to differ substantially in chiral nucleon structure models.

Enable decisive transverse spin asymmetries for Drell-Yan dilepton production, to test QCD prediction of sign difference from semi-inclusive deep inelastic lepton scattering test understanding of connection to parton orbital angular momentum in the proton (another possible component of “missing spin”).

BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES

RHIC Present Healthy RHIC Present Healthy Despite FY06-07 Funding Despite FY06-07 Funding

Issues: Important New Issues: Important New Results IResults I

STAR hadrons pT> 6 GeV/c

Non-photonic electrons at high pT mainly from c,b decays

Light-q jets

~equal opacity of QGP for all high-momentum hadrons in central Au+Au suggests similar E loss for light quarks, heavy quarks and gluons, in marked contrast to pQCD predictions! Need to rethink basic mechanisms of quark/gluon interactions in dense colored matter?

p, p, mainly from gluon jets

• p+p normalized to mee<100 MeV/c2

• Agreement at resonances ()• Au+Au enhancement for 0.2 < mee < 0.8 GeV

PHENIX -- arXiv:0706.3034

RHIC Present Healthy Despite FY06-07 Funding RHIC Present Healthy Despite FY06-07 Funding Issues: Important New Results IIIssues: Important New Results II

Au+Au dilepton spectrum differs strikingly from p+p (and from simulated “cocktail” of hadron decays) in continuum region below -meson mass! Effect most pronounced in central collisions. Is -mass downshifted, as expected when chiral symmetry of QCD is restored at high temperature?

Nose Cone Calorimeter

Silicon VTX and FVTX

MuTrig Station 1

MuTrig Station 2

MuTrig Station 3

Future PHENIX SubsystemsFuture PHENIX Subsystems

Timeline of PHENIX upgradesTimeline of PHENIX upgrades2008 2012

RHIC

2010

Inner pixel layers

Stochastic cooling “RHIC II”

2014

Outer strip layers

Construction

VTX

Large acceptance tracking ||<1.2

Displaced vertex at mid rapidity

FVTX Displaced vertex at forward y

Physics

NCC

AuAu dileptons HBD

Expected vExpected v22(b(be) and ve) and v22(c(ce) with VTXe) with VTX

Decisive measurement of v2 for both c and b

PHENIX VXT ~2 nb-1

RHIC II increases statistics by factor >10

Heavy Ion RHeavy Ion RAAAA with FVTX (II) with FVTX (II)

Statistical separation of charm and bottom with DCA cuts

Examples of Quarkonium Spectroscopy at Examples of Quarkonium Spectroscopy at RHIC IIRHIC II

J/ measurements will reach high precision

RHIC 20 nb-1

With NCC/FVTX

Quarkonium Spectroscopy with Forward Quarkonium Spectroscopy with Forward UpgradesUpgrades

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cJ

S)

S)

Reference model based on consecutive melting without regeneration(Note: This results in small ’, C yields, other models like regeneration model will give similar yields for J/, ’, C !)

Upgrades to keep the discoveries rolling …Upgrades to keep the discoveries rolling …

Forward Meson Spectrometer• Gluon density distributions, saturation effects, and transverse

spin DAQ1000 Upgrade

• order of magnitude increase in rate (1KHz)• extra livetime opens the door to rare physics

Full Barrel MRPC TOF• extended hadron identification at intermediate pT

• Lepton identification at low momentum

Heavy Flavor Tracker

• high precision Heavy Flavor Tracker near the vertex

• opens the door to direct topological ID of Charm & Beauty

Forward GEM Tracker

• end cap tracker for W sign determination Muon Telescope (BNL LDRD) Forward Reaction Plane Detector A Crystal Calorimeter for low E photons - HBT

Un

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Forward GEM Tracker (FGT)Forward GEM Tracker (FGT)

6 triple-GEM disks covering 1 < < 2

outer radius ~ 40 cm

inner radius varies with z position

charge sign reconstruction probability of W above 80% for 30 GeV pT over the full acceptance of the

EEMC for the full vertex spread ( > 90% out to η= 1.8)

Probability to get the correct charge sign

STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer (FMS)STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer (FMS)

Detectors are stacked on the west platform in two movable halves. This view is of the south FMS half, as seen through the retracted west poletip.

Schematic of the FMS as seen from the interaction point. The small-cell inner calorimeter has 476 detectors and the large cell outer calorimeter has 788 detectors.

ScheduleSchedule

Beam Use Request strongly coupled with detector upgrades to optimize the maximum physics output

e-RHIC: a Microscope for Gluon-Dominated e-RHIC: a Microscope for Gluon-Dominated MatterMatter

Soft gluons dominate the proton, but cannot proliferate without bound.

At high gluon density, gluon recombination should compete with gluon splitting density saturation.

Probe at momentum transfer scales where QCD coupling is relatively weak gluon occupation #’s >> 1 condensate, semi-classical field.

Unique and universal predicted aspect of matter best observed at moderate Q2 ( transverse spatial resolution) in heavy nuclei.

Most precise measure of gluon densities via QCD corr’ns to Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) e-A collider of high/variable energy.

Is there well-defined universal saturation scale surface Qs

2(x, A)?

Add Polarization to e-RHIC to Complete Add Polarization to e-RHIC to Complete Nucleon Spin Structure MapNucleon Spin Structure Map

Are highly abundant gluons beyond RHIC spin’s kinematic reach even slightly polarized, contributing significantly to overall spin?

Greatly expanded kinematic range for polarized DIS at EIC map scaling violations sensitive to soft gluon polarization.

With sufficient luminosity, can also carry out deep exclusive photon and meson production with polarized e + N Generalized Parton Distributions sensitive to orbital motion of sea quarks.

BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES