stats term report

7/30/2019 Stats term report

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Foad Ahmed (A113101) Page 1

To

Dr. Sarah Shahid

Lecturer Applied Statistics and Analysis

Imperial College of Business Studies

Lahore, Pakistan

Dear Madam,

Here is my term report on the smoking awareness among the people of Pakistan. It is

estimated that 56% of men and 20% of women smoke. This is an alarming high figure. It is also

seen that 85% of smokers develop this lethal habit from their teenage years. The Ministry of

Health has repeatedly warned against the ill effects of smoking. It even went as far as to publish

its warning on each and every pack of cigarette and banning tobacco adverts. Despite of these

measure, the number of smokers continue to rise each year.

Through this report I have covered aspects like how many people some, their age group,the frequency and the amount of money sent on cigarettes and how many people are actually

aware of the ill-effects of this deadly habit. I have tried to use statistics to understand the

extent of smoking in Pakistan and I have used the SPSS software to aid me in my research.

Thank you for taking time to read my report.

Yours truly

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

MBA (executive) student

Imperial College

Lahore, Pakistan


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Table of Contents

1. Questionnaires for the report ............................................................................................................... 3

2. Variable view ......................................................................................................................................... 4

3. Data view .............................................................................................................................................. 5

4. Co-relation Test ..................................................................................................................................... 6

5. The T-Test .............................................................................................................................................. 7

6. One way ANOVA ................................................................................................................................... 8

One way .................................................................................................................................................... 8

Post Hoc Test ............................................................................................................................................ 9

Homogenous Subsets ............................................................................................................................. 10

7. Graphs ................................................................................................................................................. 12

Bar Graph ................................................................................................................................................ 12

Pie Chart .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Histogram ................................................................................................................................................ 14

8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 16


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1. Questionnaires for the report

In order to gather the data for my research I prepared a form and then distributed it to my

respondents. The following are the questions included in my questionnaires. I collected the data

from a group of 30 smokers.

Q.1 Age of the respondents

Q.2 Monthly income

Q.3 Do they smoke regularly

Q.4 How much do they spend on cigarettes

Q.5 What type of cigarette do they prefer?

Q.6 Are they aware of the harmful effects of smoking?

Q.7 Have they tried to quit smoking?

Q.8 Would they advice their kids against smoking?


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2. Variable view


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3. Data view


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4. Co-relation Test

Correlations

Monthly Income

Monthly

expenditure on

cigarettes

Monthly Income Pearson Correlation 1 .890**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 30 30

Monthly expenditure on

cigarettes

Pearson Correlation .890** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 30 30

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The aim of this test was to verify if there exists a co relation between the monthly income of the

respondent and their monthly expenditure on cigarettes. The test revealed that there is a definitive

significance at 0.01.


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5. The T-Test

Group Statistics

Do you smoke

occasionally? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean


cigarettesdimension1

No 14 2342.86 1463.775 391.210

Yes 16 2425.00 1244.454 311.114

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test

for Equality of

Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df

Sig.

(2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Monthly

expenditure

on cigarettes

Equal

variances

assumed

.606 .443 -

.166

28 .869 -82.143 494.312 -

1094.695

930.410

Equal

variances not

assumed

-

.164

25.725 .871 -82.143 499.837 -

1110.107

945.821

The T-test reveals that there is no significance between ones monthly expenditure on cigarettes

and their frequency of smoking.


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6. One way ANOVA

One way

ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Do you smoke regularly? Between Groups .994 2 .497 2.074 .145

Within Groups 6.472 27 .240

Total 7.467 29

Do you smoke occasionally? Between Groups .994 2 .497 2.074 .145


Total 7.467 29

Do you know smoking is

bad for health?

Between Groups .272 2 .136 .610 .551


Total 6.300 29

Have you tried to quit

smoking?

Between Groups .144 2 .072 .270 .765


Total 7.367 29


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Post Hoc Test

Multiple Comparisons

Tukey HSD

Dependent Variable (I) Type of

cigarette

(J) Type of

cigarette Mean

Difference

(I-J)

Std.

Error Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Do you smoke

regularly?

dimension2

Lightsdimension3

Regular -.111 .231 .881 -.68 .46

Menthol .306 .216 .347 -.23 .84

Regulardimension3

Lights .111 .231 .881 -.46 .68Menthol .417 .216 .150 -.12 .95

Mentholdimension3

Lights -.306 .216 .347 -.84 .23

Regular -.417 .216 .150 -.95 .12

Do you smoke

occasionally?

dimension2

Lightsdimension3

Regular .111 .231 .881 -.46 .68

Menthol -.306 .216 .347 -.84 .23

Regulardimension3

Lights -.111 .231 .881 -.68 .46

Menthol -.417 .216 .150 -.95 .12

Mentholdimension3

Lights .306 .216 .347 -.23 .84

Regular .417 .216 .150 -.12 .95

Do you know

smoking is bad for

health?

dimension2

Lightsdimension3

Regular -.222 .223 .585 -.77 .33

Menthol -.194 .208 .624 -.71 .32

Regulardimension3

Lights .222 .223 .585 -.33 .77

Menthol .028 .208 .990 -.49 .54

Mentholdimension3

Lights .194 .208 .624 -.32 .71

Regular -.028 .208 .990 -.54 .49

Have you tried to

quit smoking?

dimension2

Lightsdimension3

Regular -.111 .244 .892 -.72 .49

Menthol .056 .228 .968 -.51 .62

Regulardimension3

Lights .111 .244 .892 -.49 .72

Menthol .167 .228 .748 -.40 .73

Mentholdimension3

Lights -.056 .228 .968 -.62 .51

Regular -.167 .228 .748 -.73 .40


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Homogenous Subsets

Do you smoke regularly?

Tukey HSDa,b

Type of cigarette

N

Subset for

alpha = 0.05

1

dimension1

Menthol 12 .25

Lights 9 .56

Regular 9 .67

Sig. .162

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.818.

b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic

mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

Do you smoke occasionally?

Tukey HSDa,b

Type of cigarette

N

Subset for

alpha = 0.05

1

dimension1

Regular 9 .33

Lights 9 .44

Menthol 12 .75

Sig. .162


displayed.






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Do you know smoking is bad for health?

Tukey HSDa,b

Type of cigarette

N

Subset for

alpha = 0.05

1

dimension1

Lights 9 .56

Menthol 12 .75

Regular 9 .78

Sig. .557


displayed.





Have you tried to quit smoking?

Tukey HSDa,b

Type of cigarette

N

Subset for

alpha = 0.05

1

dimension1

Menthol 12 .50

Lights 9 .56

Regular 9 .67

Sig. .757


displayed.





The degree of freedom here is 29 (N-1).


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7. Graphs

Bar Graph

Below is a bar graph showing the gender of respondents.

Statistics

Gender of Respondent

N Valid 30

Missing 0

Gender of Respondent

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Female 11 36.7 36.7 36.7

Male 19 63.3 63.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0


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Pie Chart

We can see a pie chart representing the type of cigarette (namely, light, regular or menthol) that was

preferred by the group.

Statistics

Type of cigarette

N Valid 30

Missing 0

Type of cigarette


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Lights 9 30.0 30.0 30.0

Regular 9 30.0 30.0 60.0

Menthol 12 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0


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Histogram

Statistics


cigarettes

N Valid 30

Missing 0

Monthly expenditure on cigarettes


Cumulative

PercentValid 500 2 6.7 6.7 6.7

700 1 3.3 3.3 10.0

800 1 3.3 3.3 13.3

1000 2 6.7 6.7 20.0

1300 1 3.3 3.3 23.3

1400 2 6.7 6.7 30.0

1500 1 3.3 3.3 33.3

1700 2 6.7 6.7 40.0

1800 1 3.3 3.3 43.3

1900 1 3.3 3.3 46.7

2000 1 3.3 3.3 50.0

2500 3 10.0 10.0 60.0

2600 1 3.3 3.3 63.3

2700 1 3.3 3.3 66.7

3000 1 3.3 3.3 70.0

3200 1 3.3 3.3 73.3

3500 2 6.7 6.7 80.04000 3 10.0 10.0 90.0

4400 1 3.3 3.3 93.3

5000 2 6.7 6.7 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0


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The above histogram is used to illustrate the varying monthly expenditure that the respondents

said to have incurred on buying cigarettes.


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8. Conclusion

Our tests have revealed that many smokers are aware of the adverse effects of smoking and most of

them have tried to kick this habit out. But despite this we can see a steady increase in the number of

smokers and their expenditure on cigarettes. This is a very alarming revelation and it means that the

Government should enforce more strict anti smoking laws, like increasing duty/tax on cigarettes and

setting minimum price per cigarettes (so that we dont have 20 pack cigarettes selling as low as rs.20).

Also we need to increase the awareness about ill effects of smoking to the youth so that they are better

educated about the subject.

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