heavy quark and quarkonia production at rhic

Heavy Quark and Quarkonia Production at RHIC

Taku GunjiCenter for Nuclear Study

University of Tokyo

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Title 1/43

Evidence of strong coupled QGP Large energy loss/large opacity (high pT)

1000<dNg/dy<2000 (GLV), 6<q<24 GeV2/fm (PQM)Partonic flow/small viscosity (low pT)

Relativistic hydrodynamics, early thermalization (0.6fm/c)Quark coalescence (mid. pT)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Major discovery at RHIC 2

Major discovery at RHIC

R. Lacey et al.: PRL 98:092301, 2007

v2 PHENIX & STAR

Correlation tagged by JetsParticle correlation in and spaceParticle production with respect to reaction plane

Thermal photon measurementT and d.o.f of the medium

Heavy quark and Quarknoia measurementTransport properties of the medium Deconfinement, Temperature field

and more ….

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Further investigation 3

Further investigation

X-N. Wang, N. Xu, H. Zhang, G-L. Ma, in this conference

Y. Yamaguchi , F-M. Lui in this conference

Y. Kim, T. Gunji, K. Morita, H.Fujii, T. Umeda, Y. Akamatsu, S. Sakai, A. Rothkopf, E. Wang, in this conference

mHQ ≫ T, QCD

Created only at the beginning of collisions via hard process.

point like pQCD process and well calibrated in p+p collisions No chemical equilibrium. Abundance is frozen.

Reveals transport properties of the medium.Energy loss and flow measurement

Elastic vs. RadiativeDiffusion constant /s of the medium

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quarks 4

Heavy Quarks B. Mueller, nucl-th/0404015

G.D. Moore, D Teaney PRC71, 064904 (2005)

Probe of the Deconfinement Color screening [T. Matsui and H. Satz (1986)]

Attraction between qqbar pairsis reduced in the medium.

Color force is shorter range and binding is weaker.When force range/screening radius (T-1) become lessthan binding radius, qqbar is never bound.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Quarkonia 5

Quarkonia

Color Screening

cc

Measurement of Quarkonia suppression Achieved temperature of the medium.

H. Satz (SQM08)

H. Satz (SQM08)

Heavy Quark Production at RHIC

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Title of Part 1 6

Single leptons (e,) via semi-leptonic decay c-hadron e+ + anything (B.R.: 9.6%)

D0 (B.R.: 6.87%) D (B.R.: 17.2%)Cannot separate c/b.

Direct meas. via hadronic decay Direct measurement (inv. Mass)

D0K+ (B.R.:3.85%)Challenging meas. (S/N)

e-h correlation c/b separation space or mass space.

di-electrons

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quark Measurement at RHIC 7

Heavy Quark Measurement at RHIC

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji PHENIX and STAR 8

PHENIX and STARPHENIX

Electrons & hadrons, |y|<0.35 Rejection>103@90% eff. (MB)

Muons, 1.2<|y|<2.2Cut 98% of hadrons by absorber.

Single leptons, e-h, ee pairsSTAR

Hadrons & electrons, |y|<1Larger acceptance for hadrons.Single electrons, e-h, Direct reconstruction

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Non-photonic electron measurement 9

Non-photonic electron measurementElectrons from heavy quark decays

Inclusive electrons – photonic electronsPhotonic electrons

Conversion of photons in material Dalitz decay of light neutral mesons (mainly 0 and )

Cocktail subtraction & converter method

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Spectrum and FONLL calculation 10

Spectrum and FONLL calculationPhys. Rev. Lett 97,252002 (2006) Heavy flavor electron

spectrum compared to FONLL.Data/FONLL = 1.71 with errorCross section shape for pT > 1.6 GeV/c agrees with FONLL upper limit

~50% contribution from b for pTe>3~4 GeV

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji b/(c+b) ratio by e-h correlation 11

b/(c+b) ratio by e-h correlation S. Sakai

Shadowing/Cronin effectResults from 2003 d+Au

RdA>1 for south (x2 is large)RdA<1 for north (x2 is small)

2008 d+Au data is necessary.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Single leptons in d+Au 12

Single leptons in d+Au

Au going d going

Eskola et al. NPA696 (2001) 729

gluons in Pb / gluons in p

x

AntiShadowing

Shadowing

|y|<1

Raphael (SQM08)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Spectra in Au+Au collisions 13

Spectra in Au+Au collisions

MB

p+p

0%~

~92%

PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007) Heavy flavor electron spectra Curves: binary scaled p+p Reference (FONLL)Clear high pT suppression developing towards central collisionsS/B > 1 for pT > 2 GeV/c according to inside box figure

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji RAA vs. pT for various centralities 14

RAA vs. pT for various centralities

33

33

dpdT

dPNdpR

ppAA

AATAA [pT<1.6 GeV/c] p+p: data (converter)

[pT>1.6 GeV/c] p+p: scaled FONLL

Suppression level is the almost same as 0 and in high pT.

PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Non-photonic electron v2 15

Non-photonic electron v2

pQCD calculation with and without charm quark flow.Clear indication of charm flow in the medium.

Final result from 2004 Au+AuPreliminary result from 2007 Au+AuLarge v2 of non-photonic electrons is observed.

PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007)

Greco et al., PLB 595 (2004) 202

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Model Comparison 16

Model Comparison pQCD radiative E-loss with upscaled transport coeff.

Langevin with elastic pQCD + resonances + coalescence

Langevin with upscaled pQCD elastic

2

2)(

p

fD

p

pf

t

f

pQCD elastic scattering -1 = therm ~ 20 fm/c

pQCD+resonance+coalescence -1 = therm ~ 5 fm/c(therm for b ~ 15fm/c)

PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007)

From diffusion coefficient to /s

Rapp and van Hees [PRC 71:034907, 2005]

DHQ x 2 T ~ 4-6.Moore and Teaney [PRC 71:064901, 2005]

DHQ x 2 T ~ 3-12.

This gives /s ~ (4/3-2)/4 indicate small value and close to conjectured limit (ħ/4)significantly below /s of helium (4/s ~ 9)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Medium Properties 17

Medium Properties

strong coupl.s≈ D x = 1/2TDweak coupl. s ≈n <p> tr=1/5 TD

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Hydro+Heavy Quark 18

Hydro + Heavy QuarkRelativistic treatment of Brown Motion

Drag force inspired by AdS/CFT

M

T 2

= (2.1 0.5) from AdS/CFT

w.c s.c

Y. Akamatsu et al. arXiv:0809.1499

Y. Akamatsu

RAA(e) = r*RAAb+(1-r)*RAA

c, r=b/(c+b) [STAR]

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji 19

RAAc and RAA

b

pT>5 GeV/c o RAAc& RAA

b correlation together with models

o Dominant uncertainty is normalization in RAA analysis

oRAAb< 1 ; B meson suppressed

o prefer Dissociate and resonance model (large b energy loss)

I; Phys. Lett. B 632, 81 (2006) ; dNg/dy = 1000II; Phys. Lett. B 694, 139 (2007)

III; Phys.Rev.Lett.100(2008)192301

S. Sakai

RAAc and RAA

b

Further constraint of heavy quark transportationpQCD rad+el vs. AdS/CFT drag momentum lossHigh pT D and B measurement is necessary.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji RAAc/RAA

b 20

RAAc/RAA

bW. Horowitz SQM07

Heavy quark measurement has been done by PHENIX and STAR.

Differential cross section can be described by FONLL calculation (within theoretical uncertainty)

Larger than 50% of b contribution for pTe>3-4 GeV/c

Strong suppression in non-photonic yield was observed in Au+Au collisions.Compatible to pi0 and eta suppression.

Large elliptic flow of non-photonic was observed.From RAA and v2,

Strongly interacting (coupled) medium even for heavy quarks.charm quark thermalization ~ 5fm/c/s ~ (4/3-2)/4, close to conjecture limit

Differentiate D/B suppression pattern more helpful

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Conclusion (1) 21

Conclusion (1)

Heavy Quarkonia Production at RHIC

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Title of Part 2 22

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Mass Spectra at RHIC 23

J/ Mass Spectra at RHIC 2005 p+p 2008 d+Au

2004 Au+Au 2005 Cu+Cu

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Production in p+p collisions 24

J/ Production in p+p collisionsPHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007)

STAR arXiv: 0806.0353 [nucl-ex]

PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007)STAR arXiv: 0806.0347 [nucl-ex]

M. J. Leitch RHIC&AGS Meeting 2008

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Production in the medium 25

J/ Production in the medium Initial stage

• Gluon shadowing • Gluon saturation (CGC)

Nuclear Matter •Nuclear absorption •Cronin effect

Hot and dense medium•Color screening•Dissociation by gluon •Regeneration from heavy qqbar pairs

absLe

Color Screening

cc

[Bhanot+Peskin ’79]

ccbar~ 0.06fm,form ~ 1fm/c

Initial + nuclear matter effect = “CNM effect”

Color screening

Screening and Sequential MeltingFeed down effectJ/ ~ 0.6J/+0.3c+0.1’Fraction not clear at RHIC

Rc < 42% (90% CL)

R’ = 8.6% 2.5%

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Hot and dense medium effects 26

Hot and dense medium effects

S. Digal, F. Karsch and H. SatzPotential Model & lattice simulations

TJ/ ~ 1.2Tc [A. Mocsy et al, PRL 99(2007)211602, HP’08]Tc ~ 2Tc [T. Umeda, PRD. 75, 094502 (07)]

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Hot and dense medium effects 27

Hot and dense medium effects R. Rapp et al. arXiv:0807.2470 Eur.Phys.J.C43:91-96,2005

A. Andronic et al. NPA 789 (2007) 334

Dissociation by gluonsGluo-effect : 　 J/+gccbarQuasifree : J/+gccbar+gDominance depends on bind

of J/. (Color Screening)

RecombinationFrom uncorrelated ccbar pairs. Enhance of the yield.Depends on charm productionStatistical hadronization (A. Andronic et al.)

Kinetic formation (R. Rapp et al.)

J/ transport (L. Yan, N. Xu, P. Zhuang et al.)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Suppression at SPS 28

J/ suppression at SPSF. Karsch et al., PLB, 637 (2006) 75

Pb-Pb @ 158 GeVR. Rapp et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.92:212301,2004.

Sequential Melting Direct J/ unlikely to melt. c and ’ are screened. Absence associated feed down to J/.

Dissociation + Recombinationa little recombination contribution

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Cold Matter effects 29

Cold Matter effectsInitial stage effect

Gluon shadowing or GluonSaturation (CGC)

depletion of gluon PDF in heavy nuclei at small x

Nuclear matter effect Nuclear absorption

Dissociation of J/or pre-resonance by spectators.

Cronin effect

absLe

σabs = 4.18 ± 0.35 mb at SPS

J/ in d+Au @ PHENIX:•-2.2<y<-1.2 : x~0.09• y~0 : x~0.02• 1.2<y<2.2 : x~0.003

arXiv:0802.0139

anti-shadowing

shadowing

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Production in d+Au collisions 30

J/ Production in d+Au collisions PHENIX PRC 77, 024912 (2008)

Tendency is well agreement within shadowing predictions. EKS/NDSG Model (+21 process, g+gJ/)

Break up cross section is 2~4mb. Need more statistics to constraint cold matter effects.

PHENIX revisits systematic error evaluation.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Another shadowing model 31

Another shadowing modelE. G. Ferreiro et al. arXiv:0809.4684[hep-ph]

Tendency is well agreement with inclusion of extrinsic process.

Less rapidity dep.

Take into accout g+gJ/+g formation process (extrinsic)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji 2008 d+Au collisions 32

2008 d+Au collisions PHENIX Run8 d+Au ~ 30 x Run3 d+Au

57,030 J/ (~73,000 from all

data)

4,369 J/ ee(~6,000 from all data)

59 nb-1

63 nb-1

Precise CNM effects will be studied using high statistic data!

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ Production in A+A collisions 33

J/ Production in A+A collisions

|y|<0.35

1.2<|y|<2.2PRL.98, 232301 (2007)arXiv:0801.0220

PRL.98, 232301 (2007)PRL 101, 122301 (2008)

RAA (1.2<|y|<2.2) < RAA (|y|<0.35) ~ RAA at SPS (0<y<1)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji CNM effects in A+A 34

CNM effects in A+A

PHENIX PRC 77, 024912 (2008)

PHENIX revisits systematic error evaluation.

Even though error is large, CNM effect is similar between both rapidities Extrinsic treatment (g+gJ/+g) gives stronger CNM at forward. Stronger suppression than expectations from CNM effect

Need more d+Au data to constraint CNM effects.

E.G.Ferreiro et al. arXiv:0809.4684

Extrapolation from d+Au collisions

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Gluon Saturation in A+A

Gluon Saturation in A+A

D. Kharzeev et al. arXiv:0809.2933

dN/dy

Normalization factor is from overall fit to data. can be fixed using high statistic d+Au data.

Rapidity shape can be described by CGC. Final state effect is roughly rapidity independent.

CGC (cold matter effect) can describe hadron production in A+A collisions at forward rapidity at RHIC.

35

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Statistical Hadronization 36

Statistical HadornizationA. Andronic et al. NPA 789 (2007) 334, QM08

Less recombination at forward rapidity due to smaller cross section of charm at forward rapidity Need to understand charm production.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Kinetic formation 37

Kinetic formationX. Zhao, R. Rapp et al. arXiv:0712.2407

Stronger suppression is supplemented by recombination. Depends on charm thermalization time (c ~ 7fm/c) Need to understand charm production in Au+Au

Total yield with Charm relaxation timeAvailable charm quarks for recombination is controlled by 1-exp(-/c)

Total =CNM effects + Dissociation (p-dep) + Coalescence (c=7fm/c)

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Sequential Melting (Hydro+J/) 38

Sequential Melting (Hydro+J/)

Embed free-streaming J/c’ into the evolution of matter. 3+1 hydro. Ncol distribution for J/ and pT from p+p. complete melting above dissociation temperature.

J/ suppression at RHIC can be described by sequential melting.direct J/ suppression starts around Npart~160 (T ~ 2Tc in hydro). reflect temperature field of the medium. TJ/can be determined in a narrow region. (1.9< TJ//Tc < 2.1)

Hydro + J/T. Gunji et al. PRC 76:051901,2007

T. Gunji et al. PRC 76 051901, 2007

TJ/ = 2.0Tc

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Sequential Dissociation 39

Sequential Dissociation J/ transport

Loss (dissociation) + gain (recombination) term

Simplicity :

Well agreement with the dataTJ//Tc = 1.9

Y. Liu et al. SQM08

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/ in high pT 40

J/ in high pT

M. J. Leitch RHIC&AGS 2008

Many effects are here…

Cronin effect enhance higher pT

(anti-)Shadowing enhance pT

Recombination enhance lower pT

Screening & dissociation

suppress lower pT hot-wind scenario

suppress high pT RAA for high pT J/ = 0.9 0.2

seems less suppression compared to low pT J/ ( RAA=0.59 0.02) but still consistent with RAA = 0.59 by fitting results. Need to have more data to disentangle:

Cronin effect (d+Au), leakage effect, recombination,,,,,

33

J/ v2 at RHICATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/08: T. Gunji J/v2 at RHIC 41

First J/ flow measurement by PHENIX. v2 = -10% 10 % 2% 3% (mid-rapidity)

J/’s from recombination should inherit large charm-quark flow.but difficult to see flow of J/due to large error bars. Negative to positive v2 Just Mass ordering? Charm collectivity. Need more data and need to understand with charm quark v2.

NA50 HP08PRELIMINARY Run-4Run-7

Rapp & van Hees, PRC 71, 034907 (2005)

minimum-bias

D. Krieg et al. arXiv:0806.0736

J/ Production has been measured in p+p, d+Au, A+A collisions at RHIC.

J/ Production in d+Au is consistent with shadowing pictures.Not constrained well due to the large errors.Wait for 2008 d+Au analysis

J/ Measurement in Au+Au collisions gives many interesting observations.Similar suppression between at RHIC (y=0) and at SPSStronger suppression at forward than at mid-rapidity.

Dissociation+RecombinationSequential Melting+gluon saturation

Large uncertainty on cold nuclear matter effects prevents a firm conclusion. More d+Au data. This is highest priority!

Other observables (pT dist., v2) with high statistics will be helpful.

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Conclusion (2) 42

Conclusion (2)

max

min

Detector UpgradePHENIX

VTX/FVTX/NCCSTAR

HFT/TOF/DAQ

Luminosity advance100,000 J/ 13,000 J/ ee

LHC!!x10 charm, x100 bottom productionϒ family measurementJ/ complete screening or strong recombination

ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji For the future at RHIC 43

For the future


Backup slides

Inclusive electrons – photonic electronsPhotonic electrons

Conversion of photons in material Dalitz decay of light neutral mesons (mainly 0 and )

Cocktail subtraction & converter method


Non-photonic electron measurement

Ne Electron

yield

Material amounts: 0

0.4% 1.7%

Dalitz : 0.8% X0 equivalent radiation length

0

W/ converter

W/O converter

0.8%

Non-photonic

Photonic

converter

Photonic

QmDT

2

2

p

fD

p)pf(

tf

• Brownian

Motion:

scattering rate diffusion constant

3.) Heavy Quarks in the QGP

Fokker Planck Eq.[Svetitsky ’88,…]Q

k)p,k(wkdp 323 ),(

2

1 kpkwkdD

• pQCD elastic scattering: -1= therm ≥20 fm/c slow

q,g

c

Microscopic Calculations of Diffusion:

2

2elast

D

scg ~

[Svetitsky ’88, Mustafa et al ’98, Molnar et al ’04, Zhang et al ’04, Hees+RR ’04, Teaney+Moore‘04]

• D-/B-resonance model: -1= therm ~ 5 fm/c

c

“D”

c

_q

_q c)(qG DDDcq v1

21 L

parameters: mD , GD

• recent development: lQCD-potential scattering [van Hees, Mannarelli, Greco+RR ’07]

R. Rapp at SQM08

2.5 Comparison of Drag Coefficients

• pert. QCD with running coupling ~ AdS/CFT• increase with temperature except T-matrix (melting resonances)

R. Rapp at SQM08

2.1.3 Thermal Relaxation of Heavy Quarks in QGP

• factor ~3 faster with resonance interactions!

Charm: pQCD vs. Resonances

pQCD

“D”

• ctherm ≈ QGP ≈ 3-5 fm/c

• bottom does not thermalize

Charm vs. Bottom

R. Rapp at SQM08

Universal Bound ModelUpper limit of energy, which can escape the

medium.


Universality of jet quenching

AdS/CFT vs. pQCD with Jets

• Langevin model– Collisional energy loss for heavy quarks– Restricted to low pT

– pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of D, the diffusion coefficient

• ASW model– Radiative energy loss model for all parton species– pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of– Debate over its predicted magnitude

• ST drag calculation– Drag coefficient for a massive quark moving through a strongly c

oupled SYM plasma at uniform T– not yet used to calculate observables: let’s do it!

– Use LHC’s large pT reach and identification of c and b to distinguish

• RAA ~ (1-(pT))n(pT), where pf = (1-)pi (i.e. = 1-pf/pi)• Asymptotic pQCD momentum loss:

• String theory drag momentum loss:

– Independent of pT and strongly dependent on Mq!– T2 dependence in exponent makes for a very sensitive probe

– Expect: pQCD 0 vs. AdS indep of pT!!• dRAA(pT)/dpT > 0 => pQCD; dRAA(pT)/dpT < 0 => ST

rad s L2 log(pT/Mq)/pT

Looking for a Robust, Detectable Signal

ST 1 - Exp(- L), = T2/2MqS. Gubser, Phys.Rev.D74:126005 (2006); C. Herzog et al. JHEP 0607:013,2006

Langevin Model– Langevin equations (assumes v ~ 1 to neglect r

adiative effects):

– Relate drag coef. to diffusion coef.:– IIB Calculation:

• Use of Langevin requires relaxation time be large compared to the inverse temperature:

AdS/CFT here

Integrated RAA ppAA

AApartAA T

NNR

pT integration, e+/e-: pT>0.3 GeV/c e+/e-: pT>3.0 GeV/c Pi0: pT>4.0 GeV/c

There are large error bars, but we can see clear suppression in pT>3.0 GeV/c

Submitted to PRL

Charm cross section from STAR• Use all possible signals

– D mesons – Electrons– Muons

• Charm cross section is well constrained– 95% of the total cross s

ection– Direct measurement– D-mesons and muons c

onstrain the low-pT region

Y. Z

hang (ST

AR

), Hard P

robes 2006

Charm production at RHIC: total cross section

• FONLL as baseline– Large uncertainties due to

quark masses, factorization and renormalization scale

• Phenix about a factor of 2 higher but consistent within errors– Only electrons but less ba

ckground

• STAR data about a factor of 5 higher– More material but it is the

only direct measurement of D-mesons

• 95% of the total cross section is measured

Electron RAA from d+Au to central Au+Au• Use of non-photonic

electron spectra as proxy for energy loss study

• RAA show increasing suppression from peripheral to central Au+Au– First evidence of heavy

quark EL– Differences between

STAR and PHENIX disappear in RAA

• Is it smaller than for light-quark hadrons?

PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012

Heavy QuarksEel for heavy quark is larger than light quarks

D

dpp

dt

Langevin Eq. for v<<1 Moore & Teaney’05

22 logD s

D

T T

M

pQCD

2

2D

T

M

Strong coupling SYM

Casalderrey-Solana & Teaney’06Gubser’06, Herzog et al’06

Upbound for escaping energyin strong coupling SYM

1

2boundEL

Kharzeev’08

Rcb Ratio

Horowitz & Gyulassy’08

Wicks et al’06,Djordjevic et al’06

X-N. Wang at HP08

heavy quark and quarkonia production at rhic

Documents