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StandardizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about technical standards. For scaling in statistics, see Standardizing.Forother uses, see Standard (disambiguation).

Standardizationor standardisationis the process of developing andimplementingtechnical standards. Standardization can help tomaximize compatibility, interoperability,safety, repeatability, or quality. It can alsofacilitatecommoditizationof formerly custom processes.

In social sciences,includingeconomics, the idea of standardizationis close to the solutionfor a coordination problem, a situation in hich all parties can realize mutual gains, but onlyby making mutually consistent decisions. Standardizationis defined as best technicalapplication consentual isdom inclusive of processes for selection in making appropriatechoices for ratificationcoupled ith consistent decisions for maintaining obtained standards.!his vie includes the case of "spontaneous standardization processes", to producede factostandards.

History#edit$

!he implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important ith

the onset of the Industrial %evolutionand the need for high&precision machine

toolsandinterchangeable parts.

First attempts#edit$

'enry (audslay)s famous early scre&cutting lathes of circa *++ and *-.
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'enry (audslaydeveloped the first industrially practical scre&cutting lathein *-. !his

alloed for the standardisation of scre threadsizes for the first time and paved the ay for

the practical application ofinterchangeability/an idea that as already taking hold0

to nutsand bolts.#*$

1efore this, scre threads ere usually made by chipping and filing /that is, ith skilled

freehand use of chiselsandfiles0.2utsere rare3 metal scres, hen made at all, ere

usually for use in ood. (etal bolts passing through ood framing to a metal fastening on

the other side ere usually fastened in non&threaded ays /such as clinching or upsetting

against a asher0. (audslay standardized the scre threads used in his orkshop and

produced sets oftaps and diesthat ould make nuts and bolts consistently to those

standards, so that any bolt of the appropriate size ould fit any nut of the same size. !his

as a ma4or advance in orkshop technology.#5$

National standard#edit$

(audslay)s ork, as ell as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest

amount of industry standardization3 some companies) in&house standards spread a bit ithin

their industries.

6raphic representation of formulae for the pitches of threads of scre bolts

7oseph Whitorth)s scre thread measurements ere adopted as the first /unofficial0

national standard by companies around the country in *-8*. It came to be knon as

the1ritish Standard Whitorth, and as idely adopted in other countries.#9$#8$
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methods and apparatus for measuring electricity. In *-:+, he introduced a series of effective

instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, hich cover the entire field of electrostatic

measurement. 'e invented thecurrent balance, also knon as the Kelvin

balanceorAmpere balance/SiC0, for the precisespecification of theampere,

thestandardunitofelectric current.

#+$

%. B. 1. >romptondre up the first international standards body, theInternational Blectrotechnical

>ommission,in *rompton,ho became concerned by the large range

of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists

in the early 5th century. (any companies had entered the market in the *-s and all

chose their on settings for voltage,frequency,currentand even the symbols used on circuit

diagrams. =d4acent buildings ould have totally incompatible electrical systems simply

because they had been fitted out by different companies. >rompton could see the lack of

efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for an international standard for

electric engineering.#-$

In *8, >rompton represented 1ritain at the Couisiana urchase BxpositioninSaint

Couisas part of a delegation by theInstitute of Blectrical Bngineers. 'e presented a paper

on standardisation, hich as so ell received that he as asked to look into the formation

of a commission to oversee the process. #$1y *< his ork as complete and he dre up a

permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, theInternational

Blectrotechnical >ommission.#*$!he body held its first meeting that year in Condon, ith

representatives from *8 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation,

Cord Gelvin as elected as the body)s first resident.#**$
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(emorial plaque of founding IS= inrague.

!he International Federation of the 2ational Standardizing =ssociations/IS=0 as founded in

*5< ith a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards

and specifications. !he body as suspended in *85 during World War II.

=fter the ar, IS= as approached by the recently formed ?nited 2ations Standards

>oordinating >ommittee /?2S>>0 ith a proposal to form a ne global standards body. In

Hctober *8> delegates from 5: countries met inCondonand agreed to

4oin forces to create the neInternational Hrganization for Standardization/ISH03 the ne

organization officially began operations in February *8+.#*5$

In general, each country or economy has a single recognized 2ational Standards 1ody

/2S10. Bxamples

include=12!,=B2H%,=F2H%,=2SI,1SI, D62, DI2, I%=(, 7IS>,G=!S,S=1S, S=>,S>

>,SIS,S2. =n 2S1 is likely the sole member from that economy in ISH.

2S1s may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the to. Forexample, the three 2S1s of >anada, (exico and the ?nited States are respectively the

Standards >ouncil of >anada /S>>0, the 6eneral 1ureau of Standards /DirecciJn 6eneral

de 2ormas, D620, and the=merican 2ational Standards Institute/=2SI0. S>> is a

>anadian >ron >orporation, D62 is a governmental agency ithin the (exican (inistry of

Bconomy, and =2SI and =B2H% are a :*/c0/90non&profit organization ith members from

both the private and public sectors. !he determinants of hether an 2S1 for a particular

economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles

that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that

economy.

Usage#edit$

Standards can beA
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de facto standardshich means they are folloed by informal convention or

dominant usage.

de 4urestandards hich are part of legally binding contracts, las or regulations.

Koluntary standards hich are published and available for people to consider for use.

!he existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct.

7ust because an item is stamped ith a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the

item is fit for any particular use. !he people ho use the item or service /engineers, trade

unions, etc.0 or specify it /building codes, government, industry, etc.0 have the responsibility

to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the

item correctlyA validation and verification.

Standardization is implemented greatly hen companies release ne products to market.>ompatibility is important for products to be successful3 this allos consumers to use their

ne items along ith hat they already on.

Social science#edit$

In the context of social criticism and social science, standardization often means the process

of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their

interactions, cases, and so forth. Bxamples include formalization of 4udicial procedure in

court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this

sense is often discussed along ith /or synonymously to0 such large&scale social changes as

modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.

Information exchange#edit$

In the context of information exchange, standardization refers to the process of developing

standards for specific business processes using specific formal languages. !hese standards

are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the ?nited 2ations

>enter for !rade Facilitation and Blectronic 1usiness /?2L>BF=>!0, the World Wide Web

>onsortiumW9>, the !elecommunications Industry =ssociation/!I=0, and the Hrganizationfor the =dvancement of Structured Information Standards /H=SIS0.

!here are many specificationsthat govern the operation and interaction of devices and

softare on the Internet,but they are rarely referred to as standards, so as to preserve that

ord as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISH. !he W9>, for example,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN/CEFACThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN/CEFACThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C


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publishes "%ecommendations", and the IB!Fpublishes "%equests for >omments" /%F>s0.

'oever, these publications are sometimes referred to as standards.

Customer service#edit$

!his section appears to be written like an advertisement.leasehelp improve itby reriting promotional content from aneutral point of viea

removing any inappropriate external links. (Januar !"#$)

In the context ofcustomer service, standardization refers to the process of developing an

international standard that enables organizations to focus their attention on delivering

excellence in customer service, hilst at the same time providing recognition of success

through a third party organization, such as the1ritish Standards Institution/1SI0. !he

International >ustomer Service Standard /!I>SS0 has been developed by !he International

>ustomer Service Institute/!I>SI0 ith the ob4ective of making it the cornerstone global

standard of customer service. !his standard has the status of an independent standard.

Supply and materials management#edit$

In the context ofsupply chain managementandmaterials management, standardization

covers the process of specification and use of any item the company must buy in or make,

alloable substitutions, andbuild or buydecisions.

Defense#edit$

In the context of defense, standardization has been defined by2=!Has The development

and implementation o% concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain

the re&uired levels o%compatibilit,interchangeabilitor commonalitin the operational,

procedural, material, technical and administrative %ields to attain interoperabilit.#*9$

Process#edit$

!his section does notciteanyreferences or sources.lease help impro

this section byadding citations to reliable sources. ?nsourced material machallenged and removed. (Januar !"#$)

!he process of standardization can itself be standardized. !here are at least four levels of

standardizationA compatibility, interchangeability,commonalityandreference. !hese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference


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standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement and symbol

standards.

!here are typically four different techniques for standardization

Simplification or variety control

>odification

Kalue engineering

Statistical process control.

!ypes of standardization processA

Bmergence as de facto standardAtradition, market domination, etc.

Written by a Standards organizationA

in a closed consensus processA %estricted membership and often having

formal procedures for due&process among voting members

in a full consensus processA usually open to all interested and qualified

parties and ith formal procedures for due&process considerations.

Written by a government or regulatory body

Written by a corporation, union, trade association, etc.

Effects#edit$

Standardization has a variety of benefits and drabacks for firms and consumers

participating in the market, and on technology and innovation.

ffect on Firms#edit$

!he primary effect of standardization on firms is that the basis of competition is shifted from

integrated systems to individual components ithin the system. rior to standardization a

companyMs product must span the entire system because individual components from

different competitors are incompatible, but after standardization each company can focus on

providing an individual component of the system.#*8$When the shift toard competition based
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-14


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on individual components takes place, firms selling tightly integrated systems must quickly

shift to a modular approach, supplying other companies ith subsystems or components.#*:$

ffect on Consumers#edit$

Standardization has a variety of benefits for consumers, but one of the greatest benefits is

enhanced netork effects. Standards increase compatibility and interoperability beteen

products, alloing information to be shared ithin a larger netork and attracting more

consumers to use the ne technology, further enhancing netork effects.#*onsumers may also get the benefit of being able to mix and match components of a

system to align ith their specific preferences. #*-$

robably the greatest donside of standardization for consumers is lack of variety. !here is

no guarantee that the chosen standard ill meet all consumersM needs or even that the

standard is the best available option.#*$=nother donside is that if a standard is agreed upon

before products are available in the market, then consumers are deprived of the penetration

pricing that often results hen rivals are competing to rapidly increase market share in an

attempt to increase the likelihood that their product ill become the standard. #5$It is also

possible that a consumer ill choose a product based upon a standard that fails to become

dominant.#5*$In this case, the consumer ill have spent resources on a product that is

ultimately less useful to him or her as the result of the standardization process.

ffect on !echnology#edit$

(uch like the effect on consumers, the effect of standardization on technology and

innovation is mixed. Increased adoption of a ne technology as a result of standardization is

important because rival and incompatible approaches competing in the marketplace can

slo or even kill the groth of the technology.#55$!he shift to a modularized architecture as a

result of standardization brings increased flexibility, rapid introduction of ne products, and

the ability to more closely meet individual customerMs needs.#59$

!he negative effects of standardization on technology have to do ith its tendency to restrict

ne technology and innovation. Standards shift competition from features to price because

the features are defined by the standard. !he degree to hich this is true depends on the

specificity of the standard.#58$Standardization in an area also rules out alternative

technologies as options hile encouraging others.#5:$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-25


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stan dad ization

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