statistics of scientific procedures | on living animals | great britain 2011
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Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2011
HC 345
£10.75
HOME OFFICE Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals GREAT BRITAIN 2011 Presented to Parliament pursuant to section 21(7) of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 10 July 2012
HC 345 LONDON: The Stationery Office £10.75
© Crown copyright 2012
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Contents Page Introductory Notes
5
SUMMARY
7
COMMENTARY
8
TABLES
Organisation Chart: Relationship between the tables
19
General Tables:
Table
Table Title
1 Scientific procedures by species of animal and primary purpose of the procedure 20 1a Animals used by species of animal and primary purpose of the procedure 22 2 Scientific procedures by Schedule 2 listed species and source of animals 24 3 Scientific procedures by species of animal and genetic status - Summary version 25 4 Scientific procedures by species of animal and target body system 26 5 Scientific procedures by species of animal and level of anaesthesia 27 Non-toxicology:
Table Table Title 6 Scientific procedures (non-toxicology) by species of animal and field of research 28 6a Animals used (non-toxicology) by species of animal and field of research 32 7 Scientific procedures (non-toxicology) by species of animal and production and
breeding
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Toxicology:
Table Table Title 9 Scientific procedures (toxicology) by species of animal and toxicological purpose 37 9a Animals used (toxicology) by species of animal and toxicological purpose 41 10 Scientific procedures (toxicology) by species of animal and type of legislation -
Summary version 45
11 Scientific procedures (toxicology) by species of animal and type of toxicological test: All purposes
46
Appendix A General system of control under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 48
Table Table Title 19 Project licences and scientific procedures by type of designated establishment 51 Note: The 'Supplementary Tables' and 'Time Series Tables' and the 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals' can be found on the website at :- http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/research-statistics/science/research-testing-using-animals/.
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Introductory Notes The statistics in this publication relate to scientific procedures performed using living animals subject to the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, during the year 2011. The purpose of the publication is to meet the requirements of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 section 21(7) “The Secretary of State shall in each year publish and lay before Parliament such information as he considers appropriate with respect to the use of protected animals in the previous year for experimental or other scientific purposes”. The system of control under the 1986 Act is explained in detail in Appendix A. Confidentiality and Data quality
Detailed information on the work of individual project licence holders is not readily identifiable in this publication. Where a further breakdown of the 'other' species categories are not given in the commentary this is to safeguard the confidentiality of the establishment and the licence holder. The data provided remains provisional and subject to revision. Symbols used in tables .. not available - nil N/A not applicable r revised Acknowledgements
This publication and the accompanying web tables have been prepared by staff in the Home Office Statistics unit of the Home Office Science Group. We are grateful for the support of colleagues in Policing Data Collection Section for data input, the Animals in Science Regulation Unit for their assistance with the collection, processing and quality assurance processes involved in preparing this report, and colleagues in the Communications Development Section who assisted in preparing the report for publication. Last but not least, the contribution of licensees who provided the returns on which this report is based is acknowledged.
Further information available
Further information is available from the Internet site: http://homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/research-statistics/science/research-testing-using-animals/ :-
the 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals' (a useful reference guide with explanatory notes regarding the issues and classifications which are key to the production and presentation of the statistics).
the 'Supplementary Tables' and the 'Time Series Tables'. The dates of forthcoming publications are pre-announced and can be found via the UK National Statistics Publication Hub: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/index.html.
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Home Office Responsible Statistician
David Blunt, Chief Statistician and Head of Profession for Statistics
Information on how Home Office Statistics outputs are published independently as part of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics is available at http://homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/about-home-office-science/official-statistics/.
Enquiries
If you have any enquiries about this publication, please email [email protected] or write to:
Home Office Statistics, 5th Floor, Peel Building, 2 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 4DF.
This statistical bulletin is a National Statistics output produced to the highest professional standards and free from political interference. It has been produced by statisticians working in the Home Office Statistics Unit in accordance with the Home Office‟s Statement of Compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics which covers our policy on revisions and other matters. The governance arrangements in the Home Office for statistics were strengthened on 1 April 2008 to place the statistical teams under the direct line management of a Chief Statistician, who reports to the National Statistician with respect to all professional statistical matters.
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Summary 1. Just over 3.79 million scientific procedures were started in Great Britain in
2011, increasing 2 per cent (+68,100). Breeding of genetically modified (GM) animals and harmful mutants (HM), mainly mice, remained stable, accounting for 1.62 million procedures.
2. Excluding the breeding of GM and HM animals, the total number of procedures increased in 2011 (an increase of +71,300 or +3%, from 2.10 million to 2.18 million).
3. There were increases in numbers of procedures for several species, for example cats (+26%), pigs (+37%), birds (+14%) and fish (+15%). There were falls for several species, for example rats (-11%), guinea pigs (-16%), dogs (-21%), and non-human primates (-47% with new-world monkeys -68% and old-world monkeys -41%).
4. There was an increase (+2%) in the numbers of procedures for safety testing (toxicology) to 399,000, due to increased use of fish in regulatory toxicology, with a higher proportion carried out to meet more than one legislative/regulatory requirement (75% compared with 72% in 2010). Most toxicology procedures are carried out in the commercial sector where the number of procedures also rose (+1%).
5. The number of non-toxicology procedures increased 2 per cent to 3.39 million, reflecting the higher numbers of procedures carried out in universities (+7%), particularly fundamental research. The increase for non-toxicology included increases in physiology (+115,100), immunology (+62,000) and parasitology (+22,000) whilst ecology (-30,300), anatomy (-27,000), biochemistry (-11,900) and cancer research (-10,200) fell.
6. There were 1.08 million more procedures than in 2000 (+40%) mostly accounted for by breeding to produce GM and HM animals (+918,000, of which mice +795,000). Excluding such breeding, the total number of procedures was slightly higher than in 2000 (+8% or +159,900).
(Source: Tables 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 19).
Definition – for the compilation of these statistics the number of procedures reported generally corresponds to the number of animals. Where an animal that has recovered fully from a completed procedure is used again for a further procedure it is counted as a separate procedure.
Presentation – the figures given refer to the numbers of procedures that were started in 2011 (rather than the numbers of animals), compared with 2010, unless indicated otherwise. Most figures have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 or 100 procedures or to two significant figures.
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Commentary
Procedures started in 2011 (Tables 1, 1a)
There were just over 3.79 million scientific procedures started in 2011, an increase of 68,100 (+2%) on 2010. Breeding of genetically modified (GM) animals or harmful mutants (HM) accounted for 1.62 million procedures (43% of the total). The total excluding such breeding increased (an increase of +3% or +71,300, from 2.10 million to 2.18 million). There were some 3.71 million animals used for the first time in procedures started in 2011 (Table 1a), an increase of 68,100 (+2%), reflecting the trend in numbers of procedures started. There has been a significant reduction in the annual number of scientific procedures since 1976, this trend levelled out in the second half of the 1990s and in recent years there has been an increase. The total number of procedures was higher (+40% or +1.08 million) than in 2000, mostly accounted for by breeding to produce GM and HM animals (+918,000 higher, of which mice +795,000). Excluding such breeding, the total was slightly higher than in 2000 (+8% or +159,900). The overall level of scientific procedures is determined by a number of factors, including the economic climate and global trends in scientific endeavour.
Figure 1: Experiments or procedures commenced each year 1945–2011
00.511.522.533.544.555.56
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
55.5
6
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
*
Millions of procedures
Procedures
Experiments (1)
(1) Experiments under the 1876 Act or Scientific Procedures under the 1986 Act . * The 1987 total includes experiments under the 1876 Act as well as procedures under the 1986 Act.
Definition – for the compilation of these statistics the number of procedures reported generally corresponds to the number of animals. Where an animal that has recovered fully from a completed procedure is used again for a further procedure it is counted as a separate procedure. The circumstances in which this re-use of an animal is permitted are limited (for further details see the Introductory Notes and the Form Notes in the 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals').
Presentation – the figures given refer to the numbers of procedures that were started in 2011 (rather than the numbers of animals), compared with 2010, unless indicated otherwise. Most figures have been rounded to the nearest 1,000 or 100 procedures or to two significant figures, in order to simplify the explanation/presentation; therefore the figures shown will not be identical to the figures in the tables. However, percentage changes given are calculated using the unrounded data available in the tables.
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Species used (Tables 1 and 1a, and online Time Series Table 20)
Overall numbers Mice (71%), fish (15%), rats (7%) and birds (4%) were involved in the largest numbers of
procedures, similar to recent years.
Domestic fowl accounted for 92 per cent of all procedures using birds.
'Other mammals' accounted for two per cent of all procedures, of which dogs, cats and non-human primates combined were used in fewer than a quarter of one percent of all procedures, with a combined total of 7,300, lower than in 2010 (10,700).
Figure 2: Procedures by species of animal, 2011
Mouse 71%Other mammal 2%
Other rodent 0.5%
Fish 15%
Bird 4%Rat 7%
Reptile/amphibian 0.5%
Increases There were higher numbers of procedures using some species in 2011, notably: Rabbits (+628 or +4%)
Cats (+48 or +26%),
Horses and other equids (+56 or +1%)
Pigs (+1,165 or +37%)
Goats (+169 or +626%)
Other rodents (+2,352 or +152%)
Cattle (+1,517 or +42%)
Camelids (+224 or +679%)
Birds (20,584 or +14%),
Amphibians (+1,448 or +10%)
Fish (+72,959 or +15%).
Decreases There were falls in numbers of procedures using other species in 2011, notably: Rats (-33,604 or -11%),
Guinea pigs (-2,123 or -16%),
Dogs (-1,230 or -21%),
Deer (-12 or -19%)
Non-human primates (-2,213 or -47%) with new-world monkeys (-752 or -68%) and old-world monkeys (-1,461 or -41%),
Reptiles (-506 or -57%)
Figure 3 below shows that, since 1995, there has been a steady decrease in the number of procedures using rats, while the number of procedures using mice has steadily increased. The number of procedures
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using fish increased in line with the increases in all years since 2001 apart from the 2009 decline that followed the peak in 2008. The proportion of total procedures accounted for by mice, rats and fish has steadily increased from around 84 per cent in 1995 to 93 per cent in 2011.
Figure 3: Procedures using mice, rats and fish 1995-–2011
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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Millions of procedures
Rat Fish Mouse
'Other' categories use detail The 'other carnivore' category included badgers, foxes and seals.
The 'other mammals' category included bats, tree shrews and opossums.
'Other rodents' included voles, wood mice, squirrels, chinchillas and cotton rats.
'Other birds' included zebra finches, ducks and geese, pigeons, emu, guinea fowl and various wild garden or woodland birds, seabirds, waterfowl and game birds.
'Other ungulates' included wild boar. Primate use (Tables 1 and 1a) Figure 4 below shows the changes in procedures using old-world and new-world primates since 1995 (for details on primate species, see the 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals'). The number of procedures using new-world primates fell by 752 (-68%), and there was a fall of 430
animals used.
The number of procedures using old-world primates fell by 1,461 (-41%), and there was a fall of 760 animals used.
Some primates were used more than once since some of the procedures they were involved in have only a minimal effect.
The total number of procedures using primates decreased by 2,213 from 4,688 in 2010 to 2,475 in 2011 (-47%) and the number of animals used fell by 1,190 (from 2,649 in 2010 to 1,459 in 2011 or 45%), with slightly over 1,000 procedures in 2011 involving re-use of primates.
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Figure 4: Procedures using non-human primates, 1995–2011
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Number of procedures
New World Old World
Species on which no procedures were started in 2011 (Table 1) No procedures were performed using greyhounds, a number of primate species, and Octopus vulgaris. No great apes have been used since the current legislation (the 1986 Act) was implemented in 1987. Primary purpose (Tables 1 and 1a)
Note: Breeding is for the purpose of producing genetically modified (GM) animals or harmful mutants (HM). Further details of the coding of GM and HM animals are given in the 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals' (section on Form Notes). Increases There was an increase in the numbers of procedures for: direct diagnosis (+600 or 1%);
fundamental biological research (+44,400 or +3%);
veterinary medicine (+26,500, or +17%);
protection of man, animals or environment (+41,000 or +54%).
Decreases There were falls for: education (-700 or -31%); and
human medicine/dentistry (-40,600 or -8%).
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Figure 5: Comparison of breeding to produce GM and HM animals, with other primary purposes, 1995–2011
0
0.5
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2
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0.0
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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Millions of procedures
Breeding to produce GM and HM
Other primary purposes
Source (Table 2 and online Supplementary Tables 2.1, 2.2)
The majority (79% or 2.99 million) of the 3.79 million procedures started in 2011 were carried out using animals listed in Schedule 2 of the Act. These animals must come from a designated source, unless a special exemption is granted. The animals in Schedule 2 are: mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, rabbit, cat, dog, ferret, non-human primate, pigs (if genetically modified), sheep (if genetically modified), and quail Coturnix coturnix. The procedures involving animals listed in Schedule 2 and acquired from non-designated sources in the UK are authorised under Section 10(3) of the Act. Designated establishments in the UK were the source of animals for 2.96 million or 99 per cent of
procedures using Schedule 2 listed species.
Other EU countries were the source for Schedule 2 animals used in 13,700 procedures.
Schedule 2 listed animals acquired from other sources (including Council of Europe countries who are signatories to ETS123) were used in 14,400 procedures; of these procedures 88 per cent (12,700) involved mice or rats (of which the large majority, 10,500, used GM or HM animals).
Genetic status (Table 3, and online Supplementary Tables 3 (full), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3)
Genetically 'normal' animals accounted for 1.76 million procedures (1.72 million procedures in 2010), slightly less than half (46%) of the total 3.79 million procedures. There were 376,000 procedures (10%) using HM animals and 1.65 million procedures (44%) using GM animals. There was an increase in procedures using GM animals (+51,500 or +3%) and normal animals (+41,000 or +2%) and a decrease in use of harmful mutants (-24,400 or -6%). Genetically 'normal' animals (Table 3) The increase in procedures using genetically 'normal' animals (+41,000 or +2%) was a result of increases for domestic fowl (+19,100) and fish (+71,000) with falls in use of mice (-14,900) and rats (-32,100).
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Animals with a harmful genetic defect (Table 3, online Supplementary Table 3.2) The decrease in procedures using HM animals (-24,400 or -6%) was a result of decreases in use of mice (-15,000), fish (-9,100) and rats (-2,200) whilst use rose for amphibia (+1,800). The procedures using mice, rats and fish were mainly for maintaining breeding colonies, with the other primary purposes being fundamental biological research and for mice and rats, applied studies. Genetically modified animals (Table 3) The increase (+51,500 or +3%) in procedures using genetically modified animals (GM) was attributable to higher use of mice (+39,600 or +3%) and fish (+11,000 or +10%). The procedures using mice and fish were mainly for maintaining breeding colonies, with the other primary purpose being fundamental biological research.
Figure 6: Procedures by genetic status of animal, 1995–2011
0.0
0.5
1.0
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2.0
2.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
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1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 2011
Millions of procedures
GM animals Harmful genetic defect Normal animals
Target body system (Table 4)
Slightly over half (52%) of all procedures in 2011 were prospectively directed towards one particular body system:- The immune system was the largest single category, accounting for 512,600 procedures (14%)
mainly mice (463,300).
The nervous system was the next largest with 420,000 (11%) procedures; mice, rats and fish were the most common species used (99% of this type of procedure).
Of the single body system categories, there was a mix of rises and falls with no clear pattern. Procedures conducted where the target body system was 'not relevant' accounted for 840,500 (22% of the total 3.79 million procedures), down 124,900 (-13%). The category for 'multiple' target body systems accounted for 983,200 procedures (26% of the total) increasing by ten per cent.
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Use of anaesthesia (Table 5)
Procedures are only permitted without anaesthesia or analgesic when such administration is judged more traumatic than the procedure itself, or when it is incompatible with the object of the procedure. A third (29%) of all procedures had some form of anaesthesia to alleviate the severity of the
interventions. For many of the remaining procedures the use of anaesthesia would have potentially increased the adverse effects of the procedure.
The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) was recorded in 2,547 procedures, all of which involved the use of general anaesthesia.
Fundamental and applied studies other than toxicology, regulatory or safety purposes (Table 6) Non-toxicology accounted for 3.39 million procedures, 89 per cent of the total of 3.79 million procedures, and was slightly higher than in 2010 (+60,200 or +2%). The main areas were: physiology (18% of such procedures), immunology (16%), cancer research (13%), anatomy (11%), genetics (10%), and pharmaceutical R&D (7%).
There were increases for physiology (+115,100), immunology (+62,000) and parasitology (+22,000) whilst there were falls for the 'other' category (-49,400), ecology (-30,300), anatomy (-27,000), biochemistry (-11,900) and cancer research (-10,200). Production of biological materials (Table 7)
In 2011 some 349,700 procedures, 2,600 (-1%) fewer than in 2010, were carried out to produce biological materials. Forty-two per cent of these were for the production of infectious agents, (four percent of the total 3.39
million non-toxicology procedures), of which the most common species used were birds (79%) and mice (17%).
Vectors, neoplasms and antibody production accounted for a further seven per cent of procedures for production of biological materials; using a wide range of species.
The remaining fifty-one per cent of production procedures were to obtain other biological material such as tissues or blood products, also using a wide range of species.
The numbers of procedures using immunisation to produce monoclonal antibodies by in vitro methods fell by 13 per cent to 1,900 procedures in 2011, less than half the level of 4,000 procedures in 2008.
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Toxicology, other safety or efficacy evaluation (Tables 9, 9a, 10, 11, online Supplementary Tables 12, 15, 16) (Table 9 and online Time Series Table 25) There were 399,000 procedures for toxicological or other safety/efficacy evaluation purposes, or just over one in ten (11%) of the total 3.79 million procedures. This represented a rise of two percent in toxicology procedures compared with 2010, which followed falls in toxicology in most recent years. The increase was due to a significant increase in the use of fish in toxicology; without this the trend would have continued downwards. Most (78%) toxicology procedures were for pharmaceutical safety and efficacy evaluation, and just under three-quarters (73%) involved rodent species; while non-human primates accounted for less than one per cent of such procedures. (Table 10, online Time Series Table 21) Over four-fifths of toxicological procedures (84% of 399,000) were carried out to conform to legal or regulatory requirements, with most of these (75% or 299,000 of the 399,000 toxicology procedures) carried out to meet a combination of legislative requirements. By comparison in 1995 a similar proportion of toxicology procedures (83%) were carried out to meet legislative requirements but a smaller proportion (59%) were to meet joint requirements.
Figure 7: Procedures (toxicology) by species of animal, 2011
Rat 28%
All other rodents 2%
Mouse 42%
Rabbit 3%
Other 2%
Fish 19%
Bird 4%
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Figure 8: Procedures by legislative requirement (toxicology), 2011
Joint requirements 75%
Other international 1%
Other EU 7%
UK only 1%
Non-legislative 16%
Rodenticide trials
It is impracticable to collect accurate figures on the number of animals used in field trials of rodenticide substances. There was one return from a licensee which confirmed that such field trails occurred in 2011 as part of the work carried out under that licence. Use of animals on the CITES list
Returns were required on the use of animals listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) or in Annex C.1 to the Council Regulation (EEC) 3626/82 (see Form Notes section in 'User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals'). There were 68 procedures performed using animals in this category in 2011; these involved wild birds in research relevant to those species. Type of establishment (Table 19)
In 2011 commercial organisations accounted for 26 per cent of the 3.79 million procedures and ten per cent of 3,165 project licences for which returns were received; the corresponding figures for universities were 50 per cent and 75 per cent respectively.
(Online Time Series Table 23) The number of procedures accounted for by the commercial sector rose by one per cent to just over 1.00 million procedures in 2011. However, there have been falls in most previous years since the levels of around 2 million annually at the end of the 1980s.
The number of procedures carried out in the university sector has been increasing fairly steadily since the end of the 1980s, and increased again in 2011 (to 1.90 million, +7%).
The difference in trends between the commercial sector and the university sector is likely to reflect the increase in fundamental research using GM animals within universities, as well as the trend for lower numbers of procedures for toxicological purposes (with an increasing proportion of such procedures used to meet more than one requirement).
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Figure 9: Procedures by establishment type 1995–2011
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19951996199719981999200020012002 200320042005200620072008200920102011
Millions of procedures
Universities, medical schools
Commercial organisations
Total
International comparisons (Table 1a and Commission report1 Tables 1.0 and 1.1)
Data compiled by EU countries and submitted to the European Commission use a narrower, but common, definition of animal experiments. The main difference with the definition used for the other statistics in this publication is that it is based on numbers of animals and excludes breeding to produce GM or HM animals. The latest data are for 20082, of which some of the key points are as follows. Based on the latest internationally comparable data, the total number of animals used for experiments
in the 27 EU Member States in 20082 was just over 12.0 million. The total fell by 1.7 per cent compared with 2005 for the EU25 Member States.
In France, the UK and Germany there were experiments using 2.33 million animals, 2.27 million animals, and 2.02 million animals respectively.
No apes were used in experiments anywhere in the EU in 2008. A total of 9,569 non-human primates were used in experiments across the EU27, a third (35% or 3,354) of which were used in the UK.
The full report is available on the Commission's website http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab animals/reports en.htm.
1 Commission Staff Working Paper - Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union in the year 2008 (SEC (2010) 1107/final 2), available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab animals/reports en.htm Data quoted are from Tables 1.0 and 1.1 of the Commission Working Paper SEC (2010) 1107/final 2. 2 Data for France related to 2007.
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Returns, project licensees and designated places (Appendix A Table 19) Statistical returns are required each year from every person who holds a project licence for part or all of the year. For 2011 there were 3,165 licensees providing returns reporting either starting procedures (2,543 licensees, of which 13 reported only 'non-countable' procedures1) or reporting none (622 licensees). There were 2,624 project licences in force at the end of 2011 compared with 2,614 at the end of 2010, following falls in most of the last few years. Similarly, the number of certificates of designation in force authorising places where work is carried out was 181 at the end of 2011 compared with 188 at the end of 2010, again after falls in recent years. The number of personal licences in force decreased, to 15,403 at the end of 2011, compared with 15,721 at the end of 2010. Further information Further information about the work of the Animals in Science Regulation Unit can be found at http://homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/animal-research/ Information about the Animal Procedures Committee can be found at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/agencies-public-bodies/apc/ Information about the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in research NC3Rs can be found at http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/ Information relating to Northern Ireland is published by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety and can be found at http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/healthprotection-animalscience Information on public attitudes to animal testing is available from MORI at http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchspecialisms/socialresearch/specareas/nhspublichealth/attitudestowardsanimalexperimentation.aspx
1It is not possible to collect accurate figures on numbers of procedures started using immature forms (e.g. larvae, embryos, fish fry). Information is collected indicating when such procedures using such forms are carried out, which are classified as „non-countable‟ procedures.
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Tables
Form Notes, and detailed table notes providing details of the terms and classifications used (‘User Guide to Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals’), and the ‘Supplementary Tables’ and ‘Time Series Tables’ can be found on the website at: http://homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/research-statistics/science/research-testing-using-animals/ Definitions
All tables refer to numbers of scientific procedures started on adult animals in 2011, unless indicated otherwise. Tables suffixed with an ‘a’ (e.g. Tables 1a, 6a, 9a) relate to numbers of animals used. Symbols used in tables
.. not available - nil NA not applicable r revised
Organisation Chart: Relationship between the tables, 2011
TABLE 1 TABLE 1aSpecies by purpose Species by purpose
(procedures) (animals)
TABLE 2 TABLES 2.1, 2.2 wSource of animals Source by genetic status: w
w
e TABLE 3 we Genetic status w
ww
TABLE 4Target body system
TABLE 5Anaesthesia
(Toxicology) (Non-toxicology)
TABLE 9 TABLE 9a TABLE 6a TABLE 6Field of toxicology Field of toxicology Field of research Field of research
(procedures) (animals) (animals) (procedures)
e TABLE 10 we Legislative requirements w TABLE 7
w Production ofw biological materials
TABLE 11Type of test - overall TABLE 8 w
Techniques of interest w
Notes
number of animals usedTABLE 12 w
Type of test - safety w number of proceduresother than pharmaceuticals w
procedures by genetic status
GM = genetically modifiedTABLE 15 w HM = harmful mutant
Type of test - safety wof pharmaceuticals w w website only
e extended version on website
TABLE 16 wType of test -other safety w
or toxicology testing w
HM, GM
HM, GM
TABLES 6.1, 6.2Field of researchby genetic status:
Breeding procedures andresearch by genetic status
TABLES 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
HM, GM
19
Tabl
e 1
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd p
rimar
y pu
rpos
e of
the
proc
edur
e, p
age
1 of
2
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Prim
ary
purp
ose
of th
e pr
oced
ure
Tot
al
Fun
dam
enta
l bi
olog
ical
re
sear
ch
App
lied
stud
ies
-hu
man
med
icin
e or
den
tistr
y
App
lied
stud
ies
-ve
terin
ary
med
icin
e
Pro
tect
ion
of
man
, ani
mal
s or
env
ironm
ent
Edu
catio
nT
rain
ing
For
ensi
c en
quiri
esD
irect
di
agno
sis
Bre
edin
g of
GM
or
HM
ani
mal
s
Mam
mal
Mou
se86
4,18
2
31
8,30
4
14
,612
17,7
76
903
-
-
4,43
3
1,45
9,55
3
2,
679,
763
Rat
86,4
91
13
7,75
1
12
1
33,0
64
445
720
-
6
12,9
37
27
1,53
5 G
uine
a pi
g2,
283
7,
811
1,
112
122
10
0
-
-
10
9
-
11
,537
Ham
ster
883
787
118
20
6
-
-
-
-
-
1,99
4 G
erbi
l50
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
508
Oth
er ro
dent
2,96
9
214
60
65
3
-
-
-
-
-
3,89
6 R
abbi
t1,
467
8,
346
2,
373
1,76
7
20
-
-
1,
462
26
15,4
61 C
at20
7
-
28
-
-
-
-
-
-
23
5 D
og
Bea
gle
125
3,81
1
229
19
3
-
-
-
-
-
4,35
8
Gre
yhou
nd-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er in
clud
ing
cros
s-br
ed d
ogs
158
-
36
-
-
-
-
-
-
194
Fer
ret
285
380
4
-
13
-
-
9
-
691
Oth
er c
arni
vore
565
-
68
16
2
-
-
-
-
-
795
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
144
-
308
-
-
-
-
7,
928
-
8,
380
Pig
1,37
1
908
1,97
6
24
-
-
-
-
61
4,34
0 G
oat
113
5
2
7
-
-
-
69
-
196
She
ep4,
306
69
9
1,
263
82
-
-
-
31
,183
18
1
37,7
14 C
attle
3,41
0
-
1,55
1
21
-
-
-
120
-
5,10
2 D
eer
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
Cam
elid
257
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
7 O
ther
ung
ulat
e12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
20
Tabl
e 1
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd p
rimar
y pu
rpos
e of
the
proc
edur
e, p
age
2 of
2G
reat
Brit
ain
2011
Num
ber o
f pro
cedu
res
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alPr
imar
y pu
rpos
e of
the
proc
edur
e T
otal
F
unda
men
tal
biol
ogic
al
rese
arch
App
lied
stud
ies
-hu
man
med
icin
e or
den
tistr
y
App
lied
stud
ies
-ve
terin
ary
med
icin
e
Pro
tect
ion
of
man
, ani
mal
s or
env
ironm
ent
Edu
catio
nT
rain
ing
For
ensi
c en
quiri
esD
irect
di
agno
sis
Bre
edin
g of
GM
or
HM
ani
mal
s
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
154
197
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35
1
S
quirr
el, o
wl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er N
ew W
orld
mon
key
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
Mac
aque
177
1,65
2
-
287
-
-
-
8
-
2,
124
Bab
oon
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
A
pe
Gibbon
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gre
at a
pe-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- O
ther
mam
mal
525
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
545
Bird
Dom
estic
fow
l (G
allu
s do
mes
ticus
)6,
234
28
14
0,52
9
274
-
-
-
1,37
7
602
14
9,04
4 T
urke
y46
0
17
1
2,
628
-
-
-
-
150
-
3,40
9 Q
uail
(Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
34
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
34
Qua
il (n
ot C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)13
1
-
-
75
2
-
-
-
-
-
883
Oth
er b
ird6,
680
-
-
2,
099
-
-
-
46
9
-
9,
248
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es38
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
383
Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phib
ian
spec
ies
11,8
67
-
-
41
9
-
-
-
-
3,62
9
15
,915
Fish
- a
ny f
ish
spec
ies
342,
442
1,73
1
19,9
75
58
,908
-
-
23
-
140,
824
56
3,90
3C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tota
l1,
338,
873
482,
795
187,
013
116,
816
1,48
172
023
47,3
231,
617,
813
3,79
2,85
7
Incr
ease
on
2010
44,3
70-4
0,59
3 26
,531
41,0
19-6
79
4323
616
-3,1
99
68,1
31
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
03%
-8%
17%
54%
-31%
6%N
/A1%
-0%
2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
35%
13%
5%3%
0.0%
0.0%
0%1%
43%
100%
2010
Tot
als
1,29
4,50
352
3,38
816
0,48
275
,797
2,16
067
70
46,7
071,
621,
012
3,72
4,72
6
N/A
= N
ot a
pplic
able
21
Tabl
e 1a
Ani
mal
s us
ed, b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
prim
ary
purp
ose
of th
e pr
oced
ure,
pag
e 1
of 2
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alPr
imar
y pu
rpos
e of
the
proc
edur
e T
otal
F
unda
men
tal
biol
ogic
al
rese
arch
App
lied
stud
ies
-hu
man
med
icin
e or
den
tistr
y
App
lied
stud
ies
-ve
teri
nary
m
edic
ine
Pro
tect
ion
of
man
, ani
mal
s or
en
viro
nmen
t
Edu
catio
nT
rain
ing
For
ensi
c en
quir
ies
Dir
ect
diag
nosi
sB
reed
ing
of G
M
or H
M a
nim
als
Mam
mal
Mou
se85
4,92
1
314,
712
14
,596
17,6
48
9
03
-
-
4,43
3
1,45
6,22
8
2,
663,
441
Rat
80,8
25
13
6,27
9
12
1
32,8
02
4
45
7
20
-
6
12
,937
264,
135
Gui
nea
pig
2,28
3
7,80
3
1,
112
12
2
1
00
-
-
94
-
11
,514
Ham
ster
88
3
7
87
1
18
2
06
-
-
-
-
-
1,99
4 G
erbi
l4
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
491
Oth
er ro
dent
1,82
5
21
4
60
65
3
-
-
-
-
-
2,
752
Rab
bit
1,17
2
5,91
3
1,
550
1,76
7
14
-
-
1,
402
2
6
11,8
44 C
at1
25
-
28
-
-
-
-
-
-
153
Dog
B
eagl
e6
7
2,
332
21
9
15
3
-
-
-
-
-
2,
771
G
reyh
ound
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er in
clud
ing
cro
ss-b
red
dogs
58
-
36
-
-
-
-
-
-
94 F
erre
t2
85
24
1
4
-
13
-
-
9
-
55
2 O
ther
car
nivo
re5
57
-
23
16
2
-
-
-
-
-
74
2 H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s
67
-
230
-
-
-
-
36
-
33
3 P
ig1,
371
7
95
1,
730
5
-
-
-
-
61
3,
962
Goa
t3
3
3
2
7
-
-
-
69
-
11
4 S
heep
4,25
1
59
9
1,04
0
7
0
-
-
-
1,19
6
18
1
7,
337
Cat
tle2,
178
-
1,
467
15
-
-
-
1
12
-
3,77
2 D
eer
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50 C
amel
id2
57
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
257
Oth
er u
ngul
ate
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
22
Tabl
e 1a
Ani
mal
s us
ed, b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
prim
ary
purp
ose
of th
e pr
oced
ure,
pag
e 2
of 2
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alPr
imar
y pu
rpos
e of
the
proc
edur
e T
otal
F
unda
men
tal
biol
ogic
al
rese
arch
App
lied
stud
ies
-hu
man
med
icin
e or
den
tistr
y
App
lied
stud
ies
-ve
teri
nary
m
edic
ine
Pro
tect
ion
of
man
, ani
mal
s or
en
viro
nmen
t
Edu
catio
nT
rain
ing
For
ensi
c en
quir
ies
Dir
ect
diag
nosi
sB
reed
ing
of G
M
or H
M a
nim
als
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
mar
mos
et, t
amar
in1
25
11
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
244
Squ
irrel
, ow
l, sp
ide
r m
onke
y-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er N
ew W
orld
mon
key
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y
M
aca
que
77
93
2
-
20
6
-
-
-
-
-
1,
215
Bab
oon
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
O
ther
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ap
e
G
ibbo
n-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gre
at a
pe-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oth
er m
amm
al4
44
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
464
Bird
Dom
estic
fow
l (G
allu
s do
mes
ticus
)6,
234
1
5
14
0,52
9
23
5
-
-
-
1,37
7
60
2
14
8,99
2 T
urke
y4
60
44
2,62
8
-
-
-
-
55
-
3,
187
Qu
ail (
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
34
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
34 Q
uai
l (no
t Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
13
1
-
-
7
52
-
-
-
-
-
883
Oth
er b
ird6,
390
-
-
2,
099
-
-
-
14
8
-
8,
637
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es3
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
383
Amph
ibia
n -
any
amph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s4,
379
-
-
4
19
-
-
-
-
3,23
1
8,02
9Fi
sh -
any
fish
spe
cies
340,
911
1,
731
19,9
75
58
,908
-
-
2
3
-
140,
697
56
2,24
5C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tota
l1,
311,
267
472,
519
185,
488
116,
229
1,47
572
023
8,93
71,
613,
963
3,71
0,62
1
Incr
ease
on
2010
43,6
21-3
9,26
5 27
,641
40,6
71-6
79
43
23
60
2-4
,553
68
,104
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
3%
-8%
18
%5
4%
-32%
6%
N/A
7%
-0%
2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
35
%1
3%
5%
3%
0.0%
0.0%
0%
0.2%
43
%1
00
%20
10 T
otal
s1,
267,
646
511,
784
157,
847
75,5
582,
154
67
70
8,33
51,
618,
516
3,64
2,51
7
N/A
= N
ot a
pplic
able
23
Tabl
e 2
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
Sche
dule
2 li
sted
spe
cies
and
sou
rce
of a
nim
als
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
s
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alSo
urce
Tota
lA
nim
als
acqu
ired
from
with
in o
wn
desi
gnat
ed
esta
blis
hmen
t
Ani
mal
s ac
quire
d fr
om a
noth
er
desi
gnat
ed
bree
ding
or
supp
lyin
g es
tabl
ishm
ent i
n th
e U
K
Ani
mal
s ac
quire
d fr
om n
on-
desi
gnat
ed
sour
ces
in th
e U
K
Ani
mal
s ac
quire
d fr
om s
ourc
es
with
in th
e E
U
(out
side
the
UK
)
Ani
mal
s ac
quire
d fr
om C
ounc
il of
E
urop
e co
untr
ies
who
are
si
gnat
orie
sto
ET
S12
3
Ani
mal
s ac
quire
d fr
om o
ther
so
urce
s
Ani
mal
s no
t lis
ted
in S
ched
ule
2
Mou
se2,
108,
970
55
1,33
7
26
1
7,
372
15
5
11
,668
-
2,
679,
763
Rat
46,8
44
22
3,42
7
94
65
0
1
51
9
-
271,
535
Gui
nea
pig
222
7,58
9
-3,
726
-
--
11,5
37 H
amst
er26
3
1,
274
-
457
--
-1,
994
Ger
bil
425
5
-
-
-
78
-50
8 R
abbi
t4,
650
9,
918
3
82
1
-
69
-15
,461
Cat
73
-11
14
9
-
2
-
235
Dog
1,30
9
2,48
1
66
428
-26
8
-
4,55
2 F
erre
t30
66
1
-
--
--
691
Pig
(ge
netic
ally
mod
ified
)34
-
--
--
-
34
She
ep (
gene
tical
ly m
odifi
ed)
-2
4
--
--
6 P
rimat
e64
7
61
1
-
48
-1,
169
-
2,47
5 Q
uail
(Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
-34
-
--
--
34
Ani
mal
s no
t lis
ted
in S
ched
ule
2-
--
--
-80
4,03
2
80
4,03
2 T
otal
2,16
3,46
779
7,33
943
913
,651
156
13,7
7380
4,03
23,
792,
857
Incr
ease
on
2010
648
-33,
192
348
2,59
1-8
6 -1
,363
99
,185
68,1
31
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
00%
-4%
382%
23%
-36%
-9%
14%
2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
57%
21%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
0.4%
21%
100%
2010
Tot
als
2,16
2,81
9
830,
531
91
11,0
60
24
2
15
,136
704,
847
3,72
4,72
6
Not
e. T
he to
tal n
umbe
r of
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s lis
ted
in s
ched
ule
2 w
as 2
,988
,825
.
24
Table 3 Scientific procedures by species of animal, and genetic statusSummary VersionNote. For numbers of procedures by purpose, see full table available on the website
Great Britain 2011 Number of proceduresSpecies of animal Genetic status Total
Normal animal
Animal with harmful genetic
Genetically modified animal
Mammal Mouse 828,857 322,518 1,528,388 2,679,763 Rat 255,627 11,394 4,514 271,535 Guinea pig 11,537 - - 11,537 Hamster 1,994 - - 1,994 Gerbil 508 - - 508 Other rodent 3,896 - - 3,896 Rabbit 15,448 - 13 15,461 Cat 235 - - 235 Dog Beagle 4,358 - - 4,358 Greyhound - - - - Other inc cross-breds 194 - - 194 Ferret 691 - - 691 Other carnivore 795 - - 795 Horse and other equids 8,380 - - 8,380 Pig 4,306 - 34 4,340 Goat 196 - - 196 Sheep 37,708 - 6 37,714 Cattle 5,102 - - 5,102 Deer 50 - - 50 Camelid 257 - - 257 Other ungulate 12 - - 12 Primate Prosimian - - - - New World monkey marmoset, tamarin 351 - - 351 Squirrel, owl, spider monkey - - - - Other New World monkey - - - - Old World monkey Macaque 2,124 - - 2,124 Baboon - - - - Other Old World monkey - - - - Ape Gibbon - - - - Great ape - - - - Other mammal 545 - - 545Bird Domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus ) 148,215 478 351 149,044 Turkey 3,409 - - 3,409 Quail (Coturnix coturnix ) 34 - - 34 Quail (not Coturnix coturnix ) 883 - - 883 Other bird 9,248 - - 9,248Reptile 383 - - 383Amphibian 12,002 2,870 1,043 15,915Fish 406,129 38,433 119,341 563,903Cephalopod - - - -Total 1,763,474 375,693 1,653,690 3,792,857Percentage of total for 2011 46% 10% 44% 100%
25
Tabl
e 4
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd ta
rget
bod
y sy
stem
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Tota
lR
espi
rato
ryC
ardi
ovas
cula
rN
ervo
usS
ense
sA
limen
tary
Ski
nM
uscu
lo -
skel
eta
lR
epro
duct
ive
Imm
une
and
re
ticul
o -
endothelial
Oth
er
syst
em
Multiple
sy
ste
ms
Sys
tem
not
re
leva
nt
Mam
mal
Mou
se63
,565
99
,016
277,
883
41
,981
48
,817
48,8
20
37,3
70
21
8,1
00
463,
340
80
,520
635,
329
66
5,0
22
2,67
9,76
3 R
at20
,303
16
,539
69,6
43
2,
372
5,3
95
794
1,
421
29
,293
5,2
12
5,9
38
56,0
30
58
,595
271,
535
All
othe
r rod
ents
2,9
82
3,
916
13
1
365
409
58
54
15
4,
998
10
3,8
09
1,1
88
17,9
35 R
abbi
t72
885
-
230
157
1,
070
160
1,9
86
3,5
79
765
4,
744
1,
813
15
,461
Cat
-
-
48
6
13
-
-
-
-
-
151
17
235
Dog
19
26
1
-
-
131
-
30
55
58
215
1,
773
2,
010
4,
552
Fer
ret
248
13
-
38
-
-
-
-
55
-
83
25
4
69
1 O
ther
car
nivo
re-
49
-
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
38
637
795
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
16
57
-
-
-
-
7
13
221
5,
965
10
3
1,
998
8,
380
Pig
218
19
1
77
27
705
79
1
26
581
27
1,6
04
804
4,34
0 S
heep
65
21
1
14
4
-
77
5
77
38
3
1,
388
1,
490
28
,682
2,4
62
2,0
37
37,7
14 A
ll ot
her u
ngul
ates
549
47
4
-
1,2
24
-
-
958
98
1
34
1,
718
10
2
5,
617
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
-
8
86
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
68
189
351
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
9
41
57
5
-
-
-
-
2
-
79
2
1,
218
2,
124
All
othe
r mam
mal
s-
-
-
13
-
131
-
3
-
-
-
39
8
54
5B
ird84
718
1,4
74
425
3,8
98
57
37
1
1,
237
3,
594
12
1,7
98
21,0
18
7,
944
16
2,61
8R
eptil
e-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
38
3
-
-
383
Amph
ibia
n-
-
158
-
-
605
19
7
12
,687
-
-
1,4
19
849
15,9
15Fi
sh26
,940
10
,352
70,4
22
5,
708
3,0
36
5,4
55
3,
987
58
,062
28,4
55
4,
054
25
2,0
10
95,4
22
56
3,90
3To
tal
115,
070
132,
304
420,
127
51,1
7064
,560
57,1
4643
,981
323,
894
512,
566
248,
391
983,
151
840,
497
3,79
2,85
7
Incr
ease
on
201
027
,623
10,9
9343
,437
-4,8
55
-18,
243
-5
,992
-7
,805
2,
599
46,5
2810
,221
88,5
07-1
24,8
82
68,1
31
Per
cent
age
cha
nge
from
201
032
%9%
12%
-9%
-22%
-9%
-15%
1%10
%4%
10%
-13%
2%
Per
cent
age
of t
ota
l for
201
13%
3%11
%1%
2%2%
1%9%
14%
7%26
%22
%10
0%
2010
Tot
als
87,4
47
121,
311
37
6,6
90
56,0
25
82,8
03
63
,138
51
,786
321,
295
46
6,0
38
238,
170
89
4,6
44
965,
379
3,
724
,726
Bod
y sy
stem
s
26
Tabl
e 5
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd le
vel o
f ana
esth
esia
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
s
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTo
tal
No
anae
sthe
sia
Gen
eral
ana
esth
esia
, with
re
cove
ryLo
cal a
naes
thes
iaG
ener
al a
naes
thes
ia a
t end
of
proc
edur
e, w
ithou
t rec
over
yG
ener
al a
naes
thes
ia
thro
ugho
ut, w
ithou
t rec
over
y
Mam
mal
Mou
se1,
984,
204
39
6,59
1
144,
433
10
6,14
2
48
,393
2,
679,
763
Rat
143,
674
76,4
65
71
2
27,0
83
23
,601
27
1,53
5 A
ll ot
her r
oden
ts11
,722
2,86
3
548
1,
721
1,
081
17,9
35 R
abbi
t9,
010
76
0
1,
861
1,67
8
2,15
2
15
,461
Cat
148
87
-
--
235
Dog
3,94
4
264
35
18
8
12
1
4,55
2 F
erre
t83
56
5
-
31
12
691
Oth
er c
arni
vore
402
393
--
-79
5 H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s36
2
-
8,01
4
4
-
8,38
0 P
ig3,
269
60
6
25
19
421
4,
340
She
ep36
,362
1,01
9
259
51
23
37
,714
All
othe
r ung
ulat
es5,
418
87
110
-
2
5,
617
Prim
ate
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
195
53
-
33
70
351
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
1,49
7
598
-6
23
2,
124
All
othe
r mam
mal
s40
1
3
13
1
-10
54
5B
ird45
,092
340
88
11
6,05
2
1,
046
162,
618
Rep
tile
383
--
--
383
Amph
ibia
n15
,304
430
-10
7
74
15
,915
Fish
434,
251
77,3
43
85
51,5
16
70
8
563,
903
Tot
al2,
695,
721
558,
467
156,
301
304,
631
77,7
373,
792,
857
Incr
ease
on
2010
127,
435
-63,
997
-50,
049
72,2
94-1
7,55
2 68
,131
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
5%-1
0%-2
4%31
%-1
8%2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
71%
15%
4%8%
2%10
0%
2010
Tot
als
2,56
8,28
6
62
2,46
4
206,
350
232,
337
95,2
89
3,72
4,72
6
Not
e. N
euro
mus
cula
r bl
ocki
ng a
gent
s (N
MB
A)
wer
e us
ed in
2,5
47 p
roce
dure
s in
201
1. A
ll of
thes
e pr
oced
ures
invo
lved
the
use
of g
ener
al a
naes
thes
ia.
Type
of a
naes
thes
ia
27
Tabl
e 6
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(non
-toxi
colo
gy) b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
fiel
d of
rese
arch
, pag
e 1
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
An
ato
my
Ph
ysio
log
yB
ioch
em
istr
yP
sych
olo
gy
Pa
tho
log
yIm
mu
no
log
yM
icro
bio
log
yP
ara
sito
log
yP
ha
rma
colo
gy
Ph
arm
ace
utic
al
R&
DT
he
rap
eu
tics
Clin
ica
l m
ed
icin
eC
linic
al
surg
ery
Mam
mal
Mou
se22
9,57
0
36
1,41
8
26
,331
34
,196
65
,876
50
3,75
3
29,5
65
29,7
64
50
,260
12
7,51
5
14,0
14
12
,001
1,
533
Rat
6,86
6
30
,030
1,
177
9,99
8
3,
045
5,89
8
1,
039
40
4
20
,503
53
,860
3,
963
4,
902
1,
196
Gui
nea
pig
-
37
0
--
23
41
2
451
1
1,66
3
1,
565
96
-
- H
amst
er-
231
-
--
300
42
6
33
-
129
11
0
20
-
Ger
bil
79
9
-
--
18
-
368
--
34
-
- O
ther
rode
nt-
2
-
--
-15
4
2,
840
-
214
-
--
Rab
bit
62
557
21
4
-76
1,44
2
50
7
17
77
1,
929
219
98
16
C
at-
--
--
--
-59
-
6
--
Dog
B
eagl
e-
--
--
58
-
-15
64
4
--
-
Gre
yhou
nd-
--
--
--
--
--
--
O
ther
incl
udin
g cr
oss-
bred
dog
s-
--
--
--
--
14
-
--
Fer
ret
8
24
-
6
-
72
53
9
-
13
3
-
--
Oth
er c
arni
vore
-
-
-73
-10
8
--
30
--
--
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
9
26
-
--
165
7,
996
-
28
--
60
4
Pig
62
304
-
-28
0
321
23
3
14
0
32
61
152
72
53
G
oat
-
18
-
89
-
65
6
--
5
-
4
-
She
ep17
7
660
23
1
321
39
2
699
30
,389
70
0
-
159
23
357
222
C
attle
-
1,
163
--
8
74
6
47
236
--
--
- D
eer
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
- C
amel
id-
--
--
257
-
--
--
--
Oth
er u
ngul
ate
-
-
-12
--
--
--
--
-
Fiel
d of
rese
arch
28
Tabl
e 6
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(non
-toxi
colo
gy) b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
fiel
d of
rese
arch
, pag
e 2
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
An
ato
my
Ph
ysio
log
y B
ioch
em
istr
y P
sych
olo
gy
Pa
tho
log
y Im
mu
no
log
yM
icro
bio
log
yP
ara
sito
log
yP
ha
rma
colo
gy
Ph
arm
ace
utic
al
R&
DT
he
rap
eu
tics
Clin
ica
l m
ed
icin
e
Clin
ica
l su
rge
ry
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
17
74
5
36
-4
12
-
13
81
-
--
Squ
irre
l, ow
l, sp
ider
mon
key
--
--
--
-
-
--
--
-
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
-
--
--
-
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y
M
acaq
ue2
20
67
40
-42
48
--
345
2
-
-
B
aboo
n-
--
--
--
--
-
--
-
O
ther
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
Ape
Gib
bon
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
G
reat
ape
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Oth
er m
amm
al-
10
--
3
-
--
--
--
-B
ird D
omes
tic fo
wl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
780
1,
513
8
60
-72
9
4,63
2
117,
178
-26
3
254
4
-
Tur
key
-8
--
--
277
55
-75
7
--
- Q
uail
(Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
-
34
-
--
--
--
--
--
Qua
il (s
pp. o
ther
than
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
-
11
-
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er b
ird
13
73
-22
4
-67
4
382
--
--
--
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Amph
ibia
n -
any
amph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s8,
574
544
1,
344
--
-1,
050
69
5
25
6
--
-Fi
sh -
any
fish
spec
ies
111,
034
207,
455
-1,
131
3,95
6
16
,338
9,74
2
4,92
3
1,60
5
40
,866
30
0
31
1
-
Cep
halo
pod
- O
ctop
us v
ulga
ris
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Tota
l35
7,25
360
4,55
429
,377
46,1
8673
,659
532,
101
87,4
9515
7,35
474
,323
228,
416
19,1
7317
,829
3,02
4
Incr
ease
on
2010
-27,
037
115,
141
-11,
856
-5,5
25
-2,5
60
62,0
39-1
3,21
0 22
,041
-2,4
68
2,73
7-2
,947
31
91,
067
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
-7%
24%
-29%
-11%
-3%
13%
-13%
16%
-3%
1%-1
3%2%
55%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
11%
18%
1%1%
2%16
%3%
5%2%
7%1%
0.5%
0.1%
2010
Tot
als
384,
290
489,
413
41,2
3351
,711
76,2
1947
0,06
210
0,70
513
5,31
376
,791
225,
679
22,1
2017
,510
1,95
7
Fiel
d of
rese
arch
29
Tabl
e 6
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(non
-toxi
colo
gy) b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
fiel
d of
rese
arch
, pag
e 3
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Tot
al
De
ntis
try
Ge
ne
tics
Mo
lecu
lar
bio
log
y C
an
cer
rese
arc
h
Nu
triti
on
Z
oo
log
y B
ota
ny
An
ima
l sci
en
ce
Eco
log
y A
nim
al w
elfa
re
Oth
er
To
ba
cco
(1
) A
lco
ho
l
Mam
mal
Mou
se79
31
9,13
3
16
9,10
5
408,
922
2,
353
-13
22
18
4
104
12
6,07
5
-
36
1
2,51
2,14
7 R
at2
608
3,
903
4,44
9
2,
172
-12
-
-99
5,21
2
-
-
159,
338
Gui
nea
pig
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
4,58
1 H
amst
er-
--
32
32
--
--
--
--
1,31
3 G
erbi
l-
--
--
--
--
--
--
508
Oth
er ro
dent
--
--
--
--
435
21
--
-3,
666
Rab
bit
--
--
--
6
-
-11
13
-
-5,
244
Cat
--
--
153
-
--
--
--
-21
8 D
og
Bea
gle
--
--
--
--
--
--
-71
7
Gre
yhou
nd-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Oth
er in
clud
ing
cros
s-br
ed d
ogs
--
-22
158
-
--
--
--
-19
4 F
erre
t-
--
--
--
--
--
--
665
Oth
er c
arni
vore
--
--
-35
--
511
-
--
-75
7 H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s-
--
-20
--
--
--
--
8,30
8 P
ig-
--
6
45
1
--
298
--
--
-2,
465
Goa
t-
--
--
--
2
--
--
-18
9 S
heep
-20
8
--
135
-
-2,
195
-
17
33
2
-
-37
,217
Cat
tle-
136
-
-11
7
--
1,68
1
--
--
-4,
134
Dee
r-
50
--
--
--
--
--
-50
Cam
elid
--
--
--
--
--
--
-2 5
7 O
ther
ung
ulat
e-
--
--
--
--
--
--
12(1
) F
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
in 1
997,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s in
res
earc
h on
toba
cco
have
not
bee
n al
low
ed.
Fiel
d of
rese
arch
30
Tabl
e 6
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(non
-toxi
colo
gy) b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
fiel
d of
rese
arch
, pag
e 4
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Tot
al
De
ntis
try
Ge
ne
tics
Mo
lecu
lar
bio
log
y C
an
cer
rese
arc
h
Nu
triti
on
Z
oo
log
y B
ota
ny
An
ima
l sci
en
ce
Eco
log
y A
nim
al w
elfa
re
Oth
er
To
ba
cco
(1
) A
lco
ho
l
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
--
--
--
--
--
--
-24
2
S
quir
rel,
owl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y
M
acaq
ue-
--
--
--
--
--
--
566
Bab
oon
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
A
pe
G
ibbo
n-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
G
reat
ape
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er m
amm
al-
154
-
--
--
-37
8
--
--
545
Bird
- D
omes
tic fo
wl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
-72
-
-9,
958
--
290
-78
0
--
-13
6,52
1 T
urke
y-
--
-21
6
--
165
--
--
-1,
478
Qua
il (C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)-
--
-
--
--
--
--
-34
Qua
il (s
pp. o
ther
than
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
-
120
-
--
--
--
131
Oth
er b
ird
--
--
-2,
919
-2
3,
901
614
-
--
8,80
2R
eptil
e-
any
rept
ilian
spe
cies
--
--
-38
3
-
-
--
--
-38
3Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phib
ian
spec
ies
-2,
321
778
15
6
--
3
-
-
--
--
15,4
96Fi
sh -
any
fish
spe
cies
-23
,012
6,
509
18,0
70
2,88
4
1,
623
-4,
007
33
,580
27
--
180
48
7,55
3C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
-To
tal
8134
5,69
418
0,29
543
1,65
718
,649
5,08
034
8,66
238
,989
1,67
313
1,63
2-
541
3,39
3,73
1
Incr
ease
on
2010
-33
-295
7,
234
-10,
217
3,41
9-1
,016
25
2,28
1-3
0,27
6 44
3-4
9,39
9 0
292
60,1
99
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
-29%
-0%
4%-2
%22
.4%
-17%
278%
36%
-44%
36%
-27%
N/A
117%
2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
0.0%
10%
5%13
%0.
5%0.
1%0.
0%0.
3%1%
0.0%
4%0%
0.0%
100%
2010
Tot
als
114
345,
989
173,
061
441,
874
15,2
306,
096
96,
381
69,2
651,
230
181,
031
024
93,
333,
532
(1)
Fol
low
ing
a de
cisi
on in
199
7, p
roce
dure
s us
ing
anim
als
in r
esea
rch
on to
bacc
o ha
ve n
ot b
een
allo
wed
.
N/A
= N
ot a
pplic
able
Fiel
d of
rese
arch
31
Tabl
e 6a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (n
on-to
xico
logy
), by
spe
cies
of a
nim
al a
nd fi
eld
of re
sear
ch, p
age
1 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alFi
eld
of re
sear
ch A
nato
my
Phy
siol
ogy
Bio
chem
istr
y P
sych
olog
y P
atho
logy
Im
mun
olog
y M
icro
biol
ogy
Par
asito
logy
P
harm
acol
ogy
Pha
rmac
eutic
al
R&
D
The
rape
utic
s C
linic
al
med
icin
e C
linic
al
surg
ery
Mam
mal
Mou
se22
9,22
8
359,
387
26
,310
33
,833
65,7
19
502,
227
29
,565
29
,764
49
,527
125,
335
13
,991
11,9
50
1,53
3
Rat
6,86
3
30,0
05
1,
177
9,53
4
2,76
6
5,
636
1,
039
404
20,4
76
48
,686
3,91
4
4,32
2
1,
196
G
uine
a pi
g-
37
0
-
-23
412
436
1
1,
663
1,
565
96
--
Ham
ster
-
231
--
-30
0
42
6
33
-
129
11
0
20
- G
erbi
l79
9
-
--
18
-35
1
-
-34
--
Oth
er ro
dent
-
2
-
--
-15
4
1,
696
-21
4
--
- R
abbi
t62
556
1
-
68
1,
442
44
7
-
77
1,
923
21
4
39
16
C
at-
--
--
--
-11
-6
-
- D
og
B
eag
le-
--
--
48
--
8
171
-
--
Gre
yhou
nd-
-
--
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
incl
udin
g c
ross
-bre
d do
gs
-
--
--
--
--
14
-
--
Fer
ret
8
24
-6
-72
40
5
-
13
3
-
--
Oth
er c
arni
vore
-
--
65
-10
8
-
-4
-
--
- H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s9
26
-
--
96
92
-10
--
4
4
Pi g
62
30
4
-
-28
0
185
233
140
30
52
148
72
53
Goa
t-
10
-
17
-65
6
--
3
-4
- S
heep
177
66
0
23
1
32
1
34
2
388
598
665
-66
23
33
4
22
2
Cat
tle-
1,
163
-
-8
68
5
47
21
2
-
--
--
Dee
r-
-
--
--
--
--
--
- C
amel
id-
-
-
-
-25
7
-
--
--
--
Oth
er u
ngul
ate
-
--
-
--
--
--
--
-
32
Tabl
e 6a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (n
on-to
xico
logy
), by
spe
cies
of a
nim
al a
nd fi
eld
of re
sear
ch, p
age
2 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alFi
eld
of re
sear
ch A
nato
my
Phy
siol
ogy
Bio
chem
istr
y P
sych
olog
y P
atho
logy
Im
mun
olog
y M
icro
biol
ogy
Par
asito
logy
P
harm
acol
ogy
Pha
rmac
eutic
al
R&
D
The
rape
utic
s C
linic
al
med
icin
e C
linic
al
surg
ery
Prim
ate
Pro
sim
ian
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
m
arm
oset
, ta
mar
in17
53
5
34
-
4
12
-
13
79
--
-
Sq
uirr
el,
owl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
--
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
-
-
--
--
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
Mac
aque
-
16
7
6
-42
48
-
-
24
2
-
-
B
aboo
n-
--
--
--
--
-
--
-
O
ther
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
Ape
G
ibbo
n-
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
G
reat
ape
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
mam
mal
-
10
--
3
--
--
--
--
Bird
D
omes
tic f
owl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
780
1,
513
8
60
-72
9
4,
632
117,
178
-25
0
254
4
-
Tur
key
-8
--
--
136
55
-67
6
--
-
Qua
il (C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)-
34
-
--
--
--
--
--
Q
uail
(spp
,oth
er t
han
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
-
11
--
--
--
--
--
-
Oth
er b
ird13
73
-11
2
-
211
382
--
--
--
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es-
-
--
--
--
--
--
-A
mph
ibia
n -
any
amph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s2,
944
10
7
20
5
-
--
1,05
0
69
5
25
5
--
-Fi
sh -
any
fis
h sp
ecie
s11
0,32
0
207,
267
-
916
3,95
6
16
,275
9,74
2
4,
923
1,60
5
40,8
66
30
0
311
-C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Tota
l35
0,56
260
1,83
927
,944
44,9
0473
,165
529,
200
49,4
5015
6,11
773
,462
220,
061
19,0
9217
,060
3,02
4
33
Tabl
e 6a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (n
on-to
xico
logy
), by
spe
cies
of a
nim
al a
nd fi
eld
of re
sear
ch, p
age
3 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
10N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alFi
eld
of re
sear
ch T
otal
D
entis
try
Gen
etic
s M
olec
ular
bio
logy
C
ance
r re
sear
ch
Nut
ritio
n Z
oolo
gy
Bot
any
Ani
mal
sci
ence
E
colo
gy
Ani
mal
wel
fare
T
obac
co(1
) A
lcoh
ol
Mam
mal
Mou
se79
318,
936
16
7,98
1
40
2,41
7
2,35
3
-
13
6
18
4
104
12
6,07
5
-
361
2,
496,
878
Rat
2
608
3,90
3
4,
403
2,
172
-12
-
-99
5,21
2
-
-
152,
429
Gui
nea
pig
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
4,56
6 H
amst
er-
--
32
32
-
--
--
--
-1,
313
Ger
bil
--
--
--
--
--
--
-49
1 O
ther
rode
nt-
--
--
--
-43
5
21
-
--
2,52
2 R
abbi
t-
--
--
-6
--
11
7
-
-4,
869
Cat
--
--
119
-
--
--
--
-13
6 D
og
B
eag
le-
--
--
--
--
--
--
227
Gre
yhou
nd-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
incl
udin
g c
ross
-bre
d do
gs
--
-22
58
--
--
--
--
94 F
erre
t-
--
--
--
--
--
--
531
Oth
er c
arni
vore
--
--
-35
-
-51
1
--
--
723
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
--
--
20
-
--
--
--
-26
1 P
ig-
--
6
45
1
--
298
--
--
-2,
314
Goa
t-
--
--
--
2
-
--
--
107
She
ep-
208
--
128
-
-2,
135
-17
332
-
-6,
847
Cat
tle-
136
--
70
-
-49
7
-
--
--
2,81
8 D
eer
-50
-
--
--
--
--
--
50 C
amel
id-
--
--
--
--
--
--
257
Oth
er u
ngul
ate
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(1)
Fol
low
ing
a d
ecis
ion
in 1
997,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g a
nim
als
in r
esea
rch
on t
obac
co h
ave
not
been
allo
wed
.
34
Tabl
e 6a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (n
on-to
xico
logy
), by
spe
cies
of a
nim
al a
nd fi
eld
of re
sear
ch, p
age
4 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alFi
eld
of re
sear
ch T
otal
D
entis
try
Gen
etic
s M
olec
ular
bio
logy
C
ance
r re
sear
ch
Nut
ritio
n Z
oolo
gy
Bot
any
Ani
mal
sci
ence
E
colo
gy
Ani
mal
wel
fare
O
ther
T
obac
co(1
) A
lcoh
ol
Prim
ate
Pro
sim
ian
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
-
mar
mos
et,
tam
arin
--
--
--
--
--
--
-21
7
Sq
uirr
el,
owl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Oth
er N
ew W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
M
acaq
ue-
--
--
--
--
--
--
145
B
aboo
n-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
A
pe
Gib
bon
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
G
reat
ape
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
O
ther
mam
mal
-
154
--
--
--
297
-
--
-46
4B
ird
Dom
estic
fow
l (G
allu
s do
mes
ticus
)-
72
--
9,95
8
-
-25
1
-
780
-
--
136,
469
T
urke
y-
--
-21
6
--
165
--
--
-1,
256
Q
uail
( Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
34
Qua
il (s
pp,o
ther
tha
n C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)-
--
--
12
0
-
--
--
--
131
O
ther
bird
--
--
-2,
919
-
2
3,
865
61
4
--
-8,
191
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es-
--
--
383
-
-
--
--
-38
3A
mph
ibia
n -
any
amph
ibia
n sp
ecie
s-
2,32
1
178
80
--
-
-
--
--
-7,
610
Fish
- a
ny f
ish
spec
ies
-22
,977
6,50
9
18
,070
2,73
0
1,
623
-
4,00
7
33
,291
27
-
-18
0
485,
895
Cep
halo
pod
- O
ctop
us v
ulga
ris-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Tota
l81
345,
462
178,
571
425,
030
18,3
075,
080
317,
363
38,5
831,
673
131,
626
-54
13,
318,
228
(1)
Fol
low
ing
a d
ecis
ion
in 1
997,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g a
nim
als
in r
esea
rch
on t
obac
co h
ave
not
been
allo
wed
.
35
Tabl
e 7
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(non
-toxi
colo
gy) b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
pro
duct
ion
of b
iolo
gica
l mat
eria
ls
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
s
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alPr
oduc
tion
Oth
er (1
)To
tal
Infe
ctio
us
agen
tsV
ecto
rsN
eopl
asm
sM
onoc
lona
l an
tibod
ies
(asc
ites
mod
el)
Mon
oclo
nal
antib
odie
s (in
itial
im
mun
isat
ion)
Pol
yclo
nal
antib
odie
sO
ther
bio
logi
cal
mat
eria
ls
Mam
mal
Mou
se24
,463
5,15
0
10,2
51
-
1,73
1
2,29
0
114,
497
2,35
3,76
5
2,
512,
147
Rat
466
4
259
-
61
115
14
,020
14
4,41
3
15
9,33
8 A
ll ot
her r
oden
ts34
7
-
24
-2
146
11
9
9,43
0
10
,068
Rab
bit
48
15
-
-46
3,
252
30
8
1,57
5
5,
244
Cat
--
--
--
-21
8
218
Dog
--
--
--
541
37
0
911
Fer
ret
--
--
-10
2
-56
3
665
Oth
er c
arni
vore
--
--
--
19
73
8
757
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
--
--
--
6,04
6
2,
262
8,30
8 P
igs,
she
ep &
all
othe
r ung
ulat
es76
0
-
--
33
1,01
1
30,3
08
12,2
12
44,3
24 P
rimat
e
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
85
15
7
242
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
2
308
25
6
566
All
othe
r mam
mal
s-
--
--
-3
54
2
545
Bird
116,
695
-
--
-47
7
2,04
8
27
,746
14
6,96
6R
eptil
e, A
mph
ibia
n-
--
--
-7,
634
8,24
5
15
,879
Fish
4,68
5
--
--
-1,
353
481,
515
487,
553
Tot
al14
7,46
45,
169
10,5
34-
1,87
37,
395
177,
289
3,04
4,00
73,
393,
731
Incr
ease
on
2010
20,1
41-1
,715
1,
943
0-2
71
-822
-2
1,86
6 62
,789
60,1
99
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
016
%-2
5%23
%N
/A-1
3%-1
0%-1
1%2%
1.8%
Per
cent
age
of t
otal
for
201
14%
0.2%
0.3%
0%0.
1%0.
2%5%
90%
100%
2010
Tot
als
127,
323
6,
884
8,
591
0
2,14
4
8,21
7
199,
155
2,98
1,21
8
3,
333,
532
(1)
Incl
udes
bre
edin
g pr
oced
ures
whi
ch a
re n
ow d
etai
led
in T
able
s 3.
1 -
3.3
36
Tabl
e 9
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(tox
icol
ogy)
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd to
xico
logi
cal p
urpo
se, p
age
1 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Toxi
colo
gy o
r oth
er s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Gen
eral
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nP
ollu
tion
Agr
icul
ture
Indu
stry
Hou
seho
ldF
ood
addi
tives
Oth
er fo
odst
uffs
Fin
ishe
d co
smet
ics(
2)C
osm
etic
s in
gred
ient
s(2)
Mam
mal
Mou
se1,
165
5,
789
5,36
4
-
-3,
628
--
Rat
842
12,4
47
12
,433
-3,
412
397
-
- G
uine
a pi
g-
--
-
--
-
-
Ham
ster
--
80
-
-
--
-
Ger
bil
-
--
--
-
--
Oth
er ro
dent
-
48
-
--
-
--
Rab
bit
-
1,00
8
64
6
-
104
-
-
-
Cat
-
--
--
--
-
Dog
B
eagl
e-
65
--
8
64
--
G
reyh
ound
-
--
--
--
-
Oth
er in
clud
ing
cros
s-br
ed d
ogs
-
--
--
--
- F
erre
t-
-
--
--
--
Oth
er c
arni
vore
-
--
--
--
- H
orse
, don
key
and
cros
s-br
ed e
quid
s-
-
-
--
--
- P
ig-
5
-
--
--
- G
oat
-
6
--
--
--
She
ep-
-
--
--
--
Cat
tle-
19
--
--
--
Dee
r-
-
--
--
--
Cam
elid
-
--
--
--
- O
ther
ung
ulat
e-
-
--
--
--
(2)
Fol
low
ing
a de
cisi
on in
199
8, p
roce
dure
s us
ing
anim
als
in r
esea
rch
on f
inis
hed
cosm
etic
s an
d on
cos
met
ic in
gred
ient
s ha
ve n
ot b
een
allo
wed
.
37
Tabl
e 9
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(tox
icol
ogy)
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd to
xico
logi
cal p
urpo
se, p
age
2 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Toxi
colo
gy o
r oth
er s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Gen
eral
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nP
ollu
tion
Agr
icul
ture
Indu
stry
Hou
seho
ldF
ood
addi
tives
Oth
er fo
odst
uffs
Fin
ishe
d co
smet
ics(
2)C
osm
etic
s in
gred
ient
s(2)
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
-
--
--
--
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
mar
mos
et, t
amar
in-
-
--
--
--
Squ
irrel
, ow
l, sp
ider
mon
key
-
--
--
--
-
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
-
--
--
--
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
Mac
aque
-
--
--
--
-
B
aboo
n-
-
--
--
--
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
-
--
--
--
-
Ape
Gib
bon
-
--
--
--
-
G
reat
Ape
-
--
--
--
- O
ther
mam
mal
-
--
--
--
-B
ird D
omes
tic f
owl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
-
235
-
--
--
- T
urke
y-
64
--
--
--
Qua
il (C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)-
-
--
--
--
Qua
il (s
pp,o
ther
than
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
-
752
-
--
--
- O
ther
bird
64
382
-
--
--
-R
eptil
e -
any
rept
ilian
spe
cies
-
--
-
--
--
Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phbi
an s
peci
es40
0
-
--
--
--
Fish
- a
ny f
ish
spec
ies
11,2
05
1,
965
680
--
--
-
Tota
l13
,676
22,7
8519
,203
-3,
524
4,08
9-
-
Incr
ease
on
2010
5,25
45,
808
-7,9
01
-24
2,40
9-3
,599
0
0
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
062
%34
%-2
9%N
/A21
6%-4
7%N
/AN
/A
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
3%6%
5%0%
0.9%
1%0%
0%
2010
Tot
als
8,42
216
,977
27,1
0424
1,11
57,
688
00
N/A
= N
ot a
pplic
able
(2)
Fol
low
ing
a de
cisi
on in
199
8, p
roce
dure
s us
ing
anim
als
in r
esea
rch
on f
inis
hed
cosm
etic
s an
d on
cos
met
ic in
gred
ient
s ha
ve n
ot b
een
allo
wed
.
38
Tabl
e 9
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(tox
icol
ogy)
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd to
xico
logi
cal p
urpo
se, p
age
3 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Toxi
colo
gy o
r oth
er s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Tota
lPh
arm
aceu
tical
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nO
ther
pur
pose
sS
afet
y te
stin
gE
ffic
acy
test
ing
Qua
lity
cont
rol
AD
ME
and
re
sidu
eT
oxic
olog
y re
sear
chT
obac
co
safe
ty(1
)M
edic
al d
evic
e sa
fety
Met
hod
deve
lopm
ent
Oth
er
Mam
mal
Mou
se32
,063
3,
475
99
,988
7,
925
1,
390
-
980
4,
210
1,
639
16
7,61
6 R
at64
,722
11
7
75
7
10
,854
453
-
424
3,
288
2,
051
11
2,19
7 G
uine
a pi
g1,
146
31
5,
407
20
39
-
299
14
-
6,95
6 H
amst
er39
0
11
8
-
93
-
--
--
681
Ger
bil
--
--
--
--
- O
ther
rode
nt-
--
--
--
-18
2
23
0 R
abbi
t4,
640
9
3,07
5
121
--
419
18
5
10
10
,217
Cat
17
--
--
--
--
17 D
og
Bea
gle
2,43
4
--
889
--
1
16
5
15
3,
641
G
reyh
ound
--
--
--
--
--
O
ther
incl
udin
g cr
oss-
bred
dog
s-
--
--
--
--
- F
erre
t-
21
-5
-
--
--
26 O
ther
car
nivo
re-
38
--
-
--
--
38 H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s32
40
-
--
-
--
-
72
Pig
422
845
-11
0
4
-
47
43
9
3
1,87
5 G
oat
--
-1
-
--
-
-
7 S
heep
76
160
128
48
-
-69
16
-
49
7 C
attle
12
754
22
147
--
-6
8
968
Dee
r-
--
--
--
--
- C
amel
id-
--
--
--
--
- O
ther
ung
ulat
e-
--
--
--
--
-(1
) F
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
in 1
997,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s in
res
earc
h on
toba
cco
have
not
bee
n al
low
ed.
39
Tabl
e 9
Scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
(tox
icol
ogy)
by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd to
xico
logi
cal p
urpo
se, p
age
4 of
4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
Toxi
colo
gy o
r oth
er s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Tota
lPh
arm
aceu
tical
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nO
ther
pur
pose
sS
afet
y te
stin
gE
ffic
acy
test
ing
Qua
lity
cont
rol
AD
ME
and
re
sidu
eT
oxic
olog
y re
sear
chT
obac
co
safe
ty(1
)M
edic
al d
evic
e sa
fety
Met
hod
deve
lopm
ent
Oth
er
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
--
--
--
--
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
83
--
--
--
26
-
10
9
S
quirr
el, o
wl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
-
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y
M
acaq
ue87
7
-
-35
7
-
--
324
-1,
558
Bab
oon
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
--
--
A
pe
G
ibbo
n-
--
--
--
--
-
G
reat
Ape
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er m
amm
al-
--
--
--
--
-B
ird D
omes
tic f
owl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
1,99
7
9,09
1
909
30
-
--
261
-
12
,523
Tur
key
1,18
7
677
--
--
-3
-
1,93
1 Q
uail
(Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
--
--
--
Qua
il (s
pp,o
ther
than
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
--
--
-75
2 O
ther
bird
--
--
--
--
-44
6R
eptil
e -
any
rept
ilian
spe
cies
-
-
--
--
--
-
-
Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phbi
an s
peci
es-
--
--
--
-19
41
9Fi
sh -
any
fis
h sp
ecie
s44
,796
7,
977
-
900
259
-
-8,
568
-
76,3
50
Tota
l15
4,89
423
,353
110,
286
21,5
002,
145
-2,
239
17,5
053,
927
399,
126
Incr
ease
on
2010
32,9
83-3
,039
17
,060
-3,4
25
-35,
711
01,
165
-2,7
53
-295
7,
932
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
027
%-1
2%18
%-1
4%-9
4%N
/A10
8%-1
4%-7
%2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
39%
6%28
%5%
1%0%
0.6%
4%1%
100%
2010
Tot
als
121,
911
26,3
9293
,226
24,9
2537
,856
01,
074
20,2
584,
222
391,
194
(1)
Fol
low
ing
a de
cisi
on in
199
7, p
roce
dure
s us
ing
anm
als
in r
esea
rch
on to
bacc
o ha
ve n
ot b
een
allo
wed
.N
/A =
Not
app
licab
le
40
Tabl
e 9a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (t
oxic
olog
y), b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
toxi
colo
gica
l pur
pose
, pag
e 1
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTo
xico
logy
or o
ther
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nG
ener
al s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Pol
lutio
nA
gric
ultu
reIn
dust
ryH
ouse
hold
Foo
d ad
ditiv
esO
ther
foo
dstu
ffs
Fin
ishe
d co
smet
ics(
2)C
osm
etic
s in
gred
ient
s(2)
Mam
mal
Mou
se1,
165
5,
789
5,36
4
-
-3,
628
--
Rat
842
12,4
31
12,4
33
-
3,41
2
39
7
--
Gui
nea
pig
--
-
--
--
- H
amst
er-
-80
-
-
--
-
Ger
bil
-
-
--
-
--
- O
ther
rode
nt-
48
-
--
-
--
Rab
bit
-
1,
008
646
-10
4
--
- C
at-
--
--
--
-
Dog
B
eagl
e-
65
-
-8
64
--
G
reyh
ound
-
-
--
--
--
O
ther
incl
udin
g cr
oss-
bred
dog
s-
--
--
--
- F
erre
t-
--
--
--
- O
ther
car
nivo
re-
--
--
--
- H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s-
--
-
--
--
Pig
-
5
--
--
--
Goa
t-
6
-
--
--
- S
heep
-
-
--
--
--
Cat
tle-
19
-
--
--
- D
eer
-
-
--
--
--
Cam
elid
-
-
--
--
--
Oth
er u
ngul
ate
-
-
--
--
--
(2)F
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
in 1
998,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s in
res
earc
h on
fini
shed
cos
met
ics
and
on c
osm
etic
ingr
edie
nts
have
not
bee
n al
low
ed.
41
Tabl
e 9a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (t
oxic
olog
y), b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
toxi
colo
gica
l pur
pose
, pag
e 2
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
10N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTo
xico
logy
or o
ther
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nG
ener
al s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Pol
lutio
nA
gric
ultu
reIn
dust
ryH
ouse
hold
Foo
d ad
ditiv
esO
ther
foo
dstu
ffs
Fin
ishe
d co
smet
ics(
2)C
osm
etic
s in
gred
ient
s(2)
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
--
--
--
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
-
-
--
--
--
Squ
irrel
, ow
l, sp
ider
mon
key
-
-
--
--
--
Oth
er N
ew W
orld
mon
key
-
-
--
--
--
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y
M
acaq
ue-
--
--
--
-
B
aboo
n-
--
--
--
-
O
ther
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
- A
pe
G
ibbo
n-
--
--
--
-
G
reat
Ape
-
-
--
--
--
Oth
er m
amm
al-
--
--
--
-B
ird D
omes
tic fo
wl (
Gal
lus
dom
estic
us)
-
23
5
--
--
--
Tur
key
-
64
--
--
--
Qua
il (C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
)-
--
--
--
- Q
uail
(spp
,oth
er th
an C
otur
nix
cotu
rnix
-
75
2
--
--
--
Oth
er b
ird64
38
2
--
--
--
Rep
tile
- an
y re
ptili
an s
peci
es-
--
-
--
--
Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phib
ian
spec
ies
400
--
--
--
-Fi
sh -
any
fish
spe
cies
11,2
05
1,
965
680
--
--
-C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
-
-
--
--
--
Tota
l13
,676
22,7
6919
,203
-3,
524
4,08
9-
-
(2)F
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
in 1
998,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s in
res
earc
h on
fini
shed
cos
met
ics
and
on c
osm
etic
ingr
edie
nts
have
not
bee
n al
low
ed.
42
Tabl
e 9a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (t
oxic
olog
y), b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
toxi
colo
gica
l pur
pose
, pag
e 3
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTo
xico
logy
or o
ther
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nTo
tal
Phar
mac
eutic
al s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Oth
er p
urpo
ses
Saf
ety
test
ing
Eff
icac
y te
stin
gQ
ualit
y co
ntro
lA
DM
E a
nd
resi
due
Tox
icol
ogy
rese
arch
Tob
acco
sa
fety
(1)
Med
ical
de
vice
sa
fety
Met
hod
deve
lopm
ent
Oth
er
Mam
mal
Mou
se32
,011
2,
955
99
,988
7,
692
1,39
0
-
980
3,
962
1,63
9
166,
563
Rat
64,5
71
117
757
10
,854
45
3
-42
4
2,97
8
2,
037
11
1,70
6 G
uine
a pi
g1,
138
31
5,40
7
20
39
-
299
14
-
6,94
8 H
amst
er39
0
118
-93
--
--
-68
1 G
erbi
l-
--
--
--
--
- O
ther
rode
nt-
--
--
--
-18
2
23
0 R
abbi
t3,
143
6
1,
561
121
-
-36
8
8
10
6,
975
Cat
17
--
--
--
--
17 D
og
Bea
gle
2,22
3
-
-12
3
--
1
52
8
2,54
4
Gre
yhou
nd-
-
-
--
--
--
-
Oth
er in
clud
ing
cros
s-br
ed d
ogs
--
-
--
--
--
- F
erre
t-
21
--
-
--
--
21 O
ther
car
nivo
re-
19
--
-
--
--
19 H
orse
and
oth
er e
quid
s32
40
-
--
-
-
--
72 P
ig40
5
749
-43
4
-
46
39
4
2
1,
648
Goa
t-
--
1
-
--
-
-
7 S
heep
76
160
121
48
--
69
16
-
490
Cat
tle12
75
4
22
147
-
--
-
-
954
Dee
r-
--
--
--
--
- C
amel
id-
--
--
--
--
- O
ther
ung
ulat
e-
--
--
--
--
-(1
)Fol
low
ing
a de
cisi
on in
199
7, p
roce
dure
s us
ing
anim
als
in r
esea
rch
on to
bacc
o ha
ve n
ot b
een
allo
wed
.
43
Tabl
e 9a
Ani
mal
s us
ed (t
oxic
olog
y), b
y sp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
and
toxi
colo
gica
l pur
pose
, pag
e 4
of 4
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of a
nim
als
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTo
xico
logy
or o
ther
saf
ety/
effic
acy
eval
uatio
nTo
tal
Phar
mac
eutic
al s
afet
y/ef
ficac
y ev
alua
tion
Oth
er p
urpo
ses
Saf
ety
test
ing
Eff
icac
y te
stin
gQ
ualit
y co
ntro
lA
DM
E a
nd
resi
due
Tox
icol
ogy
rese
arch
Tob
acco
sa
fety
(1)
Med
ical
de
vice
sa
fety
Met
hod
deve
lopm
ent
Oth
er
Prim
ate
P
rosi
mia
n-
--
--
--
--
-
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y
m
arm
oset
, tam
arin
27
--
--
--
-
-
27
S
quirr
el, o
wl,
spid
er m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
-
O
ther
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
--
- O
ld W
orld
mon
key
Mac
aque
775
-
-76
--
-21
9
-1,
070
Bab
oon
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er O
ld W
orld
mon
key
--
--
--
--
--
Ape
Gib
bon
--
--
--
--
--
Gre
at A
pe-
--
--
--
--
- O
ther
mam
mal
-
-
--
--
--
--
Bird
Dom
estic
fow
l (G
allu
s do
mes
ticus
)1,
997
9,09
1
909
30
--
-26
1
-
12
,523
Tur
key
1,18
7
67
7
-
--
--
3
-
1,93
1 Q
uail
(Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
--
--
--
Qua
il (s
pp,o
ther
than
Cot
urni
x co
turn
ix)
--
--
--
--
-75
2 O
ther
bird
--
--
--
--
-44
6R
eptil
e -
any
rept
ilian
spe
cies
-
-
--
--
--
-
-
Am
phib
ian
- an
y am
phib
ian
spec
ies
--
--
--
--
19
419
Fish
- a
ny fi
sh s
peci
es44
,796
7,
977
-
900
25
9
--
8,56
8
-
76,3
50C
epha
lopo
d -
Oct
opus
vul
garis
--
--
--
--
--
Tota
l15
2,80
022
,715
108,
765
20,1
482,
145
-2,
187
16,4
753,
897
392,
393
(1)F
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
in 1
997,
pro
cedu
res
usin
g an
imal
s in
res
earc
h on
toba
cco
have
not
bee
n al
low
ed.
44
Tabl
e 10
Sci
entif
ic p
roce
dure
s (to
xico
logy
) by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd ty
pe o
f leg
isla
tion
Sum
mar
y ve
rsio
nN
ote.
For
num
bers
of p
roce
dure
s by
pur
pose
, see
full
tabl
e av
aila
ble
on th
e w
ebsi
te
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
sSp
ecie
s of
ani
mal
UK
req
uire
men
ts
only
One
EU
cou
ntry
on
ly (
not U
K)
EU
re
quire
men
ts,
incl
. Eur
opea
n P
harm
acop
oeia
Req
uire
men
ts
of (
non-
EU
) C
ounc
il of
E
urop
e
Req
uire
men
ts
of o
ther
co
untr
ies
Any
co
mbi
natio
n of
le
gisl
ativ
e re
quire
men
ts
Non
-legi
slat
ive
purp
oses
Tota
l
Mam
mal
Mou
se1,
493
-
8,
042
46
58
0
15
1,16
3
6,
292
16
7,61
6 R
at43
4
27
900
-27
2
10
4,46
2
6,
102
11
2,19
7 A
ll ot
her
rode
nts
128
-
717
-22
1
6,
414
38
7
7,
867
Rab
bit
240
-
2,51
1
-39
7,
169
25
8
10
,217
Cat
-
-
15
-
-
2
-
17 D
og-
-
35
-
-
3,
299
30
7
3,
641
Fer
ret
--
--
-26
-
26 O
ther
car
nivo
re38
-
--
--
-
38
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
-
-
72
-
-
-
-
72
Pig
s, s
heep
& a
ll ot
her
ungu
late
s80
-
1,53
9
-
11
1
1,
591
26
3,
347
Prim
ate
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
--
--
-96
13
10
9
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
1,54
9
9
1,
558
All
othe
r mam
mal
s-
--
--
--
-B
ird-
1,53
5
2,28
1
--
11,5
72
264
15,6
52R
eptil
e / A
mph
ibia
n-
--
--
419
-
41
9Fi
sh85
8
-11
,290
-
1,31
7
10,8
59
52,0
26
76,3
50To
tal
3,27
11,
562
27,4
0246
2,54
029
8,62
165
,684
399,
126
Incr
ease
on
2010
124
1,54
8-4
79
-15
-2,0
03
17,5
89-8
,832
7,
932
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
4%11
057%
-2%
N/A
-44%
6%-1
2%2%
Per
cent
age
of to
tal f
or 2
011
1%0.
4%7%
0%1%
75%
16%
100%
2010
Tot
als
3,14
714
27,8
8161
4,54
328
1,03
274
,516
391,
194
N/A
= N
ot a
pplic
able
45
Tabl
e 11
Sci
entif
ic p
roce
dure
s (to
xico
logy
) by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd ty
pe o
f tox
icol
ogic
al te
st: a
ll pu
rpos
es, p
age
1 of
2
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
s
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTy
pe o
f tox
icol
ogic
al te
st o
r pro
cedu
reAc
ute
leth
alto
xici
tyAc
ute
leth
alco
ncen
tratio
nA
cute
lim
it se
tting
Acut
e no
n - l
etha
l cl
inic
al s
ign
Sub
acut
e lim
it-se
tting
or d
ose
rang
ing
Suba
cute
toxi
city
Subc
hron
ic a
nd c
hron
icC
arci
noge
nici
tyG
enet
ic to
xico
logy
(in
clud
es m
utag
enic
ity)
Tera
toge
nici
ty
Mam
mal
Mou
se78
,545
1,18
0
4,
563
11,4
06
3,43
5
3,
552
1,94
5
1,
815
2,
166
35
5
Rat
74
1,
878
3,26
9
5,
549
8,04
6
13
,483
10
,847
2,
032
4,
850
2,
987
All
othe
r rod
ents
338
18
2
4
38
-40
96
-
--
Rab
bit
--
-8
68
10
2
64
-
-1,
813
Cat
--
-2
--
--
--
Dog
--
-87
386
84
0
840
-
--
Fer
ret
--
--
--
--
--
Oth
er c
arni
vore
--
--
--
--
--
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
-
--
-32
--
--
-
Pig
s, s
heep
& a
ll ot
her
ungu
late
s-
-
-
22
48
59
134
-
--
Prim
ate
N
ew W
orld
mon
key
--
--
11
2
--
--
O
ld W
orld
mon
key
--
-7
121
47
6
228
-
--
All
othe
r mam
mal
s-
-
--
--
--
--
Bird
308
60
182
-
60
53
4
--
--
Rep
tile,
am
phib
ian
-
--
--
400
-
--
-
Fish
105
5,
383
2,45
7
-
2,13
6
6,
734
4,08
0
-
--
Tot
al79
,370
8,68
3
10
,475
17
,119
14
,343
26
,222
18
,234
3,
847
7,
016
5,
155
Incr
ease
on
2010
12,3
151,
647
-4,9
97
11,0
4382
02,
434
1,54
6-8
,576
39
81,
701
Per
cent
age
chan
ge fr
om 2
010
18%
23%
-32%
182%
6%10
%9%
-69%
6%49
%
Perc
enta
ge o
f tot
al fo
r 201
120
%2%
3%4%
4%7%
5%1%
2%1%
2010
Tot
als
67,0
55
7,
036
15,4
72
6,07
6
13
,523
23
,788
16
,688
12
,423
6,61
8
3,45
4
46
Tabl
e 11
Sci
entif
ic p
roce
dure
s (to
xico
logy
) by
spec
ies
of a
nim
al a
nd ty
pe o
f tox
icol
ogic
al te
st: a
ll pu
rpos
es, p
age
2 of
2
Gre
at B
ritai
n 20
11N
umbe
r of p
roce
dure
s
Spec
ies
of a
nim
alTy
pe o
f tox
icol
ogic
al te
st o
r pro
cedu
reTo
tal
Oth
er
rep
rod
uct
ive
to
xici
tyIn
eye
sF
or
skin
Irrit
atio
nF
or
skin
se
nsi
tisa
tion
To
xico
kin
etic
sP
yro
ge
nic
ityB
ioco
mp
atib
ility
Enz
yme
ind
uct
ion
for
in
vitr
o te
sts
Imm
un
oto
xico
log
y O
ther
toxi
colo
gy
Mam
mal
Mou
se15
6
-10
4
1,
306
7,
639
-
250
18
7,
885
41,2
96
16
7,61
6 R
at34
,230
-
--
9,98
5
-94
164
624
14,0
85
11
2,19
7 A
ll ot
her r
oden
ts-
--
48
72
--
80
43
6,92
6
7,86
7 R
abbi
t16
2
692
989
-96
4,
281
18
8
--
1,75
4
10,2
17 C
at-
--
--
--
--
15
17 D
og95
--
-34
2
-
--
-1,
051
3,
641
Fer
ret
--
--
--
--
-26
26
Oth
er c
arni
vore
--
--
--
--
-38
38
Hor
se a
nd o
ther
equ
ids
--
--
--
40
-
--
72
Pig
s, s
heep
& a
ll ot
her
ungu
late
s-
-8
-20
2
-
69
-
-2,
805
3,
347
Prim
ate
New
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
--
--
-
-
96
109
Old
Wor
ld m
onke
y-
--
-28
2
-
--
-44
4
1,
558
All
othe
r mam
mal
s-
--
--
--
--
--
Bird
556
-
--
108
--
--
13,8
44
15
,652
Rep
tile,
am
phib
ian
--
--
--
--
-19
41
9
Fish
1,28
0
-
--
1,11
0
-
-
-
4,57
5
48
,490
76,3
50 T
otal
36,4
7969
21,
101
1,35
419
,836
4,28
164
126
213
,127
130,
889
399,
126
Incr
ease
on
2010
3,36
317
940
520
2-3
,661
-1
,337
39
314
65,
871
-15,
960
7,93
2
Per
cent
age
chan
ge f
rom
201
010
%35
%58
%18
%-1
6%-2
4%15
8%12
6%81
%-1
0.9%
2%
Per
cent
age
of t
otal
for
201
19%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
5%1%
0.2%
0.1%
3%33
%10
0%
2010
Tot
als
33,1
16
513
696
1,15
2
23,4
97
5,
618
24
8
116
7,25
6
14
6,84
9
391,
194
47
Appendix A General system of control under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Introduction
1. The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 puts into effect a rigorous system of controls on scientific work on living animals, including the need for both the researcher and the project to be separately licensed; stringent safeguards on animal pain and suffering; and general requirements to ensure the care and welfare of animals. The Act implements, and in some ways exceeds, the requirements of European Union Directive 86/609/EEC.
2. Operation of the Act is a reserved issue in Great Britain, the Home Office administering
the legislation in England, Scotland and Wales. The Act is separately administered in Northern Ireland.
Scope of the Act
3. The 1986 Act controls any experimental or other scientific procedure applied to a 'protected animal' which may have the effect of causing that animal pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm. Such work is referred to in the Act as a 'regulated procedure'.
4. 'Protected animals' are defined as all living vertebrate animals, except man, plus one
invertebrate species, Octopus vulgaris. The definition extends to foetal, larval or embryonic forms that have reached specified stages in their development.
5. Under the Act an animal is regarded as 'living' until “the permanent cessation of
circulation or complete destruction of its brain”. Procedures carried out on decerebrate animals are also subject to the controls of the Act.
6. The definition of a regulated procedure encompasses most breeding of animals with
genetic defects; production of antisera and other blood products; the maintenance and passage of tumours and parasites; and the administration for a scientific purpose of an anaesthetic, analgesic, tranquilliser or other drug to dull perception. Killing an animal requires licence authority in certain circumstances.
7. The controls of the 1986 Act do not extend to procedures applied to animals in the course
of recognised veterinary, agricultural or animal husbandry practice; procedures for the identification of animals for scientific purposes, if this causes no more than momentary pain or distress and no lasting harm; or the administration of a novel veterinary product under authority of an Animal Test Exemption Certificate (issued under the Medicines Act 1968).
8. Two kinds of licence are required for all work controlled by the Act. The procedures must
be part of a programme of work authorised by a project licence and the person applying the regulated procedures must hold a personal licence. No work may be done unless the procedure, the animals used and the place where the work is to be done are specifically authorised in both project and personal licences.
Personal licences
9. A personal licence is the Home Secretary's endorsement that the holder is a suitable and competent person to carry out specified procedures on specified animals, under supervision where necessary. Applicants must be over 18 and are required to give details of their qualifications, training and experience. Those who have not previously held a
48
Home Office licence need the endorsement of a sponsor (usually a personal licence holder in a senior position at the applicant's place of work). Satisfactory completion of an accredited training course is also required before a personal licence is issued.
10. On 31 December 2011 there were 15,403 active personal licences. Personal licences
continue to be in force until revoked, but they must be reviewed at least every five years.
Project licences
11. A project licence is granted when the Home Secretary considers that the use of living animals in a programme of work, for a purpose permitted by the Act, is justified and the methods proposed appropriate.
12. In deciding whether and on what terms to authorise the project, the likely adverse effects
on the animals used must be weighed against the potential benefits (to humans, other animals or the environment) which are expected to accrue from the work. Adequate consideration must also have been given to the feasibility of using alternative methods not involving living animals.
13. The holder of a project licence undertakes overall responsibility for the scientific direction
and control of the work. New project licence applicants are required to complete an accredited training course before the licence is granted.
14. When making an application for a project licence the applicant nominates, and the
Home Office assigns, an overall severity banding to the project. There are three main severity bandings: mild, moderate and substantial. A fourth band, unclassified, is used for procedures where the animals are decerebrate or used under terminal anaesthesia – i.e. the animal is anaesthetised before the procedure starts, is kept anaesthetised throughout the course of the procedure and is killed without recovering consciousness.
15. It is not possible to lay down hard and fast rules about how severity should be assessed.
It depends not only upon the amount of suffering caused, but also the duration, the number of animals and what action is taken to reduce suffering, such as the use of anaesthesia or early endpoints. The overall severity is used in weighing the likely adverse effects on the animals against the benefits likely to accrue, as required by section 5(4) of the Act.
16. The following table details the number of project licences which were active on 31
December 2011, the number granted during 2011 and the number revoked during 2011 (usually either at the licence holder's request or because the licence had run the maximum allowed term of five years). The total figures are subdivided into severity bandings.
49
Project licences by severity band – number and share of total, 2011 Severity band
In force on 31 December 2011
Granted during 2011 Revoked during 2011
Number % Number % Number % Mild 936 36% 202 36% 191 35% Moderate 1,591 61% 344 61% 332 61% Substantial 55 2% 10 2% 8 1% Unclassified 42 2% 8 1% 14 3% Total 2,624 564 545 NB Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Designation of premises
17. Except where otherwise authorised in a project licence (e.g. for field work at a specified place and time), any place where work is carried out under the Act must be designated as a scientific procedure establishment. Since January 1990 establishments that breed certain types of animal listed in Schedule 2 to the Act – mouse, rat, guinea–pig, hamster, rabbit, dog, cat and primate – for use in scientific procedures ('breeding establishments'), and establishments that obtain such animals from elsewhere and supply them to laboratories ('supplying establishments') must hold a certificate of designation.
18. Quail Coturnix coturnix was added to the list of species specified in Schedule 2 of the Act
in 1993, and ferrets, gerbils, genetically modified pigs and genetically modified sheep were added to the list in 1999.Designated establishments are required to nominate a person to be responsible for the day-to-day care of animals and a veterinary surgeon to advise on their health and welfare.
19. There were 181 certificates of designation in force on 31 December 2011. Of these, 178
were registered as user establishments, 113 as breeding establishments and 63 as supplying establishments. These figures add up to more than the total number of establishments because a single establishment may fall into more than one of the categories: for example, an establishment may be registered as both a breeder and user of animals.
50
Tabl
e 19
Pro
ject
lice
nces
and
scie
ntifi
c pr
oced
ures
by
type
of d
esig
nate
d es
tabl
ishm
ent
Gre
at B
ritain
201
1
Type
of d
esig
nate
d es
tabl
ishm
ent
Num
ber o
f lic
ence
hol
ders
(1) re
porti
ng c
ount
able(2
) pro
cedu
res,
by
num
ber o
f pro
cedu
res
repo
rted
Lice
nsee
sN
umbe
r of
Proc
edur
es
Num
ber o
f pro
cedu
res
repo
rted
Tota
lre
porti
ng
non-
lice
nce
hold
ers(1
)To
tal
Tota
lPercentage
1 to
5051
to
100
101
to
200
201
to
400
401
to
600
601
to
800
801
to
1,00
0M
ore
than
1,
000
coun
tabl
e(2)
proc
edur
es
only
repo
rting
no
proc
edur
eslic
ense
es
Publ
ic h
ealth
labo
rato
ries
33
32
10
13
16
3
2
21
9,
608
0%
Uni
vers
ities
, med
ical
scho
ols
370
198
272
293
159
9085
427
1,89
4
7
47
0
2,37
1
1,
897,
225
50%
NH
S ho
spita
ls2
23
62
40
625
-
3
28
23,4
00
1%
Gov
ernm
ent d
epar
tmen
ts28
138
105
30
1380
-
23
10
3
61,5
00
2%
Oth
er p
ublic
bod
ies19
1413
1412
107
7015
9
2
48
209
50
4,16
8
13%
Non
-pro
fit-m
akin
g or
gani
satio
ns14
86
177
25
4310
2
-
23
125
29
5,45
1
8%
Com
mer
cial
orga
nisa
tions
3215
2731
2519
1193
253
253
308
1,
001,
505
26%
Tota
l46
825
333
237
321
112
810
965
52,
529
14
62
2
3,16
5
3,
792,
857
100%
(1)
Som
e lic
ence
-hol
ders
hol
d m
ore
than
one
lice
nce;
thes
e fig
ures
are
com
piled
by
num
bers
of p
roje
ct li
cenc
es, n
ot b
y nu
mbe
rs o
f act
ual l
icen
ce-h
olde
rs.
(2) O
nly
proc
edur
es o
n ad
ult o
r fre
e-liv
ing
anim
als (i
nclu
ding
neo
nata
l and
juve
nile
mam
mals
, and
new
ly-h
atch
ed b
irds)
are
cou
nted
.
D
etail
s of
pro
cedu
res
on im
mat
ure
form
s (e
.g. l
arva
e, e
mbr
yos,
fish
fry)
are
col
lecte
d bu
t not
cou
nted
.
Ani
mals
in th
e w
ild in
volv
ed in
rode
ntic
ide
trials
are
also
not
cou
nted
. D
etail
s (if
app
licab
le) a
re g
iven
in th
e C
omm
enta
ry.
51
52
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