standard grade computing commercial data processing chapter 13
TRANSCRIPT
Standard Grade Computing
Need for CDP
• VOLUME OF DOCUMENTSMANY transactions need to be processed daily
• SPEED OF PROCESSINGData has to be processed accurately at high speed IMMEDIATELY
• SPEED OF ACCESSCustomer details need to be accessed IMMEDIATELY
• REPETITIVE TASKSComputers don’t get bored & quickly complete jobs e.g. customer letters
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Need for CDP
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
• Data entered & immediately
available for viewing
• Manager can compare sales of
goods
• Can see which goods are popular
• Can share data with other
branches
CREDIT
Standard Grade Computing
Advantages• Orders can be processed quicker than with a manual
system• Calculations are accurate without human error
• Errors are less likely - checks built into computer
programs
• Large quantities of data can be stored in a small space• Very large customer lists can be stored & kept up-to-date• Companies can easily keep in contact with their many
customers either by letter or by email• Direct mailings can be done automatically using mail
merge• Data more secure than with a manual system
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Data Processing Cycle
DATAUnprocessed raw facts and figures that have been entered into a computer & has no meaning to a persone.g. 0110 1001, 5.364
INFORMATIONProcessed data that is placed in context & can be understood by a person.e.g. £63.21, 525 metres
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Data Processing Cycle
•COLLECTION & PREPARATION
• INPUT
•PROCESSING
•
STORAGE
•OUTPUTFOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Data Collection, Preparation & Input
•DATA COLLECTION & PREPARATIONCan be written, printed (source document)
•DATA INPUT
FOUNDATION
Bar Codes
Magnetic Stripe
Mark Sense Cards
Standard Grade Computing
Accurate Data Entry
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Will input special characters on the bottom of cheques
CHECK DIGIT
Calculation performed on other numbers.
If answer equals check digit then data entry correct
LENGTH CHECK
Must have a certain number of characters
e.g. PIN on an ATM card = 4 numbers
RANGE CHECK from numbers
e.g. month entry is between 1 and 12
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Data Collection, Preparation & Input
SMART CARDBank cards which contain a microprocessor Contains more data than magnetic stripe
OCR – Optical Character Recognition
Will recognise & input characters directly into the computer
as text
VALIDATIONWill check that data is acceptable as you try to enter
it e.g. range check
VERIFICATIONWill check that data has been entered correctly
CREDIT
Standard Grade Computing
Data Processing & Storage
WORDS & MEANINGS
FIELD (column): 1 item of information e.g. name
RECORD (row): Information on 1 person or thing
FILE (table): A collection of related records
DATABASE: A collection of related records
UPDATE: Correct changed information e.g. new
address
BACKUP: Extra copy of program/data for use in
an emergencyFOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Data Processing
INTERACTIVE PROCESSINGData is processed / updated as the transaction is entered. Any enquiries are replied to immediately.
REAL TIME PROCESSINGA system which responds immediately to input e.g.
booking a flightAccessing processor there and then
BATCH PROCESSINGData gathered over time & entered into the computerProcessing happens in 1 run, often overnight when the
processor is quiet
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Data Storage
SEQUENTIAL ACCESSData read in order stored, from start to finish. Slow access so usually for backups
DIRECT/RANDOM ACCESSData accessed immediately using the index at the start of the disc
MULTI USER DATABASEMany users / terminals accessing the data AT THE SAME TIME
MULTI ACCESSMany users online to a computer system (mainframe) AT THE SAME TIME
CREDIT
Standard Grade Computing
Data Output
•PAPERInformation can be printed out then viewed
•SCREEN Information can be viewed on the computer screen
•FILE (Credit)
Data can be stored as a file to be viewed / processed at a later date.
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Hardware & Software
MAINFRAME COMPUTERA computer system that can process large amounts of data at high speed
SYSTEM TERMINALSInput & output devices used to access the mainframe processor
REMOTE TERMINALSA terminal is a separate building from the processor
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Social ImplicationsEFFECTS ON BUSINESS• Expensive for companies to buy / maintain replace
computers• Staff need to be trained for software / hardware
changes• Less staff needed as computers now do repetitive jobs
quickly• Staff needed to install / repair / look after computers• Many jobs now use computers so IT skills needed• Online businesses allow people to shop from home• Some businesses now not operating• Must still know old skills if computers ‘go down’
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Social Implications
JOB TYPES & CAREERSPROGRAMMERCodes programs to be run on the computer
SYSTEMS ANALYSTDecides which hardware / software to recommend to do a job
ENGINEERInstalls new computers & keeps them running
NETWORK MANAGERPerson in charge of the network. Responsible for all systems attached to the network.
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Social Implications
CREDIT
Computer crime / fraudComputer Misuse Act states that it is illegal to • Access / alter data without permission• Use data to commit a crime - fraud• Create / introduce a virus to a computer system
A virus is a program which reproduces itself automatically and may cause damage / loss of valuable information
Standard Grade Computing
Technical ImplicationsE-COMMERCEThe process of conduction business online e.g. buying
/ selling goods
ON-LINE BANKINGBanks can save money on staff & buildingsCustomers can bank from home with no travelling24 hours service
ONLINE SHOPPINGCan compare prices easilyPrices cheaperCan shop at any time with home delivery
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Technical Implications
EFT – ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER• Card is swiped • Customer details checked to see that there is enough
money in bank account• If enough, then, money removed from customer’s account• and transferred to business’ account e.g. supermarket,
garage etc.
POS – POINT OF SALE (sometimes EPOS)• The place where you pay for goods in a shop or checkout• Computer will remove sold items from stock list • Connected to company mainframe computer• Bar code reader often present
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Economic Implications
INITIAL COSTSMoney needed to buy all of the hardware & software at first
RUNNING COSTSThe costs that are needed to keep the system operating e.g. printer ink / paper, electricity, repairs
MASS MARKETPeople from all over the country can buy the goods
FOUNDATION
Standard Grade Computing
Security & Privacy
Accuracy of InformationData must be kept up to date & correct – legal requirementIf incorrect data is pointed out, it must be changed
PrivacyOnly authorised people can access the dataDifferent levels of access available to different employees
FOUNDATION
Hello world the sun shines
Hell word the sin shines
Standard Grade Computing
Security & Privacy
Physical Security Computer rooms locked with limited access
Software SecurityPasswords required to access certain files
Sale of Customer ListsCompanies can sell customer data to other companies to allow them to send details about their products – junk mail
GENERAL
Standard Grade Computing
Implications & Advantages
SINGLE ENTRY MULTIPLE USE•Data is entered once & can be accessed by many users
•Amendments / updates only need to be done once
•Changes available to all users immediately
CREDIT